Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.
-
Upload
marlene-hancock -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
0
Transcript of Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.
![Page 1: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda
Finish Cyber-CrimeTerrorism
Crimes of the Powerful
![Page 2: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Administrative
• Extra credit option is posted on course page• Updated schedule– Final two classes = slides/lecture only – No reading assignments – Material will still be on exam
• Study guide to be provided for final exam– Will post on web next week– Exam not cumulative
![Page 3: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Cyber-Crime
• Crime that occurs over the internet using a computer– Cyber markets– Fraud– Development of criminal communities
![Page 4: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Cyber-Markets
• Piracy– Software, Music, Movies, Television Broadcasts, Books…
• Requires minimal skill, but does entail some risks (viruses, lawsuits, etc.)
• Estimates vary, but roughly 1/3 of Americans report pirating• Higher estimates among youth, especially COLLEGE KIDS! • Music and video piracy appears to be declining…why?
• Beyond pirating—use of legitimate (eBay, Craig's list) and illegitimate sites to engage in crime (sell stolen goods, trade in illicit drugs/sex).
![Page 5: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Cyber pornography market• Defining “pornography” has always been
problematic• Other major issues– Access by Minors– Unwanted solicitation– Child pornography
• Federal legislation has had limited success…– Communications Decency act of 1996– Child Online Protection Act (COPA) of 1998– Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) of 2000
![Page 6: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Cyber Fraud
• Traditional Fraud Scams– A friend from Nigeria wished to transfer a million
dollars into your account• Phishing and Pharming scams– Your Ebay account has been compromised!
• Hacking• Major concern with many of these techniques is
identity theft– Use your information to take out loans, get credit cards,
etc.
![Page 7: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Identity Theft
• The unlawful use of another person’s identifying information – Use of name, DOB, social security number, credit
card number…to commit fraud or other crimes– Internet and information age has made this much
easier
![Page 8: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Combating Identity Theft
• State Legislation– “Freeze laws” – stops access to credit reports– Laws to redact fraudulent transactions from credit
reports– Disclosure laws—if your info has been compromised
• New emphasis on information privacy• Risk minimization– Guard SS# and other private info, look at credit reports,
shred sensitive paper, don’t open suspicious email…
![Page 9: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Cybercrime Communities
• Anonymity of cyberspace– Deviant Subcultures have arena to share
information and engage in crime• Child Pornography• Drug Distribution
![Page 10: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Terrorism
• Definitions Vary Widely – The use of violence to influence the political,
social, or religious attitudes and/or behaviors of others
– Premeditated, politically motivated violence, designed to spread fear and perpetrated against civilians
![Page 11: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
“START” DATA
• National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Response to Terrorism– University of Maryland
• Convergence of several databases + new additions from media
– What qualifies:• Intend to coerce/intimidate/convey message beyond immediate
victims• Aimed at attaining political/social/religious goal • Context outside of legitimate warfare
– Almost 100,000 terrorist incidents between 1970 and 2010 • 43,000 bombings, 14,000 assassinations, and 4,700 kidnappingsInteractive Chart
![Page 12: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Thinking about Terrorism
• Political/Secular vs. Religious• Organization and Support• Domestic Terrorism• Response to Terrorism
![Page 13: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Political vs. Secular
• Motivations of terrorists – Those with political agenda may be more selective
regarding civilian casualties • Logic = the non-believers are all enemies
• HOWEVER, it is sometimes difficult to separate the religious from the secular
• Osama Bin Laden and the 9/11 attacks had both a religious and political/secular component
![Page 14: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Terrorist “Cells”
• Cell Structure– Chain of command at the top (hierarchy), but
operation in smaller, tightly kit “cells”• Cells independent of each other, somewhat
autonomous • Cells have limited or no contact with leaders of terror
group
– Long history of use• Irish Republican Army
![Page 15: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Types of Terrorism
• Domestic terrorism – U.S.• Left Wing (Weathermen, Eco-Terrorism)• Right Wing (Militias, Timothy McVeigh)
• State terrorism– Against domestic or foreign “enemies” • German atrocities against Jews circa WWII • Assassination of foreign leaders
![Page 16: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Terrorism and the Media
• Scholars have pointed out that there is a natural match – Terrorists depend on media• Use event to coerce larger audience: high visibility
targets, graphic acts, pre-event contact with media outlets, post-event videos
– Media as a natural venue for terrorism• Dramatic, violent, visual, timely (vs. wars which are
protracted, highly complex…) • HIGH RATINGS
![Page 17: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Response to Terrorism
• Difficult balance – Aggressive response detection deterrence – Concern civil rights, overreaching
• Examples– USA Patriot Act • Warrantless search and seizures, wiretapping, etc.
– Global War on Terror • Interrogation techniques, use of drones to assasinate,
etc.
![Page 18: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Crimes of the Powerful
• Organized Crime• White Collar Crime – Occupational Crime– Corporate Crime
![Page 19: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Organized Crime
• Criminal activity committed by groups with some manner of formalized structure– Primary goal is typically money and power
• Some ambiguity here– Street gangs versus drug cartels– Terrorist groups
![Page 20: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Just how organized is it?
• The Alien Conspiracy Model (foreign criminals)– Highly organized and centralized– Sicilian “Mafia” (La Cosa Nostra) as poster child
• Mafia code (loyalty, respect, discipline), secret oaths, traditions, etc
• Local, ethnic group model– Strong family ties and obligations related to kinship and
ethnicity• Distrust of outsiders and government • Capacity for organization and cooperation among groups • Ability to cultivate good will of local residents
– Influence limited to cities/geographical areas
![Page 21: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Crimes of the organized
• Illegal Industries– Gambling, narcotics distribution, loan sharking, extortion,
insurance scams, fencing… – Violence associated with enforcement
• Legitimate industry – Used to launder money + create monopolies + extort
• Restaurants/food, garbage disposal, garment manufacturing, labor unions, construction…
• Political– Bribery, fixing elections, coercing agents of criminal justice,
etc.
![Page 22: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Mafia
• Mafia is often used as general term– Usually refers to Italian Americans (Sicilian), or La Cosa
Nostra (“our thing” in Italian)• Fodder for entertainment media (Sopranos, The Godfather,
Goodfellas) • Famous New York crime families (Gambino, Genovese)]• Joseph Valachi testimony (1963) before the Senate
– The organization and crime families do exist, but the level of organization often exaggerated
– Does “stand apart” because of its pervasiveness, control over illegitimate markets, and penetration into legitimate industry
![Page 23: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Law Enforcement Methods
• Headhunting– Target heads of organized crime families, use
informants + surveillance to indict – Successful?
• Fairly successful at knocking off “heads” but still organized crime
• Organized Crime Control Act (1970)– Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations
(RICO) Statutes – Prosecutor ability to provide witness protection
![Page 24: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Russian Mafia
• The new media darling– Law and Order, more recent movies
• Similar to Italian Mafia• Both began by extorting money from fellow immigrants and
quickly moved into other areas, and both have reputation for violence
• Differences – Less cultural/ethnic loyalty, partnerships more
opportunistic • Fewer “bosses” who collect a cut of illicit ventures, greater
flexibility
![Page 25: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
White Collar Crime
• Edwin Sutherland– “A crime committed by a person of respectability and
high social status in the course of his occupation”• Urged criminologists to focus on crimes of the upper class,
as opposed to street crime (still an issue today)• What is “counted” counts
– Sutherland’s study of 70 largest corporations: official records revealed over 980 law violations (fraud, bribery, antitrust)» Much “War Profiteering”
• A BIT better with NIBRS data, but nowhere near as good as “street crime” data
![Page 26: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
More recent typology of WCC
• Occupational Crime– Crimes committed by individuals in the course of their
occupation for personal gain• Theft/embezzlement, medical fraud by physicians, therapist having
sex with client…
• Corporate or Organizational Crime – Crimes committed by corporations (and their executives)
for the benefit of the corporation• Organizations include small business and blue collar endeavors
(auto repair shops)
![Page 27: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Occupational Crimes
• Employee embezzlement and pilferage – Collective embezzlement• Savings and Loans crime wave in the 1980s (land flips)
• Professional Fraud– Lawyers, Physicians • How many hours to bill clients• Unnecessary procedures and surgeries,
Medicaid/Medicare fraud
![Page 28: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Organizational Crime
• Many organizational crimes are “blue collar” – Auto repair, appliance repair • 20/20 and 60 minutes stings
– Fraudulent businesses (roofing, blacktop) – Small businesses
![Page 29: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Corporate Crime
• Fraud, Cheating, Corruption– The Enron Scandal
• Not alone—the most egregious of the 1990s/2000s era– Halliburton, WorldCom, Rite Aid, Adelphia…
• Enron = cooking books to artificially inflate the value of their stocks (overstate earnings, hide losses), manipulation of California’s energy market to drive up costs– Accounting firm (Arthur Anderson) complicit the fraud – 31 people indicted (Jeff Skilling, Ken Lay)
– The “Great Recession”? • Housing bubble (mortgage industry) + mortgage backed sec
urities + bailout…
![Page 30: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Corporate Crime II
• Other financial– Price Fixing / Collusion (gas prices)– False advertising (bait and switch)
• Corporate Violence– Unsafe work conditions (miners, asbestos)– Unsafe products (contaminated food)• FORD PINTO CASE • PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY (Dalkon Shield)
– Pollution
![Page 31: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Cost of WCC
• Cost MUCH higher than street crime– $17 billion vs. roughly $400 billion– 16,000 homicides vs. 100,000 unnecessary deaths
![Page 32: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
What causes WCC?
• Lenience?– Double standard embedded in culture—not “real”
criminals• Weak/absent regulations –rely on “ethics” and self-regulation• Difficulty in proving crime (complex, good lawyers, lack
resources to prosecute)– SEC over 10 years, 600 cases referred for prosecution, and less than
1/3 resulted in convictions with less than 1/6 resulting in jail or prison time
• Weak punishment civil settlements with no admission of wrongdoing– Fines often less than 1% of corporate PROFITS for a year
![Page 33: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Irony
• Conservatives cry out for punishment for street crimes, but believe that much corporate “crime” can be cured by self-regulation
• Liberals decry harsh punishment, especially for non-violent offenders, but believe that WCC could be reduced greatly through prison time– Corporations more “rational” than individuls?
![Page 34: Tuesday, 12/6 Agenda Finish Cyber-Crime Terrorism Crimes of the Powerful.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649cce5503460f949999cd/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Psycho Corporations
• Psychopaths:– Insensitive, Manipulative, Superficial charm,
Above-average intelligence, Absence of psychotic symptoms, Absence of anxiety, Lack of remorse, Failure to learn from experience, Egocentric, Lack of emotional depth
– Corporations are not supposed to be compassionate or think of long-term consequences