Tuberculosis (TB) in Kenya

By Asha Yusuf

MPH student

Walden University

PUBH 6165-6 Environmental Health

Instructor: Dr Howard Rubin.

Spring Qtr 2012Reference

Stop TB partnership. (2010). Tuberculosis country profiles. Retrieved from, http://www.stoptb.org/countries/tbdata.asp

Tuberculosis (TB) in Kenya

Objectives

• Tuberculosis facts• TB burden in Kenya• prevention and treatment• Barriers to Tuberculosis control• Environmental interventions.

TB facts

• What is TB?Bacteria infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. • Types of TBLatent phase of TBActive TBMDR-TBXDR-TB

Reference

Center for Diseases Control (CDC). (2012). TB facts. Retrieved from,http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm.

TB symptoms

Cough> 3 weeksChest painCoughing up blood or sputum,Night sweatsFever and chillsLoss of appetiteWeight loss

Reference

Center for Diseases Control (CDC). (2012). TB facts. Retrieved from, http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm.

Diagnostic tests

• Chest X- ray• Diagnostic microbiology Sputum Spear microscopy Sputum Culture.

References

Center for Diseases Control (CDC). (2012). TB facts. Retrieved from,http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm.

Stop TB partnership (2009). Approaches to improve sputum smear microscopy for tuberculosis diagnosis.Retrieved from, http://www.stoptb.org/wg/gli/assets/documents/EGM%20Smear%20Microscopy%20_Agenda.pdf

Tuberculosis in Kenya

Ministry of public health and sanitation. (2012). Tuberculosis in Kenya. Retrieved from, http://www.nltp.co.ke/tbcontrol.html

World Health Organization (WHO). (2012). Kenya, Tuberculosis profile. Retrieved from,

http://www.nltp.co.ke/docs/WHO_HQ_Reports-G2-PROD-EXT-TB%20Kenya%20CountryProfile.pdf

Prevention and intervention

• Directly Observed Therapy Short Course (DOTS)

• World Health Assembly global TB control target-not achieved.

• Millennium Development Goals(MDG)

ReferencesCenter for Disease Control (CDC).(2006). Treatment for tuberculosis. Retrieved from, http://www.cdc.gov/tb/education/corecurr/pdf/chapter6.pdfWorld Health Organization (WHO).(2007). Tuberculosis treatment success under DOTS (percentage). Retrieved from, http://www.who.int/whosis/indicators/2007TBCasesCuredDOTS/en/index.html.

Barriers to effective TB control in Kenya

• HIV/AIDS co-infection: a) Reactivation of dormant TBb) Shorter latent periodc) Weaker immune systemd) Increase stigma

References

Averting HIV & AIDS in Kenya.(AVERT). HIV and AIDS in Kenya. Retrieved from, http://www.avert.org/hiv-aids-kenya.htmMuture, B.N., Keraka, M.N., Kimuu, P.K., Karibu, E.W., Ombeka, V.O., & Oguya, F. (2011). Factors associated with defaults

from treatment among tuberculosis patient in Nairobi province, Kenya. A vase control study. BMC Public Health, 11(698), 1-10.

Retrieved from, http://biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/11/696

Sharif, s.k. (2009). DLTLD guidelines on management of Leprosy and Tuberculosis. Retrieved from,

http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/kenya_tb.pdf.

Barriers to effective TB control cont..

• Health care system failure.

a) lack of isolation facilities.

b) Delay of diagnosis and treatment

c) Patient-provider gap

ReferencesKenya AIDS NGOs consortium (KENCO). (2012). Lack of TB ward a disaster in the making. KENCO news, 30,1-4. Retrieve from, http://www.kanco.org/atomicDocuments/KANCODocuments/20120227123410-Issue%2030%20Feb%202012.pdfOjwang, B. O., Ogutu, E. A., & Matu, P.M. (2010). Nurses’ impoliteness as an impediment to patients’ rights in selected Kenyan hospitals. Health and human rights International journal, 12(2). Retrieved from, http://www.hhrjournal.org/index.php/hhr/article/view/372/577


http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/kenya_tb.pdf.


• Environmental contributiona) Low socioeconomic status and poverty- b) Overcrowding.c) Air pollution.

ReferencesKenya AIDS NGOs consortium (KENCO). (2012). Lack of TB ward a disaster in the making. KENCO news, 30,1-4. Retrieve from, http://www.kanco.org/atomicDocuments/KANCODocuments/20120227123410-Issue%2030%20Feb%202012.pdfMuture, B.N., Keraka, M.N., Kimuu, P.K., Karibu, E.W., Ombeka, V.O., & Oguya, F. (2011). Factors associated with defaults


Schmidt, C. W. (2008). Linking TB and the environment. Environmental health perspective, 116 (11), A479- A485.


http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/kenya_tb.pdf

Indoor air pollution

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

ReferencesBaobab Africa. (2012). Masai chefs.retrieved from, http://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2012/01/new-cookery-school



• Health literacy• Traditional healer (mganga)• Financial burden

ReferencesKenya AIDS NGOs consortium (KENCO). (2012). Lack of TB ward a disaster in the making. KENCO news, 30,1-4. Retrieve from, http://www.kanco.org/atomicDocuments/KANCODocuments/20120227123410-Issue%2030%20Feb%202012.pdfMuture, B.N., Keraka, M.N., Kimuu, P.K., Karibu, E.W., Ombeka, V.O., & Oguya, F. (2011). Factors associated with defaults




Changing environment

ReferencesWorld Health Organization (WHO). (). Social determinants of health. retrieved from, http://www.who.int/social_determinants/en/Schneider, M. (2011). Introduction to public health (3rd ed). How psychology factors affect health behaviors. Sudbury, MA. Jones and Burlett publishers.

Changing environment

• Changing environment- to change behavior• Physical and social environment• public health policy

ReferencesMauch, V., Woods, N., Kirubi, B., Kipruto, H., Sitienei, J., &Klinkenberg, E. (2011).Assessing access barriers to tuberculosis care with the tool to

estimate patiens’ cost: pilot result from two district in kenya. Miomed central, 11(43) 1-9. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-43Muture, B.N., Keraka, M.N., Kimuu, P.K., Karibu, E.W., Ombeka, V.O., & Oguya, F. (2011). Factors associated with defaults from treatment

among tuberculosis patient in Nairobi province, Kenya. A vase control study. BMC Public Health, 11(698), 1-10. Retrieved from, http://biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/11/696

s

ReferencesHolyland Africa safari. (2012). Kibera slums tour and volunteer program. Retrieved from, http://www.holylandafricasafaris.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemid=71Prison ministry international (n.d). I was in the prison and ye came into me. Retrieved from, http://www.prisonministryinternational.com/Travelpod (20120.crowded hospital ward. Retrieved from, http://blog.travelpod.com/travel-photo/shalynnpack/2/1300902345/crowded-hospital-ward.jpg/tpod.html

Conducive environment for the spread of TB infection.

ReferencesNational institute of health. (2010). Visual and cultural health posters. Retrieved from, http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/ResourceMetadata/VCBBBLSchneider, M. (2011). Introduction to public health (3rd ed). How psychology factors affect health behaviors. Sudbury, MA. Jones and Burlett publishers.

Conclusion

References

Averting HIV & AIDS in Kenya.(AVERT). HIV and AIDS in Kenya. Retrieved from, http://www.avert.org/hiv-aids-kenya.htm

Baobab Africa. (2012). Masai chefs.retrieved from, http://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2012/01/new-cookery-school

Center for Disease Control (CDC).(2006). Treatment for tuberculosis. Retrieved from,

http://www.cdc.gov/tb/education/corecurr/pdf/chapter6.pdf

Center for Diseases Control (CDC). (2012). TB facts. Retrieved from,http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm

Holyland Africa safari. (2012). Kibera slums tour and volunteer program. Retrieved from, http://www.holylandafricasafaris.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemid=71

Kenya AIDS NGOs consortium (KENCO). (2012). Lack of TB ward a disaster in the making. KENCO news, 30,1-4. Retrieve from,

http://www.kanco.org/atomicDocuments/KANCODocuments/20120227123410-Issue%2030%20Feb%202012.pdf

Mauch, V., Woods, N., Kirubi, B., Kipruto, H., Sitienei, J., &Klinkenberg, E. (2011).Assessing access barriers to tuberculosis care

with the tool to estimate patiens’ cost: pilot result from two district in kenya. Miomed central, 11(43) 1-9. doi:10.1186/1471- 2458-11-43Muture, B.N., Keraka, M.N., Kimuu, P.K., Karibu, E.W., Ombeka, V.O., & Oguya, F. (2011). Factors associated with defaults


Retrieved from, http://biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/11/696


references

National institute of health. (2010). Visual and cultural health posters. Retrieved from,

http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/ResourceMetadata/VCBBBL

Ojwang, B. O., Ogutu, E. A., & Matu, P.M. (2010). Nurses’ impoliteness as an impediment to patients’ rights in selected Kenyan

hospitals. Health and human rights International journal, 12(2). Retrieved from,

http://www.hhrjournal.org/index.php/hhr/article/view/372/577

Prison ministry international (n.d). I was in the prison and ye came into me. Retrieved from, http://www.prisonministryinternational.com/

Schneider, M. (2011). Introduction to public health (3rd ed). How psychology factors affect health behaviors. Sudbury, MA. Jones

and Burlett publishers.




Stop TB partnership (2009). Aproaches to improve sputum smear microscopy for tuberculosis diagnosis.Retrieved from, http://www.stoptb.org/wg/gli/assets/documents/EGM%20Smear%20Microscopy%20_Agenda.pdf

Stop TB partnership. (2010). Tuberculosis country profiles. Retrieved from, http://www.stoptb.org/countries/tbdata.asp

references

Travelpod (2010).crowded hospital ward. Retrieved from, http://blog.travelpod.com/travel-photo/shalynnpack/2/1300902345/crowded-hospital-ward.jpg/tpod.html

World Health Organization (WHO). (). Social determinants of health. retrieved from, http://www.who.int/social_determinants/en/

World Health Organization (WHO).(2007). Tuberculosis treatment success under DOTS (percentage). Retrieved from,

http://www.who.int/whosis/indicators/2007TBCasesCuredDOTS/en/index.html.

Reading sources

Kenya AIDS NGOs Consortium (KENCO). (2012). Supporting Community action on HIV & AIDS and TB. Retrieved from, http://www.kanco.org/web/guest/home;jsessionid=8DFF6D568993B5FAE83C2355777C4B79.node1


Stop TB Partnership. (2012). The national Stop TB Partnership in Kenya. Retrieved from, http://www.stoptb.org/countries/partnerships/np_ken.asp

World Health Organizations (WHO). (2012). Tuberculosis (TB). Retrieved from, http://www.who.int/tb/en/.

Tuberculosis (TB) in Kenya

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