Tsunamis: can engineering research mitigate the risk?€¦ · • 231,594 deaths • 125,000...

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Tsunamis: can engineering research mitigate the risk? Giorgio Bellotti 2011 Junior Enrico Marchi Lecture

Transcript of Tsunamis: can engineering research mitigate the risk?€¦ · • 231,594 deaths • 125,000...

Page 1: Tsunamis: can engineering research mitigate the risk?€¦ · • 231,594 deaths • 125,000 injured • 45,752 missing • 1.69 million displaced The Sumatra tsunami December 26

Tsunamis: can engineering research mitigate the risk?

Giorgio Bellotti

2011 Junior Enrico Marchi Lecture

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• 231,594 deaths• 125,000 injured• 45,752 missing• 1.69 million displaced

The Sumatra tsunamiDecember 26 2004

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The Sumatra tsunamiDecember 26 2004

• Readiness level: zero• No ability of recognising warning signs

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• No tsunami warning system• Sri Lanka (35,000 deaths) and the east coast of India (18,000 deaths) were hit 1.5‐2 hours later

• Thailand (8,000 deaths) was hit 2 hours later

The Sumatra tsunamiDecember 26 2004

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Tsunamis in Italy80 events (200 b.C – 2000 a.C.)

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Tsunami generation and propagationEarthquakes Subaerial and submerged landslides

• Tsunami wave length (offshore): 10‐500 km• Wave period: 100 s – 30 min• Wave celerity (offshore) 600‐900 km/h• Wave height (offshore): 0.1 – 1.0 m• Wave height (inshore): 1 – 20 m

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5 km

• December 30th 2002.• A landslide of 10‐20 Mm3: run‐up of about 10 m 

along the coast of the village.

Aerial view from West

Sciara del Fuoco

Stromboli villageSea level gauges

Ginostra village

Ginostravillage

The tsunami at Stromboli

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• Civil Protection needed scientific cooperation to set‐up a warning system,

• inundation maps for managing future emergencies,

• to prepare the population: guidance on how read warning signs.

• Previous researches carried out for the National Dam Office (coordinators: prof. A. Noli & prof. P. De Girolamo)

The tsunami at Stromboli

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The tsunami at Stromboli

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• No formulae for simple run‐up prediction in such specific conditions

• No benchmarks for the validation of numerical models

• Research projects funded by Civil Protection and PRIN 2005+2007 (coordinator: prof. P. De Girolamo)

The tsunami at Stromboli

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The island physical model

New data for • Study of the generation/propagation hydraulics• Numerical/analytical models validation• Study the feasibility of an early warning system

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The conical island and the landslide model are similar to Stromboli, if scaled down 1:1000 using the Froude law

800m

600m 0.8m

Circular undisturbed shoreline

12S

24S

22S

16S

11S

15S

7S

20S

The island physical model

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Experiments carried out at the Coastal Engineering Laboratory (LIC) of Politecnico di Bari, Italy, in collaboration with LIAM

The island physical model

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The island physical model

40 cm

Surface level gauges

•Landslide thickness=5 cm

•At the prototype scale the volume of the landslide is of about 8 Mm3

•48 surface + run up gauges

80 cm Run‐up gauges

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The generation process

depressionsuperelevation

superelevation

Submerged landslide Subaerial landslide

coast coast

sea sea

Cross sectio

nsPlan

 views

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Run‐up time series

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30-2

-1

0

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m)

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-1

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m)

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m)

t(s)

The second wave gives an inundation larger than the first wave

(subaerial landslide)

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14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30-2

-1

0

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m)

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30-2

-1

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Ru 6 (c

m)

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30-2

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Ru 7 (c

m)

t(s)

Run‐up time series

First wave: small crest and large trough ‐> receding 

waters

Second wave: large inundation

(subaerial landslide)

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Run‐up time series

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30-2

-1

0

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Ru 1 (c

m)

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30-2

-1

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m)

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30-2

-1

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Ru 11

(cm

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t(s)

Receding waters The maximum inundation is given by the 3rd wave

(subaerial landslide)

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• Tsunamis are (partially) trapped by the bathymetry

• Edge waves• Despite shallow waters conditions frequency dispersive effects take place

• The first crest becomes smaller as the waves propagate around the island

Output of the research–part 1

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• For subaerial landslides, only very close to the landslides the first wave gives the largest inundation

• In the far field the first wave has a small crest and a large trough (receding waters), then the second wave gives the largest inundation

• In the very far field the maximum inundation is given by the 3rd and then by the 4th waves

• Di Risio M., De Girolamo P., Bellotti G., Panizzo A., Aristodemo F., Molfetta M., A.F. Petrillo (2009). Landslide generated tsunamis runup at the coast of a conical island: new physical model experiments. Journal of Geophysical Research‐Oceans, 114, C01009. 

• Di Risio M., Bellotti G., Panizzo A., P. De Girolamo (2009). Three‐dimensional experiments on landslide generated waves at a sloping coast. Coastal Engineering, vol. 56, pp. 659‐671. 

Output of the research–part 1

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Output of the research–part 2• Validation/calibration of numerical models

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Output of the research–part 2

3D modelVOF

• High accuracy

• good for run‐up

• high computational costs

• Precomputed scenarios

• preparation of inundationmaps

• Validation/calibration of numerical models

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Output of the research–part 2• Full 3d Navier‐Stokes solver: careful modelling of the run‐up

• Montagna F., Bellotti G., Di Risio M. (2011). 3D numerical modeling of landslide‐generated tsunamis around a conical island. Natural Hazards, in press.

0 5 10-2

-1

0

1

2

0 5 10-2

-1

0

1

2

0 5 10-2

-1

0

1

2

0 5 10-2

-1

0

1

2

Run‐up

 (cm)

t (s)

Run‐up

 (cm)

Run‐up

 (cm)

Run‐up

 (cm)

t (s)

numeric

experimental

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Output of the research–part 2

3D modelVOF

Depth‐integrated modellinear MSE with full frequency 

dispersion

• High accuracy

• good for run‐up

• high computational costs

• Reasonable accuracy

• good for the far field

• low computational costs

• Precomputed scenarios

• preparation of inundationmaps

•Computations duringemergencies

•Support to the warning system

• Validation/calibration of numerical models

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Output of the research–part 2• Depth integrated model: focus on the far field• Frequency dispersion effects dominate the propagation

• Bellotti G., Cecioni C., P. De Girolamo (2008). Simulation of small‐amplitude frequency‐dispersive transient waves by means of the mild‐slope equation. Coastal Engineering, vol. 55 (6), pp. 447‐458.

Hyperbolic – ok for narrow banded spectra seas

Elliptic in the freq domain– ok for broad banded spectra seas

New method for considering the tsunami generation

• Perfect reproduction of frequency dispersion of small tsunamis in the far field

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Output of the research–part 2• Depth integrated model: focus on the far field

• Cecioni C., G. Bellotti (2010). Modeling tsunamis generated by submerged landslides using depth integrated equations. Applied Ocean Research, 32, pp. 343‐350. 

• Cecioni C., G. Bellotti (2010). Inclusion of landslide tsunamis generation into a depth integrated wave propagation model. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, vol. 10, pp. 2259‐2268.

experimental

numeric

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Output of the research–part 3• Numerical model to support in real‐time a tsunami early warning system

• Precomputed landslide scenarios to produce a database of results

• Using (partial) measurements of water level the model results are used to predict the waves atsome reference gauge

• An inversion technique is applied (the model equations are linear and solved in the frequencydomain)

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Output of the research–part 3Inversion gauge

Control gauge

• Blu: the real‐time measurements

• Red: the real‐time prediction

• Black: experimental data

Inversion gauge Control gauge

Unpublishedpreliminary results

Page 29: Tsunamis: can engineering research mitigate the risk?€¦ · • 231,594 deaths • 125,000 injured • 45,752 missing • 1.69 million displaced The Sumatra tsunami December 26

• Evaluate the feasibility of a Tsunami early warning system for a small island

• Bellotti G., M. Di Risio, and P. De Girolamo (2009). Feasibility of Tsunami Early Warning Systems for small volcanic islands. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, vol. 9, pp. 1911‐1919.

Distance from the landslide (laboratory scale)

Arriv

al time (labo

ratory sc

ale)

Arriv

al time (100

0 tim

es Fr scale)

Output of the research–part 4

Distance from the landslide (1000 times Fr scale)

Page 30: Tsunamis: can engineering research mitigate the risk?€¦ · • 231,594 deaths • 125,000 injured • 45,752 missing • 1.69 million displaced The Sumatra tsunami December 26

Conclusions:Has this research mitigated the risk?• Better understanding of the hydraulic processes: guidance to correctly recognize the warning signs of a tsunami attack

• Benchmark for models validation/calibration: more reliable preparation of inundation maps (parametric studies with validated models), development of new models

• Feasibility of warning systems: the results allow to test and optimize the system

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Work in progress

neutrino

Weak interaction

Hadronic shower

e.m.shower

Pressure wave

…byology, particle physics and…tsunamis

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Tsunami Early Warning Systems for large scale tsunamis

• Systems based on seismic measurements• Tsunami measurements are essential to increase the reliability of the system

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Location of DART stationsDeep‐ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis

Location of DART stations

…but in small seas (Mediterranean Sea), waiting for measurements of the tsunami waves implies a large 

reduction of the time for spreading the alert

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Can we use acoustic waves instead of surface waves?

30 km

3 km

70 km

Simplified earthquake

The movement of the bottom generates pressure waves and surface waves (tsunamis)

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t = 1 s

t = 10 s

t = 30 s

t = 50 s

70 km

Surface waves (not to scale)

30 km

Acoustic waves

Tsunami front

Acoustic wave front

P (kPa)

pp

p

Unpublishedpreliminaryresults

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• Acoustic waves travel much faster than tsunamis• Measurements in deep water• Real‐time transmission to coastal stations

Tsunami early warning systems based on acoustic waves

• Very expensive measurement networks

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LNS Test Site Laboratoryat the port of Catania

LNS-INFN Catania

Internet Radio Link

NEMO JBTest Site South

Installation at 2100 m depth

20 km

INGV

Test Site North

The Catania test site infrastructure

Page 38: Tsunamis: can engineering research mitigate the risk?€¦ · • 231,594 deaths • 125,000 injured • 45,752 missing • 1.69 million displaced The Sumatra tsunami December 26

Acoustic neutrino detection

neutrino

Weak interaction

Hadronic shower

νee.m.shower

Pressure wave

INGV

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Sperm‐whales (capodogli) detection and tracking

N. Nosengo, G. Pavan and G. Riccobene, Nature 462 (2009), 560

Measurement of Inter-Pulse-Interval permits to determine the size of the sperm whale

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New FIRB (2008) research project:Design, construction and operation of theSubmarine Multidisciplinary Observatory

• Giorgio Riccobene, INFN (national coordinator)• Giorgio Bellotti, University of Roma Tre• Francesco Simeone, University of Rome Sapienza

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Work in progress: comments

• Multidisciplinarity: the road to build/use expensive measurement networks and research infrastructures

• Cooperation with researchers of other areas: not obvious

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Conclusions• Part 1 of the presentation: Research on landslide tsunami: new experiments and numerical modelling.

• Part 2 of the presentation: Work in progress‐use acoustic waves for tsunami early warning systems.

• Research carried out thanks to the funding of several national institutions (Registro Italiano Dighe, Protezione Civile, PRIN, FIRB)

• Research carried out in Italian hydraulic laboratories (Universities of L’Aquila and Bari)

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Acknowledgement‐part 1• The Organizing Comittee (special thanks to prof. Andrea Rinaldo and prof. Piero Ruol)

• Prof. Mario Calabrese• Prof. Alberto Noli• Prof. Leopoldo Franco• Prof. Paolo De Girolamo

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Acknowledgement‐part 2• Prof. Antonio Felice Petrillo, prof. Leonardo Damiani, Matteo Molfetta (Polytechnic of Bari)

• Mario Nardi, Lucio Matergia (technicians of L’Aquila University)

• Claudia Cecioni, Francesca Montagna and Alessandro Romano (PhD students at UR3)

• Marcello Di Risio (researcher at the University of L’Aquila)

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