Tudor England

War and peace Henry V – huge success in the

Hundred Years War, much of France controlled.

Agincourt 1415 – most famous victory

1422 Henry VI – baby 1431 – Joan of Arc captured and

burned Henry VI – Man of learning but

mentally ill, founder of Eaton and Cambridge

War of the Roses 1453—Henry VI fell ill and Parliament appointed

Richard of York as temporary head Richard was forced out when Henry was better—Richard

didn’t like this Richard wanted a fight The Civil war became called the War of Roses

The Roses York = white rose; Lancaster = red rose 1461 York won—Richard’s son Edward IV took throne

until he died in 1483; then, his young son, Edward V and his brother “mysteriously”

died in the Tower of London under the watch of their uncle, Richard

Richard proclaimed himself as Richard III

Princes in the Tower

Tudor dynasty Richard III in power but many

people did not like him Henry Tudor—distant cousin of

the Lancasters rebelled against the unpopular king and killed him

Tudor was crowned King Henry VII and married Richard’s niece; thus, joining Lancasters and Yorks together and ending the War of Roses

Henry VII Prestige of the monarchy Investment in the navy Avoided conflicts and quarrels

(with Scotland, France and the nobles at home).

Better conditions for trade and business

Alliance with the Netherlands

Henry VII Strengthening of the justice

system – powerful nobles under control, restoration of the law and order.

Frugal with money. Unpopularity of the Church

(rich and demoralized) Influences of France and Spain

on the pope.

The New King (1509-1547) 1509 – Death of Henry VII Henry VIII In many respects opposite of his

father

The Divorce Married: Catherine of Aragon

(Spanish) – daughter Mary. Henry asks the Pope to divorce

Catherine and marry Anne Boleyn.

Divorce refused. Henry VIII (1509-1547) makes

himself the Head of the Church of England (1533) – The Act of Supremacy.

Brutal end Anne gave birth to a daughter,

Elizabeth but was never able to produce any sons who survived.

Eventually Henry grew tired of her. She was beheaded on charges of adultery.

The other wives 3rd Wife Jane Seymour – died in childbirth, gave him his

heir Edward VI. 4th Wife Anne of Cleves – political marriage, very

homely woman. No children. 5th Wife Catherine Howard – accused of being

unfaithful, beheaded 6th Wife Catherine Parr – not beheaded, companion to

aging King. She supposedly would sit and talk with him about times past while rubbing his feet which were stricken with gout.

Edward VI 1547 – Henry VIII died and nine year old Edward VI

became king. Dies soon.

Elizabeth 1558 - accession of

Elizabeth I (†1603). Beginning of political and colonial expansion.

Her reign is often called the Golden Age of England

Beginning Elizabeth I was born on September 7, 1533 at Greenwich

Palace, London, England. Father: King Henry VIII. Elizabeth's mother: Henry's second wife, Anne Boleyn. Queen of England 1558 - 1603.

Elizabeth’s policy Similarly to her father - following Catholic doctrine but

rejecting the supremacy of the Pope. Never married. She used her single status as a policy tool. By entertaining Catholic suitors she kept Catholic

monarchs at bay, and English Catholics loyal to her government.

Developed a compromise to please the Roman Catholic and the Protestant churches

Probably she saved England from religious wars

Building an Empire The English navy defeated of the Spanish

Armada: 1588. English merchant ships challenged Spanish

ships in the seas and The first settlers were sent to America.

Legacy The English court a centre for writers,

musicians, and scholars. Francis Bacon and William Shakespeare. On March 23, 1603, Elizabeth died. She was succeeded by James I, son of Mary

Queen of Scots and her second husband, Elizabeth's cousin Lord Darnley.

The Stuart Dynasty

And Oliver Cromwell

The Stuart Dynasty

Elizabeth I dies without an heir in 1603.

Advent of the Stuart Dynasty: James I: 1603-1625.

James I ‘wisest fool in Christendom?’

Developed a belief in the divine right of king: wanted to limit the power of the Parliament.

Religion

Puritans wanted to make England even more Protestant; some Puritans left England – Pilgrim Fathers (1620)

Feared Catholic plots against him – The Gunpowder Plot (1605) – 4th November. Guy Fawkes Day

The Gunpowder

plotters

Charles I: 1625-1649

Power of the British Parliament

Powerful minority of Puritans in Parliament

English Civil War: 1642-1649 Since Charles I ruled over Scotland AND

England, there were several religions Charles I wanted ONE religion – ended up

in Civil War when the Scots rebelled War was costly and Charles needed

Parliament. Parliament hated him and wanted to limit his power Supporters of Charles I = Royalists The opposition supports Parliament =

Roundheads

More Civil War Under leadership of Oliver Cromwell, the

puritan roundheads finally won (1646) Took Charles I hostage, tried him in front of

the public and executed him The decapitation - Execution of Charles I in

1649

Oliver Cromwell 1649 he got rid of the

monarchy and established a republican form of government

Ireland revolted against Cromwell and failed – 616,000 Irish were killed by war, plague and famine

Puritan Morality Cromwell and the Puritans wanted to improve

England’s morality Abolished all “sinful” things – like theater Cromwell was tolerant of other religions

despite his deep Puritan beliefs (EXCEPT CATHOLICS)

Restoration and Revolution English get sick of military rule and after

Cromwell dies, they ask the older son of Charles I (Charles II) to rule England

Restoration of the monarchy 1660. Allowed the return of theater and sports Passed important guarantee of freedom:

Habeas Corpus “to have the body” People need to know why they’re arrested Could not be held indefinitely without trial

Restoration

James II and the Glorious Revolution James II got the throne after Charles II

died: Reign of James II (1685-1688) Everyone hated James because he was

flamboyantly Catholic, his son was raised as a Catholic.

James was eventually peacefully overthrown by his own daughter and her husband (protestants)in 1688 – The Glorious Revolution.

William and Mary ruled England

Political Changes First Constitutional Monarchy where laws

limited the ruler’s power Bill of Rights:

No suspension of Parliament’s laws No taxes w/o Parliament’s consent Freedom of speech in Parliament No penalty for complaining about the King

Political Changes Established a Cabinet Cabinet was a link between the majority party

in Parliament and the King Became center of power and policymaking

Still exists today Leader of Cabinet = Prime Minister