TSUNAMI
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Transcript of TSUNAMI
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TSUNAMITSUNAMI
Just-in-Time Lecture
By: Ali Ardalan, Ronald E. LaPorte, Eugene Shubnikov, Faina
Linkov & Eric K. Noji for the Global Health Disaster Network
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What is the Disaster Supercourse?
http://www.pitt.edu/~super1
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What is a JIT lecture?
http://www.pitt.edu/~super1
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Lecture objectives:
To provide the best possible information
about the science of Tsunamis
To learn how the science can help
prepare us for primary & secondary
prevention consequences of
Tsunamis
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What is a Tsunami?
(soo-NAH-mee)
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Tsunami or Harbor Wave
A Japanese word represented by
two characters: tsu & nami
tsu means harbor
&
nami means wave
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History of Tsunami
Ancient city of Knossos, the capital of the Minoan civilization
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Tsunami: Socio-economical
Impacts
Great loss of life
Extensive property damage
Paralyzed economy
Import
Export
Manufacturing
Tourism industry
Possible HUGE Destruction!
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Tsunami Impacts: Socio-economical Factors
Rapid growth & development of coastal
areas
Living people on or quite near the coast
Foreign trade necessitates some maintain
large fleets of ships & major port facilities
Fishing industries
Aqua cultural industries & canneries
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Risks Posed by Tsunamis
Flooding
Contamination of drinking water
Fires from ruptured tanks or gas lines
Loss of vital community infrastructure
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Tsunami Prediction:
Understanding of the phenomenon
Data collection on earthquake & sea
level
Data interpretation
Impossible prediction of earthquakes
generating tsunamis
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Tsunami
Definition & Causes
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A tsunami can be generated
by ANY
disturbance that displaces
a large water mass from its
equilibrium position!
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Scientific term?
Tsunami
Seismic sea waves
Tidal waves
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How is a tsunami
different from a
wind-generated
wave?
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When an earthquake occurs in a source:
Outward traveling of energy in all directions
Outward radiation of waves in all directions
& propagation across ocean basins
Chilean Earthquake (1960)
Sweeping tsunami across the Pacific to
Japan
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A tsunami can compete with a jet
airplane, traveling across the
ocean in less than a day.
When the ocean is 20000 feet
(6100 m) deep, a tsunami travels
at 550 miles/hr (890 km/hr).
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Unlike ocean-wide tsunamis caused
by some earthquakes,
tsunamis generated by
non-seismic
mechanisms usually dissipate
quickly & rarely affect coastlines
far from the source area.
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Determinant factors of the
size of a tsunami at initial
phase & along
the coast
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Tsunamis generation:
I. Initiation
II. Split
III. Amplification
IV. Run-up
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Tsunamis generation:
I. Initiation
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Tsunamis generation:
II. Split
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Tsunamis generation:
III. Amplification
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Tsunamis generation:
IV. Run-up
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Scientific terms:
Run-up: Vertical height a wave reaches
above a reference sea level as it washes ashore.
Wave height: Vertical measurement of the wave before it reaches shore.
Inundation distance: Horizontal distance a tsunami reaches landward from shoreline.
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Appearance of a tsunami when reaches the shore
A rapidly rising or falling tide
A series of waves
A bore
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Run-up height:
Tsunamis of distant origin: > 50 ft (15 m)
Tsunami generated near the earthquake
epicenter: > 100 ft (30 m)
First wave may not be the largest in
the series of waves.
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The flooding of an area can
extend inland by 1000 feet
(305 m) or more,
covering large expanses of
land with water &
debris.
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Do tsunamis stop once on
land?
Energy reflection back
Edge waves
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Complicated behavior of
tsunami waves near the coast !
The first run-up of a tsunami is
often not the largest.
Do not return to a beach several
hours after a tsunami hits.
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Tsunami can not be felt
aboard ships nor can they be
seen from the air in the open
ocean.
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Why are tsunami so destructive?
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Learn about :
International Tsunami
Information Centre (ITIC)
International Tsunami Warning
System (ITWS)
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Mandate
Functions
Research and Data Collection Responsibilities
Visiting Scientists Program
Education, Preparedness & Disaster Reduction
http://www.prh.noaa.gov/itic/
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What is the International Tsunami
Warning System (ITWS)?
Seismic station
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What is the International Tsunami
Warning System (ITWS)?
Tide station
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International Tsunami Warning System
(ITWS)
ITWS includes 31 seismic stations & > 60 tide stations
The stations have ability to transmit their data immediately & in real time
to the headquarters at PTWC in
Hawaii.
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How does the International
Tsunami Warning
System Work?
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Tsunami WARNING
&
Tsunami WATCH
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Dissemination of Watches & Warnings by ITIC
When Earthquake is Strong Enough to Cause a Tsunami !!
• Monitoring the tide gauges near the epicenter
• Watch bulletins for all earthquake ≥ 7 in the
Aleutian Islands & ≥ 7.5 elsewhere in the Pacific
• Watching cancellation: Negligible tsunami or no tsunami
Watching Warning if a tsunami threat
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Capabilities & Limitations
of the International
Tsunami Warning System
(ITWS)
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No Tsunami Warning
Issued at 26 Dec 2004
Disaster !!
No Tsunami Warning System exists for the Indian
Ocean !!
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Be Prepared for Tsunamis
& Protect Yourself
Be Prepared for Tsunamis
& Protect Yourself
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Similar Tsunamis,
Similar Strategies for
Survival
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What you must do!
Tsunami is coming!
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What you must do,
If you are on a boat!
Tsunami is coming!