TS-990S In-depth Manual
Transcript of TS-990S In-depth Manual
IN-DEPTH MANUAL
TS-990S In-depth ManualNovember, 2013CA-327W-E108JVC KENWOOD CorporationAll Rights Reserved.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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01 PROLOGUE
AbouttheReleaseoftheTS‑990S................................... 1FeaturesoftheTS‑990S.................................................. 1
02 ANTENNASWITCHINGCIRCUIT
SignalingPaths................................................................ 2UsingtheSameAntennaConnectorfortheMainBandandtheSubBand...........................................................................2UsingDifferentAntennaConnectorsfortheMainBandandtheSubBand...........................................................................3RXAntennaFunction(RXINandRXOUTConnectorsOn/Off)....................................................................................3ConnectinganExternalReceiver............................................3
03 RECEPTION
ReceiverConfiguration.................................................... 5ConversionMethod.......................................................... 5MainBandReceiver................................................................5SubBandReceiver..................................................................6
Pre‑selector..................................................................... 8NewMixer........................................................................ 9RoofingFilters................................................................ 10WhatisaRoofingFilter?.......................................................10MainBandRoofingFilters.....................................................10AdditionalRoofingFilter........................................................11
AdjacentInterferenceCharacteristics............................ 12AGCCircuits.................................................................. 13AnalogAGCCircuits..............................................................13OptimizedGainDistribution...................................................13DeflectionoftheSMeterNeedle...........................................14NoiseLevel............................................................................14RFGainAdjustment..............................................................15AGCOff.................................................................................15
NoiseBlankers............................................................... 16FeaturesoftheNB1andNB2...............................................16
AuxiliaryCircuits............................................................ 17MediumWaveBandSensitivityRisers..................................17
04 TRANSMISSION
IFCircuitforCleanandStable200WOutputPower...... 18FETFinalAmplifierCircuit............................................. 18High‑speedRelay‑controlledAntennaTuner.................. 19LinearAmplifierControl................................................. 19REMOTEConnector.............................................................19ConfigurationsintheAdvancedMenu...................................20ALC.......................................................................................21TransmitPowerLimiter..........................................................22ALCOperationwhenanExternalDeviceisConnected.........22
DRVTerminal................................................................. 23
Protections..................................................................... 25SWRProtection.....................................................................25OvercurrentProtection..........................................................25ThermalProtectionandFanControl......................................25
PowerSupply................................................................. 26High‑EfficiencyLarge‑CapacityPowerSupplyImplemented.........................................................................26PowerSaving.........................................................................26Safety....................................................................................26PowerFactorCorrection(PFC)toPreventHarmonicsintheRectifierCircuit................................................................27ContinuousVariableRotationsandtheCoolingFan..............27DC/DCConverter..................................................................27
05 LOCALOSCILLATOR
DDSandPLLSystem.................................................... 28FirstLocalOscillatorfortheMainBandReceiver..................28FirstLocalOscillatorfortheSubBandReceiver....................29LocalOscillatorintheTransmitBlock....................................29
ReferenceFrequencyGeneratorCircuit......................... 30
06 DSP
FeaturesofTS‑990SDSPTechnologies........................ 32DSPsandPeripheralHardware..................................... 32SignalProcessingintheIFStage.................................. 34IFAGCProcessing................................................................34IFFilter..................................................................................35InterferenceRejection...........................................................37
Reception...................................................................... 40Demodulation........................................................................40AFFilter.................................................................................41AudioPeakFilter...................................................................42NoiseReduction....................................................................42BeatCancellers.....................................................................46
Transmission.................................................................. 47Modulation............................................................................47MicrophoneGainControl......................................................49SpeechProcessors...............................................................49
Bandscope.................................................................... 51FeaturesoftheFFTBandscope............................................51ExamplesofSignalDisplays.................................................52
OtherFunctions............................................................. 54TX/RXDSPEqualizers..........................................................54VoiceGuidance.....................................................................54OpticalDigitalI/O..................................................................55
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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07 SOFTWARE
ProcessorConnections.................................................. 56DualTFTDisplay........................................................... 56MainScreen..........................................................................56Meter.....................................................................................57FunctionConfigurationScreensandBandscopeScreen......58TouchScreen........................................................................58SubScreen............................................................................58SubScope.............................................................................59MechanicalDialDisplay........................................................60
SwitchingSplitOperationwithanIntuitiveOperation..... 60NewSplitFrequencySettingMethodforQuickOperation....................................................................... 60MultifariousMemoryChannels...................................... 61StoringStatesofSplitOperationandDualBandReception...61
MultifariousFunctionsSupportingtheOperator............. 61FrequencyTracking...............................................................61DATAModesCorrespondingtoaVarietyofOperations.........61TransversedDialsinSWLMode............................................62RTTYandPSKOperationwithoutusingaPC.......................63BandscopewithaWaterfallDisplay.......................................64AudioScopeforTX/RXAudioAnalysis.................................67RecordingFunctionforMulti‑use...........................................68ConfiguringtheClockusinganNTPServer..........................69MenuandSubMenu.............................................................69EasyFirmwareUpdating.......................................................69PC‑Control............................................................................71
VariousSoftwareApplicationsforExtensiveOperations..................................................................... 74SystemConfigurations................................................... 75RadioControlProgramARCP‑990................................ 77BasicSpecificationsInheritedfromtheARCP‑590................77UserInterface........................................................................77LANConnectionwiththeTS‑990S........................................78InternalVoIP(fortheKNSConnectionviaaLAN).................78
RadioHostProgramARHP‑990.................................... 79BasicSpecificationsInheritedfromtheARHP‑590................79UserInterface........................................................................80DisablingtheAFGainControlfromtheARCP‑990...............80LANConnectionwiththeTS‑990S........................................80InternalVoIP(fortheKNSConnectionviaaLAN).................80
USBAudioControllerfortheARUA‑10.......................... 81BasicFunctions.....................................................................81Operation..............................................................................81ConfigurationsforPracticalOperations.................................82TX/RXAudioDelaysReduced...............................................82
VoIPProgramsARVP‑10H/ARVP‑10R.......................... 83BasicFunctions.....................................................................83
VirtualCOMPortDriver................................................. 84
08 TERMINAL
PADDLEandKEYJacks................................................ 85EXTSP1andEXTSP2Jacks........................................ 85PHONESJack............................................................... 86KEYPADJack................................................................ 86METERJack.................................................................. 87ACC2Connector........................................................... 88OPTICALINandOPTICALOUTConnectors................ 89DISPLAYConnector...................................................... 90LANConnector.............................................................. 90USBConnector(USB‑A)............................................... 91USBConnector(USB‑B)............................................... 92
09 MECHANICALSTRUCTURE
InternalStructure........................................................... 93Cooling.......................................................................... 94TopPanelVibrationAnalysis.......................................... 96Lift‑upMechanismoftheFrontBases............................ 96PanelDesign.................................................................. 97Operability..................................................................... 98DualTFTDisplayandTouchPanel................................ 99MainControlKnobMechanism.................................... 100
10 SP-990
AppearanceandFeatures........................................... 101Speaker....................................................................... 101Built‑inLow‑cut/High‑cutFilters................................... 102SpeakerInputSelectSwitch........................................ 102
01 PROLOGUE
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About the Release of the TS‑990S
SincetheTS‑900waslaunchedin1973,theNineHundredseriesofKENWOOD(TRIO)transceivershasbeenourflagshiphigh‑endHFtransceivers.FollowingtheTS‑900,theTS‑930,TS‑940,andTS‑950werelaunched.However,morethan20yearshavenowpassedsincetheTS‑950SDXwaslaunched.AttheendofFebruary2013,westartedshippingourlong‑awaitednewNineHundredserieslineup.TheTS‑990Sispositionedasatop‑endtransceiverintheKENWOODHFtransceiverlineup,bothinnameandreality.WeaccomplishedtheengineeringoftheTS‑990SenablingitnotonlytosucceedtheTS‑950butalsotobereputedasaflagshiptransceiverdespitetheTS‑990Sbeingthelast‑enteredflagshiptransceiverinthemarketplace.WhatweengineeredwiththemostcarefulattentiontopositiontheTS‑990Sasaflagshiptransceiver,isthefundamentaltransceiverperformance.Theperformanceincludesnotonlythetransmitandreceivecharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredasmathematicalvaluesbutalsowhatyouwillhavebeensensedthatcanbecomprehensivelyreceivedthroughactualtransceiveroperation.Thedetaileddesignaestheticextendsfromthecircuitsandcomponentsallthewaytothetextureofthechassisandtheoperabilityofthepanel.TheTS‑990ShasthefunctionalityrequiredforadvancedDXoperationaswellasaneye‑catchingdualTFTdisplayandtouchpanelthatlettheuserviewawiderangeofinformation.TherearesurprisinglymanybuttonsontheTS‑990S,showninthephotographsincatalogs.However,webelieveyouwillunderstandourdesignconceptfortheTS‑990Sastransceiverwhenyouseeandoperateit.TheKENWOODHFtransceiversaimnotonlytoreceivesignalsfromandtransmitsignalstolocationsfurtheraway,butalsototransmitandreceivesignalswithmorenaturalsound.Inotherwords,theTS‑990ShasbeendesignedasaflagshiptransceivernotonlyforDX’ersbutalsoforthoseoperatorswhoseekforbettersoundquality.Thisin‑depthmanualiswrittenbytheTS‑990Sdesignerstodescribethetechnologiesandtechniquesusedtoimplementtheconceptsmentionedabove.WehopethismanualwillhelpyoutohaveadeeperunderstandingoftheTS‑990S. November2013,KENWOODHFTransceiverDevelopmentTeam
Features of the TS‑990S
TheTS‑990SisaHF/50MHzall‑modetransceiverfeaturingareceptionperformancehighenoughtosatisfyDX’ersallovertheworldandtheworld’sfirstdualTFTdisplay*1,enablinghigheroperabilityandinformationfeedbacktotheoperatorforbetterpracticaloperation.(*1AsofAugust2013,accordingtoourresearch)ThereceivingcircuitsoftheTS‑990S,asuccessoroftheTS‑900,TS‑930,TS‑940,andTS‑950,realizedualbandreceptionindifferentbands.Forthemainband,narrowbandroofingfiltersareimplementedusingafulldown‑conversionmethodtoraisetheadjacentinterferingsignaleliminationperformance,andanewtypeofmixerisusedtoimplementa+40dBmlevelperformanceatthethirdinterceptpoint.Inaddition,theroofingfiltersarecombinedwithanIFDSPfeaturingsharpfilteringcharacteristicstoprovidesuperbinterferenceeliminationthatprovidesclearreceptionoftargetsignalsevenwhenthereissignalinterferenceduecontestingsignals.Forthesubband,weareusingthesamereceivingcircuitasoftheTS‑590S,whichwaslaunchedin2010andisreputedwithgoodperformance.Forthedisplay,adualTFTdisplay(7″/3.5″)isemployedtoindicatedetailedoperatingstatuses.Themaindisplaycanshowthebandscopeandwaterfallscreensaswellasreadoutsofthemainband/subbandfrequencies,Smeter,RIT/XIT,andmore.Asub‑displayisplaceddirectlyabovethemaintuningknob,andprovidesfunctionstodisplaythereadoutsofthemainband/subbandfrequenciesandtheinformationaboutfiltering,audiospectrum,andmore,makingitextremelyusefulforDX’ers.ThemaximumtransmissionpoweroftheTS‑990Sis200W.ToimplementQRP,itisequippedwithapowercontrolfunctionthatcancontroldownto5W.Aswitchingpowersupplyisbuiltinthetransceivertosecurestabletransmissions.TheTS‑990Sisequippedwithanautomaticantennatuner,andupto4antennascanbecentrallycontrolled.Memoryfunctionsareimplementedforeachbandtoallowquickbandswitchingandquickmanipulationsthroughsplitoperation.TheSP‑990,adedicatedexternalspeaker,isavailableasanoption.ThespeakerisdesignedtomatchtheTS‑990Sdesign.ThesoundqualityisexcellentandtheSP‑990istuneddedicatedfortheTS‑990S.TheSP‑990has2inputlines.Ifanothertransceiverisused,theSP‑990canbeusedasanexternalspeakerforthattransceiver.
02 ANTENNA SWITCHING CIRCUIT
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Signaling Paths
TheTS‑990Shas4antennaconnectors,ANT1toANT4,andtheRX INandRX OUTconnectorsthatcanbeusedforareception‑dedicatedantennainputoranexternalfilterconnection.Thereismorethanonepathfromtheantennastothereceivingcircuits,andthesepathscanbechangedaccordingtotheconfiguration.Thepathsfromtheantennastothereceivingcircuitscanbespecifiedforeachreceptionbandinthemainbandandthesubband.TheantennaterminalsthatarenotspecifiedareconnectedtoGND.
Using the Same Antenna Connector for the Main Band and the Sub Band
ANT 1 ANT 2 ANT 3 ANT 4 RX (OUT) RX (IN)
BPF, etc.
AT
FINAL
MAIN
SUB
Splitter3 dB loss
Each Relay is in theOff state (inactive).
Fig.1 SignalingPathswithANT1fortheMainBandandANT1fortheSubBand
Whentheantennaspecifiedforthesubbandisthesameasthatconfiguredforthemainband,signalsareroutedasillustratedinthefigure“SignalingPathswithANT1fortheMainBandandANT1forSubBand".Thesignalsreceivedbytheantennaaresplitnearlyequaltothemainbandandthesubband,byasplitter.Inthiscase,thereadoutsoftheSmeterwiththegaincorrectedinthereceptionpathareprocessedtobethesamereadoutsthatareindicatedwhennoreceivesignalissplitbythesplitter.
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ANTENNA SWITCHING CIRCUIT 02
Using Different Antenna Connectors for the Main Band and the Sub Band
ANT 1 ANT 2 ANT 3 ANT 4 RX (OUT) RX (IN)
BPF, etc.
AT
FINAL
MAIN
SUB
Splitter3 dB loss
Each relay is in the Off state (inactive).
Fig.2 SignalingPathswithANT1fortheMainBandandANT2fortheSubBand
Thefigure“SignalingPathswithANT1fortheMainBandandANT2fortheSubBand”showsthecasewhendifferentantennasareselectedforthemainbandandthesubband.Thereceivedsignalsareenteredtothereceivingcircuitsfromtheantennas,notthroughthesplitter,andarenotsubjecttosensitivitydeteriorationbytheinsertionloss.
RX Antenna Function (RX IN and RX OUT Connectors On/Off)
Whenareception‑dedicatedantennasuchasalow‑bandBeverageantennaorloopantennaisused,whenabandpassfilterisappendedexternally,orwhenaTransverterisconnected,theRXAntennafunctionenablestoreceivethesignalsviatheRX INconnectororsendthereceivedsignalsfromtheRX OUTconnector.Pressingthe[RX ANT]keyandthenactivatingtheRXantennafunctionblocksthesignalsfromtheantennaconnectors(ANT1toANT4)andallowsreceptionofsignalsdivertedtotheRX INconnectororenteredfromtheRX OUTconnector.Toappendabandpassfilter,itneedstobeconnectedbetweentheRX OUTandRX INconnectors.However,youcannotreceivethesignalswithoutcorrectlyenteringthesignalsfromtheRX INconnector.
Connecting an External Receiver
ToreceivesignalsviaanotherreceiverbyusingtheRXantennafunction,connectasplitterbetweentheRX OUTandRX INconnectorsasshowninthefigure“ExampleofOperatingtheRXAntennaFunction(MainBand)”andmaketheotherreceiverreceivethesignalssplitbythesplitter.Thesplittertobeusedcansplittheenteredsignalswitha50Ωimpedanceequallythroughtwooutputterminals.Connectoneoutputterminaltothe RX INconnectorwiththeTS‑990Sandtheothertotheotherreceiver.Youcanconnectacommerciallyavailablesplitterorauser‑manufacturedsplitterasdescribedbelow.
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02 ANTENNA SWITCHING CIRCUIT
Simplyshort‑circuitingtheRX OUTconnector,RX INconnector,andanantennaconnectorwiththeotherreceiverwithoutusingasplittermaystartreception;however,itmaycauseimpedancematchingfailureoraproblemduetofailureinisolationfromtheotherreceiver.
ANT 1 ANT 2 ANT 3 ANT 4 RX (OUT) RX (IN)
Splitter
Splitter
IN OUT 1
OUT 2
Other Receiver
AT
FINAL
MAIN
SUB
3 dB loss
Fig.3 ExampleofOperationusingtheRXAntennaFunction(MainBand)
Fig.4 ExampleofaSplitterCircuit
“ExampleofaSplitterCircuit”showsatheoreticaldiagramofasplittercircuit.ThiscircuitequallydistributessignalsenteredfromtheINterminalandsendsthemthroughtheOUT1andOUT2terminals,resultingina3dBinsertionloss.Determinethenumberofturnsforthetransformertobeusedaccordingtofactorssuchasthemagneticpermeabilityofthecore.Alow‑capacitancecapacitormayneedtobeconnectedtotheinputoroutputinparalleltocorrectthefrequencycharacteristics.IntheTS‑990S,asimilarcircuitisusedforsignaldistributiontothemainbandandthesubband.
Note:◆ Thiscircuitisatheoreticaldiagram.Wecanneitheranswerquestionsabouttheselectionofpartsorwiringofthesplitternorguaranteeitsoperation.
03 RECEPTION
5
Receiver Configuration
TheTS‑990Shastworeceivers;themainbandreceiverandthesubbandreceiver.Thisconfigurationenablesdualbandreceptionusingthemainbandandthesubbandeveniftwobandsareinthesamebandordifferentbands.Duringtransmission,thereceptionstopsusingbothreceivers.Thebandscopecircuitcanselectsignalsfromeitherthemainbandreceiverorthesubbandreceiver,regardlessoftheselectedband,andshowthestatusofIFsignalsselectedandbeingtransmitted(excludingFMmodulatedsignals).
Conversion Method
Main Band Receiver
Itisimportantforareceivertoeliminateinterferingsignalsthroughnarrowfiltersatanearlierstageandpassdesiredsignalstothesubsequentcircuits.Usingfilterswithbetterselectioncharacteristicsforearliereliminationofinterferingsignalsservestopreventdistortioninthesubsequentcircuitsandimprovespracticalanti‑interferencecharacteristics.Thefirstmixer,throughwhichanumberofinterferingsignalspass,needstohavehighinterceptpoint(referredtoasIPhereafter)characteristics.IndevelopingtheTS‑990Smainbandreceiver,implementationofroofingfilterswithexcellentselectioncharacteristicsandhighIPcharacteristicswasthetop‑priority.Fortheroofingfilterimplementation,thefulldown‑conversionmethodofthefirstIFfrequencyof8.248MHzisadopted(the“down‑conversion”methodusedinthesystemisnotintendedforaconventionalconfigurationinwhichahighfirstIFfrequency,e.g.,the73MHzbandisusedbutforaconfigurationinwhichalowfirstIFfrequency,e.g.,8MHzbandor11MHzband,isused).TheuseofalowIFfrequencyallowsfilterswithsteepattenuationcharacteristicstobeemployedandperformancesufficientlytoleranttoadjacentinterferingsignalstobesecured.Thenextissuewasthebandpassfiltersplacedinthefront‑endblockofthemainbandreceiver.TheuseofalowfirstIFfrequencyallowsinterferenceonimagefrequenciesand/orspuriousreceptiontoeasilytakeplace,thusitisnecessarytoplaceanumberofbandpassfilterswithsteeperattenuationcharacteristics.Asshowninthetable“BandpassFilterDivisionintheMainBandFilter”,bandpassfiltersfor15pathsareused,andforthemajoramateurbands(1.8MHz,3.5MHz,7MHz,14MHz,and21MHz),atoroidalcoilwithsteepattenuationcharacteristicsandhighIPcharacteristicsisused.Also,thebandpassfiltersforamateurbandsincludingotherWARCbandsaredesignedforpositiveuseofpartswithhighQ(qualityfactor)anddistortionresistancecharacteristics.Toeliminatedistortion‑causingelementsplacedonthesignalingpathsinthefront‑endblockofthemainbandreceiver,aswitchingmethodthroughrelaysisusedtoselectthebandpassfilter,pre‑selector,pre‑amplifier,post‑amplifier,androofingfilterforthemajoramateurbands.Thisalsohelpstoreduceinsertionlossandimprovetheisolationbetweenthesignalingpaths.
Table1 BandpassFilterDivisionintheMainBandReceiver
Band Filter Bandwidth
LF 30to522kHz
BC 522kHzto1.705MHz
1.8MHz 1.705to2.5MHz
3.5MHz 2.5to4.1MHz
5MHz 4.1to6.0MHz
7MHz 6.0to7.5MHz
10MHz 7.5to10.5MHz
14MHz 10.5to14.5MHz
18MHz 14.5to18.5MHz
21MHz 18.5to21.5MHz
24MHz 21.5to26.5MHz
28MHz 26.5to35MHz
35MHz 35to40MHz
40MHz 40to46.5MHz
50MHz 46.5to60MHz
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03 RECEPTION
Thefollowingblockdiagramshowsthefront‑endblockorthemainbandreceiver.
ATT
270Hz
500Hz
2.7kHz
6kHz
15kHz
throughthroughthrough
Post AmpPre AmpPre Selector
0/6/12/18dB
1 st Mixer
RoofingFilters
RF BPF
Fig.5 BlockDiagramoftheFront‑endBlockfortheMainBandReceiver
Thesignalreceivedbytheantennaentersthemainbandreceiverthroughtheantennaswitchingcircuit.Thebandpassfilterfortheselectedbandeliminatesinterferingsignalsoutsidetheband,thereceivedsignalisamplifiedbyapre‑amplifierandisthenconvertedtothefirstIFsignal(8.248MHz)bythefirstmixer.Thefirstmixerisdescribedlater.Throughthepost‑amplifierlinkedwiththebandscopebranchingcircuitandpre‑amplifier,thefirstIFsignalentersaroofingfilterthateliminatestheadjacentinterferingsignalsoutsidetheband.Theroofingfiltersarealsodescribedlater.The“BlockDiagramoftheIFStagefortheMainBandReceiver”shownbelowillustratesthediagramoftheblockssubsequenttotheroofingfilters.ThefirstIFsignalroutesthroughtheAGCamplifierandthefirstIFamplifiertothesecondmixer,whichconvertsittothesecondIFsignal(24kHz).ThesecondIFsignalenterstheDSPasthebasebandsignalthroughthesecondIFamplifier,androutesthroughvarioussignalprocessingsuchasdemodulationafterIFprocessingbytheAGC,filters,audiosignalprocessing,etc.InFMmode,thefirstIFsignal(8.248MHz)enterstheFMsystemIC,andthedetectedAFsignalenterstheDSPforaudiosignalprocessing.
CF1455kHz BPF
BW: 9kHz (Narrow)
IC12FM AF AMP FM
(AF)
CF2
SSB, CW, AM, FSK, PSK
D32,D332rd mixer
FM IC9FM IC
D31D30ATT
Q70AGC AMP
Q49, Q52IF AMP
Switching
MIFGC
IC10IF AMP
SSB, CW, AM, FSK, PSK(24kHz)
MAGCV
455kHz BPFBW: 12kHz (Wide)
MRIFCN137
24kHz
IC11Multiplexer
Fig.6 BlockDiagramoftheIFStagefortheMainBandReceiver
Sub Band Receiver
ThesubbandreceiverisrefinedanddivertedfromthereceiveroftheTS‑590S.Forthemajoramateurbands(1.8MHz,3.5MHz,7MHz,14MHz,and21MHz),itscircuitconfigurationisfordown‑conversion.Inconditionsotherthanthosedescribedinthe“ApplicableConditionsforDown‑Conversion”tablebelow,afrequencyconfigurationforup‑conversionisappliedandcanbeusedforgeneralcoveragereception.
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RECEPTION 03
Table2 ApplicableConditionsforDown‑Conversion
Band
1.8MHz(1.705to2.1MHz)3.5MHz(3.4to4.1MHz)7MHz(6.9to7.5MHz)
14MHz(13.9to14.5MHz)21MHz(20.9to21.5MHz)
PassBandwidth 2.7kHzorless
Mode SSB,CW,FSK,PSK
Theblockdiagrambelowshowsthefront‑endblockofthesubbandreceiver.Thesignalreceivedbytheantennacomesintothesubbandreceiverthroughtheantennaswitchingcircuit.Thebandpassfiltersdividedfor12pathseliminatetheinterferingsignalsoutsidetheband,andapre‑amplifieramplifiesthesignalandsendsittothefirstmixer.Thefirstmixerhasindependentsectionsfordown‑conversionandup‑conversionrespectively,whichareswitchedbythesignalingpathconditions.
ATT-6dB
LPF522k~1.705MHz
1.705M~60Mx11
SRAT(Sub RX RF in)
ATT-12dB
S6DB S12DB
LPF~60MHz
BC Trap BPF
BPF
ATT
LPF30k~522kHz
PRE OFF
Q219Sub PRE AMP
To 1st Mixer
Fig.7 BlockDiagramoftheFront‑endBlockfortheSubBandReceiver
TheblockdiagrambelowshowstheIFcircuitofthesubbandreceiver.ThefirstIFsignal(11.374MHz)convertedbythedown‑conversionmixerishandledasthesecondIFsignalafterpassingthroughthebandscopebranchingcircuitandMCF.Ontheotherhand,thefirstIFsignal(73.095MHz)convertedbytheup‑conversionmixerpassesthroughthebandscopebranchingcircuit,MCFandfirstIFamplifier,andwillthenbeconvertedtothesecondIFsignal(10.695MHz)bythesecondmixer.
From Sub PRE AMP
SRX-2
LPF~60MHz
Q401~404Sub RX 1st Mixer2
Q351~354Sub RX 1st Mixer1
Q355, 356SLO1 AMP1
MCF
Q405, 406SLO1 AMP2
MCF
TX
XF35111.374MHz
XF40173.095MHz
Scope unit11.374MHz 73.095MHz
LPF+11.374M NOTCH
13.174~32.195MHz 73.125~133.095MHz
SLO1
TX
Q408Sub 1st IF AMP
D405,406Sub 2nd Mixer
Q410SLO2 AMP
SLO262.4MHz
TX
11.374MHz
10.695MHz To Sub 2nd IF AMP1(Q481)
SRX-1DIV.
DIV.
Fig.8 BlockDiagramoftheIFCircuitfortheSubBandReceiver
Afterthat,thesecondIFsignalonadifferentpathpassesthroughthesecondIFamplifierandNBgateandentersaroofingfilter,whicheliminatesadjacentinterferingsignalsoutsidetheband.The“PhotographoftheRoofingFilterintheSubBandReceiver”belowshowstheroofingfilters.ThesecondIFsignal,whichpassesthroughtheAGCamplifierandsecondIFamplifier,isconvertedbythethirdmixertothethirdIFsignal(24kHz).ThethirdIFsignalenterstheDSPasthebasebandsignalthroughthethirdIFamplifier,andpassesthroughvarioussignalprocessingsuchasIFprocessing,demodulation,andaudiosignalprocessing.InFMmode,thesecondIFsignal(10.695MHz)enterstheFMsystemIC,andthedetectedAFsignalfeedstotheDSPfortheaudiosignalprocessing.
8
03 reception
Fig. 9 Photograph of the Roofing Filter in the Sub Band Receiver
Pre-selector
The pre-selector is implemented to attenuate, by using a narrowband filter, the in-band interfering signals that cannot be eliminated by the bandpass filters in the front-end block of the main band receiver and to elicit the desired signals. The “Pre-Selector Unitary Resonance Circuit” shows its internal resonance circuit. A method of relay-switching of highly accurate capacitors, toroidal coils, etc. enables it to change the precisely tuned frequency in accordance with the received frequency in the HF amateur bands. The “Available Band and Step Frequency Specifications” table shows the available bands and step frequencies.
Fig. 10 Pre-Selector Unitary Resonance Circuit
Table 3 Available Band and Step Frequency Specifications
Band Range Step Frequency 3 dB Passband Width
1.8 MHz 1.79750 to 2.00499 MHz 2.5 kHz 20 kHz
3.5 MHz 3.49250 to 4.01749 MHz 7.5 kHz 50 kHz
5 MHz 5.24000 to 5.46999 MHz 10.0 kHz 100 kHz
7 MHz 6.98000 to 7.33999 MHz 20.0 kHz 120 kHz
10 MHz 9.98000 to 10.17999 MHz 20.0 kHz 220 kHz
14 MHz 13.95000 to 14.44999 MHz 50.0 kHz 620 kHz
18 MHz 18.01800 to 18.26799 MHz 50.0 kHz 880 kHz
21 MHz 20.90000 to 21.69999 MHz 100.0 kHz 880 kHz
24 MHz 24.79000 to 25.18999 MHz 100.0 kHz 1120 kHz
28 MHz 27.90000 to 29.89999 MHz 100.0 kHz 1170 kHz
The frequency response shape a steep single-peaked pattern. A large-sized coil with less loss is used; however, a large insertion loss may be inevitable; therefore, an amplifier is placed after the pre-selector to compensate the loss. Signal level correction in connection with the amplifier is also applied to suppress deflection of the S meter needle. To prevent the reception noise level from rising, it is designed so that the pre-amplifiers do not work in conjunction with it. Thus, enabling the pre-selector disables the pre-amplifiers.
9
RECEPTION 03
The“FrequencyResponse”figureshowsanexampleoftypicalPre‑selectorFrequencyAmplitudecharacteristics.
Fig.11 FrequencyResponse
Pressingthe[P.SEL] keytoturnthepre‑selectoronmakesthetuningfilterwaveform‑shapedbytherelayoperationlogicconfiguredasthefactorydefault,followingthefrequencydisplayedatthemainbandreception.Pressingandholdingthe[P.SEL] keyshiftsthecenterfrequencyofthetuningfilterupto±20steps.Forinstance,whenastrongadjacentinterferingsignalsuppressesthedesiredsignal,shiftingthecenterfrequencyintheoppositedirectionoftheinterferingsignalsattenuatestheleveloftheinterferingsignalsinsteadofattenuatingthedesiredsignal,thusiteffectivelyreducesinterferenceasmuchaspossible.
New Mixer
Thefirstmixerwasapartoftheblockonthemainbandreceiverandwasexaminedthelongest.DoublebalancedmixerswithconventionalJ‑FETimplementationhavebeenunabletofullysatisfytherequiredIP3characteristics.Tosatisfytherequirement,amixercalledthe“H‑modemixer”,whichemploysthedoublebalancedgroundedswitchtypethatisdifferentfromconventionaltypes,isemployedforthefirstmixer.ThecircuitofthemixercanturntheGNDterminatingendsonthesignalingpathsOnorOff,tominimizethemixerdistortion.Fortheswitchelements,busswitchesareusedandturnedon/offonlybylow‑powerlocaloscillatorsignals.FortheRFinputandIFoutputofthemixer,largebaluntransformerswithdistortionresistancecharacteristicsareused,andthewindingmethodsandmaterialsofthecoreswithdifferentmagneticpermeabilityarecarefullychosenandexamined.Furthermore,afterthemixer,aduplexercircuitisplacedtostabilizetheimpedanceoftheroofingfiltersinawiderband.
L55RF
+2.5V
IC7
x4
+2.5V
MLO18.278~51.752MHz
IC8
L59
L60
1st IF8.248MHz
Fig.12 DoubleBalancedGroundedSwitchTypeMixer
10
03 RECEPTION
Roofing Filters
What is a Roofing Filter?
Thissectiondescribestheroofingfilter,whichisthemostimportantinthemainbandreceiver.Theroofingfilterisafilterplacedattheceiling,orthe“roof”oftheintermediatefrequency(IF)circuitofthereceiver.Inotherwords,thisrepresentsanarrowbandfilterwherethesignalconvertedtotheintermediatefrequencyfirstpassesthrough.Areceivedsignalincludesanumberofstrongadjacentsignalsotherthanthedesiredsignal,thusattenuatingtheundesiredsignalsinanearlystageinaprecedingcircuitenablesthesignaltonotbedistortedinthesubsequentamplifyingcircuit.Thehighinterceptpointobtainedbythehigh‑performancefirstmixergivesfullplaytoitsabilityinafrequencydomainslightlydistantfromthedesiredsignalattenuatedbytheroofingfilter.Ifthelevelofadjacentsignalsinevitablypassingthroughtheroofingfilterishigh,itcausesdistortiontooccurinthesubsequentIFamplifier,mixer,andothercircuits,andthedynamicrangedeterioratesontheadjacentfrequencies.Thisiswhytheroofingfiltersmustbenarrowedtotheirminimumandattenuatedtothesteepestdirection.Forthemainband,8.248MHzisselectedforfirstIFfrequency,andforthesubbandwiththedown‑conversionsetting,11.374MHzisselectedforthefirstIFfrequency;thesefirstIFfrequencysettingsenablefilterswithgoodattenuationcharacteristicsinanarrowbandandfewercharacteristicchangesbytemperature.
Note:◆ Forexample,narrowbandfilterswithahighfrequency,e.g.,73MHz,maybeimplemented,butsuchfiltershavelargecharacteristicchangesbytemperatureandcauseproblemssuchasincreasedattenuation,thusdonotserveforpracticaloperation.
Main Band Roofing Filters
FiveroofingfiltersareusedasnarrowbandfiltersofhighIPcharacteristicsimplementedbythefulldown‑conversionmethod.The“PhotographofRoofingFilterintheMainBandReceiver”showstheroofingfilters.Inthephotograph,the15kHz,6kHz,2.7kHz,500Hz,and270Hzbandwidthfiltersaremountedfromthelowerrightside.Inthatorder.The15kHzand6kHzbandwidthfiltersare4‑polemonolithiccrystalfilters(MCF).The2.7kHzbandwidthfilterisa6‑polemonolithiccrystalfilter.The500Hzand270Hzbandwidthfiltersarestructuredastheladdertypetosuppressin‑bandinsertionlossesandsteeplyshapetheadjacentout‑of‑bandattenuationcharacteristics.The“Frequencyresponseofthe500HzBandwidth”and”Frequencyresponseofthe270HzBandwidth”figuresshowtheladderfilterfrequencyresponse.Theroofingfiltersforthemainbandreceivercanbeselectedregardlessofoperationmode(excludingFMmode).Pressingandholdingthe[FIL/SEL](M)keyopenstheRX Filterscreenonthemaindisplay.Thescreenallowsyoutoselecttheroofingfiltertobeused.
Fig.13 PhotographofRoofingFilterintheMainBandReceiver
11
RECEPTION 03
Fig.14 Frequencyresponseofthe500HzBandwidth
Fig.15 Frequencyresponseofthe270HzBandwidth
Additional Roofing Filter
TheTS‑990Smainbandreceiverhasaslottomountaroofingfilterinadditiontothefivebuilt‑inroofingfilters.(Wehavenoplantocommercializeadditionalroofingfiltersonourown.)
Fig.16 AdditionalRoofingFilterMountingSlot
Ifanadditionalroofingfilterismounted,changethedefaultvalueof“Off”inAdvancedMenu6“Bandwidth(AdditionalRoofingFilter)”toyourdesiredfilterbandwidth,andthenpressandholdthe[FIL/SEL] (M)keytoopentheRX Filterscreen.Inthescreen,changetheconfigurationfor“Roof”to“Add.”toenabletheadditionalroofingfilter.If“Auto”issetto“Roof”,theadditionalroofingfilterispreferentiallyselecteddependingontheIFfilterbandwidth.Concerningthebuilt‑inroofingfilters,thePINdiode‑typeattenuatorattheIFstagecorrectsthegain,causingnodifferenceinSmeterneedledeflection,whetherafilterisappliedornot.But,ifanadditionalroofingfilterisused,itisnecessarytocorrecttheSmeterneedledeflectionbyadifferenceoftheinsertionloss.Toreceiveasignalwithastablesignalstrength,changetheattenuationoftheadditionalroofingfilterinAdvancedMenu7“Attenuation(AdditionalRoofingFilter)”.The“ElectricalSpecifications”tableshowstheadditionalroofingfilterelectricalspecifications.The“Dimensions(Reference)”diagramshowstheadditionalroofingfilterdimensionaldiagram(reference).
Table4 ElectricalSpecifications
CenterFrequency 8.248MHz
Bandwidth(‑6dB) 300to3500Hz
TerminatingImpedance 50Ω
Insertionloss 8dBorless
12
03 RECEPTION
47.52.5
2.52.5
62.0
23.755.15
23.35
14.45 6.2
ϕ1.0 ~ 1.2
16.1
R0.7
11.4
1.2
17.5
GND
GND
GNDGND
OUT
IN
No part can be mounted on the reverse.3.7 x 5.3
Fig.17 Dimensions(Reference,Unit:mm,topview)
Adjacent Interference Characteristics
The“IP3CharacteristicsComparison”graphshowsacomparisonbetweentheTS‑990Smainbandreceiver(orange)andthereceiverofaconventionaltransceiver(gray).ItindicatesthattheIP3characteristicsareimprovedtothe+40dBmlevelanduniformlysettledtoadjacentinterferencesignalsintherangeof2to10kHzfromthereceptionfrequency.Inaddition,the110dBclassdynamicrange,whichexceedsthe105dBclassoftheTS‑590S,hasbeenachieved.
Fig.18 IP3CharacteristicsComparison
Note:◆ Thehorizontalaxisistheseparationtothedesiredsignaloftheinterferencesignalfrequency(2waves).At10kHz,interferingsignal1isthe+10kHzreceptionfrequency,andinterferencesignal2isthe+20kHzreceptionfrequency.
◆ Theresultofmeasurementsisanexamplethatdoesnotguaranteetheperformanceoftherespectiveproducts.◆ ThemeasurementsconformtoameasurementmethodspecifiedbytheARRL.
13
RECEPTION 03
AGC Circuits
Analog AGC Circuits
Toachievehighadjacentdynamicrangecharacteristics,ananalogAGCcircuitisusedtogethertomaketheA/DConverterworktoitsperformancelimit.TheAGCcircuitisrequiredtohavelownoiseandawidedynamicrange,widecontrolrange,andlinearitytothecontrol.TheTS‑990Simplementshigh‑precisionAGCresponsecharacteristicswithanAGCcircuitinwhichadual‑gateMOSFETisused(showninthediagram“AGCCircuitwithaDual‑GateMOSFET”)andcorrectionismadebyDSP.
Fig.19 AGCCircuitwithaDual‑GateMOSFET
ThegraphbelowshowstheAGCresponsecharacteristicstoacontrolvoltageinthecircuitconfigurationwithadual‑gateMOSFET.Sufficientcontrolrange,dynamicrange,andlinearityaresecured.
Dual Gate MOSFET
Fig.20 AGCResponseCharacteristicstoaControlVoltage
Optimized Gain Distribution
Themixer,whichisthekeyblockinthemainbandreceiverandisnewlydeveloped,hasrelativelylargerconversionlossthanthatofconventionalmixers.Therefore,thecircuitisstructuredtoworkinconjunctionwithapost‑amplifier,whichisplacedinthemixeroutput,duringoperationofthepre‑amplifier.Pressingthe[P.AMP]keyimprovesthereceptionsensitivitybyapproximately14dBbypre‑amplifier1andthepost‑amplifierinareceptionbandbelow21.5MHzandapproximately18dBbypre‑amplifier2andthepost‑amplifierinareceptionbandabove21.5MHz.Theattenuationoutsidethebandisfullyobtainedbytheroofingfilterswithgoodselectivity.Therefore,theanalogAGCcircuitandhigh‑gainIFamplifierareplacedinalaterstagesothatundistortedIFsignalsaresuppliedasbasebandsignalstotheDSP.
14
03 RECEPTION
Deflection of the S Meter Needle
TheIARU(InternationalAmateurRadioUnion)standardscalerequires‑73dBmastheSmeterleveltopointS9.However,concerningtheSmeterneedledeflection,onallourproducts,theSmeterlevelis‑81dBmtopointS9inthe14MHzbandwhileapre‑amplifierison.TheTS‑990SalsoprovidesSmeterneedledeflectionfamiliartooperatorsusingaconventionalmodel.Turningoffthepre‑amplifierslowersthegainandtheSmeterneedledeflection.Thegainchangesbyapre‑amplifierbyapproximately12dBintheamateurbandsuptothe21MHzbandandbyapproximately20dBinhigherbands.The“SMeterLevels(Reference)”tableshowstheindicatedlevelsoftheSmeter.(TheSmeterlevelisadjustedtopointS1,S9,orS9+60inthe14/50MHzbands.)InFMmode,youcanselectthesameconfiguration(High)asthathasbeenconfiguredforconventionalmodels,oralowervalueenablingtolowertheSmetersensitivity,throughMenu0‑08“FMModeS‑meterSensitivity”.
Table5 SMeterLevels(Reference)
S Meter 0.03 to 21.5 MHz 21.5 to 60 MHz FM (High) FM (Low)
S1(3dots) ‑107.0dBm ‑114.0dBm ‑117.0dBm ‑117.0dBm
S3(11dots) ‑100.5dBm ‑107.5dBm ‑114.4dBm ‑112.8dBm
S5(19dots) ‑94.0dBm ‑101.0dBm ‑111.8dBm ‑108.5dBm
S7(27dots) ‑87.5dBm ‑94.5dBm ‑109.2dBm ‑104.3dBm
S9(35dots) ‑81.0dBm ‑88.0dBm ‑106.6dBm ‑100.0dBm
S9+20(48dots) ‑61.0dBm ‑68.0dBm ‑102.4dBm ‑93.2dBm
S9+40(59dots) ‑41.0dBm ‑48.0dBm ‑98.9dBm ‑87.4dBm
S9+60(70dots) ‑21.0dBm ‑28.0dBm ‑95.0dBm ‑81.0dBm
Fig.21 SMeterReadout(Analog) Fig.22 SMeterReadout(Digital)
Noise Level
Withapre‑amplifieractive,thesensitivityincreasesbythegainandinternalnoise,andtheSmeterneedleiseasilydeflectedandthenoiselevelrises.Thesensitivitydecreaseswiththepre‑amplifierinactive;however,theIPcharacteristicsimprove,noiselevellowers,andtheSmeterneedlecannotbedeflected.Inaddition,theIFgainiscorrectedsothatthegain,sensitivity,deflectionoftheSmeterneedle,noiselevel,andotherfactorsappropriatelychange.Withapre‑amplifieractiveinabandbelow21.5MHz,thenoiselevelwillnotincrease.However,withapre‑amplifieractiveinabandabove21.5MHz,thenoiselevelincreaserelatively.
15
RECEPTION 03
RF Gain Adjustment
KENWOODHF‑bandtransceiversaredesignedwithourconsistentphilosophytobalancethelevels,suchasthesensitivity,Smeterneedledeflection,pre‑amplifiergain,gaincorrection,andotherfactors.Iftheinputlevelfromanantennaislow,(internal)noisemaybeconspicuous.Ifnoiseisconspicuous,reducingtheIFgaincanlowerthenoiselevel.Forthatpurpose,the[RF]knobisprovided.Rotatingthe[RF]knobcounterclockwisereducestheIFgainandconsequentlylowersthenoiselevel.Slightlyloweringthegaindoesnotchangethereceptionsensitivity.TheSmetershowsthegainreductionbytheAGCandthe[RF]knob,thustheSmeterneedledeflectsbythegainreduction.IntherangetheAGCisapplicable,theSmetersensitivitydoesnotchange.Placingthe[RF]knobtothe3o`clockpositionreducestheIFgainbyapproximately6dBfromthemaximumandreducesthenoiselevelatnosignalbyapproximately6dB.ThegainreductioncausestheSmeterneedletodeflectclosertoS3.A6dBgainreductioncausesthesensitivitytochangelittle,andthereceptionsoundvolumedoesnotchangewithreceptionofausualsignalthatmakestheSmeterneedledeflect.Ifthenoiselevelisnoticeable,adjusttheRFgain.
AGC Off
TheAGCtimeconstantsforsuchastheattacktime,releasetime,andholdtimeareoptimizedforapracticalradiowavesstate.However,forreceptionofasignaleasilyburiedinnoise,turningtheAGCoffmayoccasionallyincreaseitsperformance.Insuchacase,theAGCcanbedisabledwithapressofthe[AGC OFF]key.WiththeAGCinactive,thesignallevelwillnotbecontrolledtobethecertainvolumelevel,andthespeakermayemitveryloudsounds.ThisiswhyaconfirmationmessageappearsbeforetheAGCisturnedofftopromptattentiontoloudsounds.BeforeturningtheAGCoff,youmustadjusttheRFgaintoasignallevelthatmakestheSmeterneedledeflect.Rotatethe[RF]knobcounterclockwisetolowertheRFgain,lettingtheSmeterneedledeflectslightlywider.ThispreventsloudsoundsfrombeingemittedwhiletheAGCisinactive.IfalargesignalisenteredwhiletheAGCisinactive,theSmeterneedledeflectsuptothelevelspecifiedfortheRFgainandthereceptionsoundvolumeincreasesuptoacertainlevel.However,ifthislevelisexceeded,thereceptionaudiovolumereachesitslimitandsuddendistortiontakesplace.ThisisintendedtosetlimitssothattheallowablelevelsarenotexceededintheD/Aconverterandthroughsignalprocessing.
16
03 RECEPTION
Noise Blankers
Features of the NB1 and NB2
TheTS‑990Shastwonoiseblankers;NB1foranalogprocessingandNB2fordigitalprocessingbyDSP.NB1iseffectiveforshort‑cyclepulses,suchasignitionnoise.NB2iseffectivefornoisethattheanalognoiseblanker(NB1)cannotfollow.Thefollowingblockdiagramshowstheanalognoiseblanker(NB1).
Buffer NB AMP2 NB AMP3 NB AMP4 Buffer
NoiseDetection
NB AGC AMP
AGC
Noise Blanker Threshold Level
SwitchingMute Signal
Fig.23 NoiseBlankerCircuit(NB1)BlockDiagram
NB1hasthecircuitconfigurationinheritedfromthatofconventionalmodels,whichiseffectiveforweaknoise.Apulsesignalafterpassingthroughanarrowbandfilterchangesitsnoisewaveform,increasingthepulsewidth.Thus,attheroofingfilterinputstage,whichisnotsubjecttoinfluenceofpulsenoise,signalsarepickedupandswitchcircuitsoperate.Forexample,ifapulsewithashortcycleisenteredasshownindiagram1,theAGCinthenoiseblankercircuitdoesnotreacttoit,thustheswitchfunctionsandamutedsignalwillbepresent.Tothecontrary,ifapulsewithalongcycleisenteredasshownindiagram2,theAGCreactstoitandcorrectsthegain,thustheswitchdoesnotfunctionandthesignalwillnotbemuted.ToadjusttheeffectofNB1,rotatethe[NB1]knobforthemainband,orpressthe[NB1/SEL]keyforthesubband.Thelargerthevaluedisplayed,themoretheeffecttonoise.TheDSPdigitalnoiseblanker(NB2)mayinsufficientlytakeeffectifthedesiredsignalisstrongortheroofingfilterbandwidthisnarrow.However,inCWmode,andinthecaseofabandwidthof500Hzorlower,itmaybeunexpectedlyeffective.ThisisbecauseNB2operatesflexibly,conformingtheblankingtimetothepulselength.NB2producesaneffectonacquisitionofaweakdesiredsignalthatisburiedinnoiseandwithalongpulsewidththatNB1cannoteliminate.Chapter6,DSP,describesthedetailsofNB2.
● How to Use the NBs and NRsThereisaterm:“NBcross‑modulation”.Thismeansthesituationofmodulationinwhichanoiseblankerisrunningfalselyrecognizesthedesiredsignaloradjacentsignalasanoisepulse.Itdoesnotrelatetothefront‑endperformance.Onceafalserecognitiontakesplace,thenoisetobeeliminatedasofnon‑desiredsignalsclearlyappears(ornoiseclearlyappearstothekeyinginCW)orthedesiredsignalisheardwithdistortion.Theformercaseiscausedbythenoiseblankerbeingunabletoproduceaneffectwhenthedesiredsignalisrelativelystrong,orwhenastrongsignalappearsinanadjacentfrequency.ThisisbecauseastrongsignalactivatestheAGCofthenoiseblankersothatthenoiseamplifiergaindecreases.Ifthelevelofthesignalandthelevelofthepulsenoiseareequivalent,placinganattenuatorordisablingthepre‑amplifierdecreasesthefront‑endgainandmayrestoretheeffectofthenoiseblanker.Thelattercasemayeasilytakeplacebyincreasingthenoiseblankerlevel.Thisisatrade‑offandisinevitable.Ifthereceivedsignalappearstobedistorted,turnoffthenoiseblankerandcheckthereceivedsound.Turnonandadjustthenoiseblankerleveltorectifythedistortionifdoingsotakeseffect.
17
RECEPTION 03
Auxiliary Circuits
Medium Wave Band Sensitivity Risers
Justasinconventionaltransceivers,theTS‑990Shasattenuatorsofapproximately20dBforthemediumwaveband(522kHzto1.705MHz)(asthefactorydefault,thesensitivityisloweredbyapproximately20dBbytheattenuators).Inthemediumwaveband,thereareanumberofstrongradiowavesandtheremaybemediumwavebandinputexcessiveforlow‑bandantennas.Theinsertedattenuatorsareintendedforclearreceptionwithlessdistortionevenifsuchstrongmediumwavebandsignalsarereceived.Theattenuatorsareplacedrespectivelyforthemainbandandthesubband,andthesignalcanbypasstheattenuatorafterswitchingthejumperpinsontheboardallowingittoincreasethesensitivity.The“MainBandJumperPinLocations”imageshowsthemainbandattenuatorjumperpinsandthepartsaroundthemontheRXunit.The“SubBandJumperPinLocations”imageshowsthesubbandattenuatorjumperpinsandthepartsaroundthemontheTX‑RXunit.DetachtheTS‑990SlowercasetoaccesstheTX‑RXunit.ToaccesstheRXunit,detachthecentershieldplate.(Beforedetachingthelowercase,besuretofirstdetachtheuppercase.Afterfinishingthejumperpinconfiguration,firstattachthelowercase,andthenattachtheuppercase.Otherwise,thecasesmaybedamaged.)
Table6 MediumWaveBandATTs
Main Band Sub Band
NORM(ATT:20dB) CN60 CN220
DX(ATT:Thru) CN50 CN210
Fig.24 MainBandJumperPinLocations Fig.25 SubBandJumperPinLocations
Thejumperpinsareplacedinthe”NORM”positionatshipment.Placingthejumperpinstotheconnectorsfor“DX”bypassestheattenuatorsandraisesthemediumwavebandsensitivitybyapproximately20dB.
Fig.26 MediumWaveBandpassFilterCharacteristics
04 TRANSMISSION
18
IF Circuit for Clean and Stable 200 W Output Power
AsignalmodulatedandmultifariouslyprocessedintheDSPisfedasthe24kHztransmitfirstIFsignalbyaD/Aconverter,andamixerICconvertsitto10.695MHz.ThesecondIFsignalof10.695MHzpassesthroughanIFfilterwitha6kHzbandwidthatwhichundesiredfrequencycomponentsoutsidethebandareattenuated,andisthenamplified.Next,thesignalgoesthroughagaincontrolcircuitthatcorrectsthegaindifferencebyband,entersaTX/RXmixer,andisthenconvertedtothe73.095MHzthirdIFsignal.Afterthat,thesignalpassesthroughagaincontrolcircuitthatcorrectsthesignalgaintotherequiredlevelforthespecifiedtransmitpower.ThesignalthenpassesthroughafilterthateliminatesunwantedspuriouscomponentsandanALCcircuitthatcontrolsthesignaltobeastabletransmitpower,andentersamixercircuitforconversiontothedesiredtransmitfrequency.Ifthereisnokey‑downduringoperationinCWmode,theamplifiergainislowered.Asdescribedabove,finegaincontrolincompliancewiththesituationimplementslow‑noiseandhigh‑qualitytransmitsignals.Thesignalconvertedtothedesiredtransmitfrequencypassesthroughabandpassfiltertoeliminatespurioussignals,soasnottogenerateaninterferingsignaloutsidethetransmitbandwidth,andisamplifiedtoacertainlevelandsenttothefinalcircuit.ThedrivesignalgeneratedthroughtheprocessisalsoavailablefromtheDRVterminal(iftheDRVoutputisenabled).
FET Final Amplifier Circuit
TheTS‑990Sfinalamplifieremploysthewell‑reputedMOSFETVRF150MP(Pch300W)andisconfiguredwithapush‑pullsystem.TheFET,suppliedbyMicrosemiCorporation,ispaired,withtwoVRF150softhesamerankandcarefullychosenbytheVthcharacteristics.ByconnectingFETsofmatchedcharacteristicsinthepush‑pullsystem,fineIMDcharacteristicsandhighstabilitycanbeachieved.ThedriveamplifieremploysaMOSFETRD100HHF1andthepre‑driveamplifieremploysaMOSFETRD06HHF1.Thefinalamplifiercircuitisconfiguredwith50Vpowerandenablescontinuousoperationwithlowdistortionandstability.
Fig.27 FinalDevicesandFinalAmplifier
TheTransmitIMDCharacteristics(14.2MHz,200Woutputpower)andTransmitSpuriousResponse(14.2MHz,200Woutputpower)graphsshowtheIMDcharacteristicsandharmonicspuriousresponse.Thegraphsprovesuperbanti‑distortioncharacteristicsandcleanoutputpower.
Fig.28 TransmitIMDCharacteristics(14.2MHz,200Woutputpower)
Fig.29 TransmitSpuriousResponse(14.2MHz,200Woutputpower)
19
TRANSMISSION 04
High‑speed Relay‑controlled Antenna Tuner
TheTS‑990Shasahigh‑speedrelay‑controlledantennatuner,whichdigitallycontrolsinacombinationofcapacitorsofdifferentcapacitancethroughswitchingrelays.Thedigitalcontrolachieveshigh‑speedtuning.Theantennatuneremployspartsdurableforoperatingat200Wandhasdedicatedcoolingfanstosecurecontinuousoperationat200W.
Fig.30 AutomaticAntennaTunerCircuit
Linear Amplifier Control
Therearetwocontrolmethodsforswitchingbetweentransmitandreceiveinthelinearamplifierorthetransverter;onemethodisbyusingarelayforthelinearamplifierandtheotherisbyusingtheRLpin.BothmethodsallowyoutosendthecontrolsignalviatheREMOTEconnector.ThelinearamplifiercontrolcanbeenabledintheAdvancedMenu,asdescribedlater.
REMOTE Connector
TheREMOTEconnectorisa7‑pinDINtypeconnector,thesameasourconventionaltransceivers.TheREMOTEConnectorPinAssignmentillustrationshowsthesignalingpathsallocatedtotheREMOTEconnectorpins.
a
b
c
d e
f g
Fig.31 REMOTEConnectorPinAssignment
24
16 7
35
ALC
Active High/ Active during TX: 12VActive Low/ Active during TX: Low
RL
BRKCOM
MKE
(RX)(TX)
Fig.32 REMOTEConnectorTerminalDescription
Table7 TerminalDescriptionsfortheREMOTEConnector
Terminal No. Terminal Name Function I/O
1 SPO Speakeroutput(SP1/InternalSpeaker) O
2 COM Commonterminalforsignalingfromthelinearamplifiercontrolrelay I/O
3 SS PTTinput I
4 MKE Maketerminalforsignalingfromthelinearamplifiercontrolrelay I/O
5 BRK Breakterminalforsignalingfromthelinearamplifiercontrolrelay I/O
6 ALC ALCinputfromthelinearamplifier I
7 RL Outputforthelinearamplifiercontrol O
20
04 TRANSMISSION
● Use of the Linear Amplifier Control RelayTheTS‑990Slinearamplifiercontrolrelayfunctionsontransmissionif“ActiveHigh+RelayControl”hasbeenselectedfromAdvancedMenu11or12.ThelinearamplifiercontrolrelayassumesthattheTL‑922(discontinued)isstandingbyandcanbeconnectedas‑istotheTL‑922.Foralinearamplifierthatstandsbywithavoltageapplicationorashort‑circuittoground,disabletherelaycontrolandmakeitstandingbyusingtheRLterminalasdescribedlater.
● Use of the RL TerminalInadditiontoalogictooutput12Vontransmission,followingtheconfigurationintheAdvancedMenuasdescribedlater,inthesamemannerasconventionaltransceivers,alogicforshort‑circuitingtogroundontransmissionbyanopendrainisaddedtotheRLterminal(pin7).Bythis,tousealinearamplifierthatisplacedinthetransmitstatewiththelowstatelogicfortransmitcontrol,thelinearamplifiercanbeusedwithoutexternallyaddingatransistortoreversethelogic.WhentransmissionstartswhiletheRLterminalhasbeensetto“ActiveHigh”,thetransistorswitchshowninthe“REMOTEConnectorPinAssignment”isturnedOnand12Visdiverted(10mAorless).“ActiveHigh”indicatesthatthelogicishighwhilethecircuitisactive.Ifalinearamplifierwhichcanbeswitchedtothetransmitstateupondetectionofthevoltageisconnected,configure“ActiveHigh”fortheRLterminal.Whentransmissionstartsif“ActiveLow”hasbeenconfiguredfortheRLterminal,theFETswitchshownin“REMOTEConnectorPinAssignment”switchestoashort‑circuittoground.“ActiveLow”indicatesthatthelogicislowwhilethecircuitisactive.Thelinearamplifier,whichcanbeswitchedtothetransmitstatewhilethesignalpulledupbythelinearamplifierisbeingshortcircuitedtoground,canbeconnected.Ifsuchalinearamplifierisconnected,configure“ActiveHigh”fortheRLterminal.However,theamountofwithstandvoltageandcurrentarenotlarge(DC15Vorless,10mAorless),thusitisnotpossibletodirectlydrivearelayinthiscircuitortoconnectthosewhichareactivatedwithhighvoltage,suchasanevacuated‑tubetypelinearamplifier(e.g.,TL‑922).Insuchacase,userelaycontactsalternatively.
Configurations in the Advanced Menu
Tocontrolthelinearamplifier,configurethesettingsintheAdvancedMenu.
Table8 LinearAmplifierControlSettingsMenu
Advanced Menus 11 and 12 Setting Values RL Output*1 Relay Control*2 Delay Time
Off ‑ ‑ 10ms
ActiveHigh TX:High(12V) ‑ 10ms
ActiveHigh+RelayControl TX:High(12V) ○ 10ms
ActiveHigh+Relay&TXDelayCtrl TX:High(12V) ○ 45ms(SSB,FM,AM)
ActiveLow TX:Low ‑ 10ms
ActiveLow+TXDelayControl TX:Low ‑ 45ms(SSB,FM,AM)
*1REMOTEconnectorpin7*2REMOTEconnectorpins2,4,and5
21
TRANSMISSION 04
10 ms
KEY
RX
RL
Switch
RF Power
AF
TX
45 ms
Switch
RF Power
AF
KEY
RX
RL
TX
45 ms
Fig.33 TimingCharts:WhentheTXDelayControlisNotSelected(Left)andSelected(Right)
Ifalinearamplifierthatconformstofullbreak‑inandswitchestothetransmitstateuponapplicationofapproximately+12Vvoltageisconnected,select“ActiveHigh”fromAdvancedMenu11“LinearAmplifierControl(HFBand)”andAdvancedMenu12“LinearAmplifierControl(50MHzBand)”.Ifanexternallinearamplifierthatdoesnotconformtobreak‑inandtakestimetoswitchtheinternalrelaycontacts,e.g.,theTS‑922,isconnected,select“ActiveHigh+Relay&TXDelayCtrl”fromAdvancedMenu11andAdvancedMenu12.Thisconfigurationextendsthedurationoftimefromwhenthetransceiverisplacedinthetransmitstateuntilradiowavesarepracticallytransmittedsothatthelinearamplifierrelayingwillswitchandthentransmittheradiowaves.Iffullbreak‑inisactiveinCWmode,thedurationoftimepriortoatransmissionisnotextended.Notethatselecting“ActiveHigh+Relay&TXDelayCtrl”or“ActiveLow+TXDelayControl”fromAdvancedMenu11and/orAdvancedMenu12extendsnotonlythedurationoftimeuntilatransmissionstartsbutalsothedurationoftimeuntilreceptionbegins,soastoreducetheclicknoiseatthemomentofswitching.
Note:◆ Large‑sizedrelaysgenerallytendtotaketimetostartswitchingafterenergizingandhavealongdurationoftimeinwhichchatteringmaytakeplaceatthemomentofswitching.Iftransmissionstartsbeforethecontactsswitchtothetransmissionside,theSWRwillincreaseuntiltheswitchingfinishes,thustheTS‑990Sactivatesaprotectioncircuittomomentarilyreducethetransmitpower.Inaddition,thereisacasewherethemicrophonemaypickupalargeoperatingsoundofrelayswitchingandthesoundcausestransmitsignalstobetransmitted.Thereisalsoanothercasewherecontactswitchinginthereceptionsideafterreceptionstartsmaycauseastrongclickingnoise.Selecting“ActiveHigh+Relay&TXDelayCtrl”or“ActiveLow+TXDelayControl”mayservetopreventsuchproblems.
ALC
Forusewithalinearamplifierortransverter,itispossibletoconnectanexternaldevicetotheALCterminal(pin6),intendingpropertransmitpowercontrol.Ifthetransmitpowerreachestherangetoberestrictedfromtheexternaldevicestandpoint,theALCsignalshiftsthevoltagetothenegativeside(forKENWOODtransceivers).Externaldevicesgenerallyhavevoltageadjustmentvariableresistors.OntheTS‑990S,applyinganegativevoltage(between‑7Vand‑10V)totheALCterminalreducestheinternalgain.Theoperatingpointisdescribedlater.Asdescribedabove,conventionallyithasbeencommontoentertheALCsignalfromalinearamplifiertocontroltheautomaticlevel.However,inordertopreventexcessiveinputtothelinearamplifier,itisrecommendedtomakeapreliminaryadjustmenttotheappropriatetransmitpower.IfthetransmitpowerissetbytheALCwhilethefulltransmitpowerispresentinthetransceiver,excessivepowerisappliedtothelinearamplifierbeforetheALCvoltageisappliedfromthelinearamplifier,resultinginlinearamplifierdamage.
22
04 TRANSMISSION
● Recommended OperationSetthemaximumtransmitpower,thatcanbeenteredtothelinearamplifier,totheTS‑990Sinadvance.TheALCcontrolinthetransceiveractivatesathigh‑speed,thusitcanlimittheoutputpowerwithoutreceivinganALCsignalfromthelinearamplifier.Thetransmitpowerlimiterdescribedlaterisusefulforthis.Asconfiguredasdescribedabove,applytheALCsignalofthelinearamplifiertotheALCterminaloftheTS‑990S.Ifthelinearamplifierhastolimitthetransmitpower,forexample,inthecasewherethetransmitpoweroftheTS‑990Sisincreasedbyafalseoperation,thisprotectsthelinearamplifier.
Transmit Power Limiter
Thetransmitpowerlimiterpreventsthetransmitpowerfromexceedingthepre‑configuredtransmitpowerlevel.Pressingthe[MAX‑Po](F)keyopenstheTX Power Limit screen.Thescreenallowstheconfigurationofthetransmitpowerbyband.Continuouslyrotatingthe[PWR]knobclockwiseincreasesthetransmitpowertotheconfiguredmaximum.Consequently,transmitpowerlimitforuseinDATAmodeandtransmitpowerwithTXtuningcanalsobeconfigured.Anexternaldevicesuchasalinearamplifiermayhavedifferentgainsorwithstandinginputpowersbyband,thustherequiredtransmitpowervariesinmostcases.TheTX Power Limitscreenallowstheconfigurationsforthetransmitpowerbyband.Ifthemaximumtransmitpowerhasbeenconfiguredonthescreen,thiseliminatestroublesometransmitpoweradjustmentwiththe[PWR]knobeachtimethebandischanged.
Fig.34 SettingScreenfortheMaxPowerLimiterFunction
Selecting“ANT1”fortheantennaconnectorwhenanexternalantennatunerisconnectedlimitsthemaximumtransmitpowerto100W.Evenifthetransmitpowerlimiterissetto100Worhigher,“00W”appearsonthelowerlineofthe[MAX‑Po](F)keyandthetransmitpoweronthemainscreen(topcenter).
Note:◆ Transmitpowercannotbeconfiguredindividuallyforeachantennaconnector(ANT1toANT4).
ALC Operation when an External Device is Connected
"ConnectionBlocktoanExternalDeviceforALCSignalInput"showstheblockdiagramofasignalcircuittoentertheTS‑990SALCsignalfromanexternaldeviceandcontroltheTS‑990SinternalALCamplifier.ItemploysamethodtocontroltheTS‑990SgainbyusinganALCvoltageenteredfromanexternaldevice;however,itconsequentlyservestocontroltheTS‑990Stransmitpower.Thisoperationiscommonforbothlinearamplifiersandtransverters.AchangeintheDRVoutputlevelbytheALCvoltagerepresentsachangeoftheoutputleveloftheALCvoltageenteredfromtheexternaldevice.ThegaindecreasewillbenoticeableintheTS‑990SIFcircuituponadropinvoltagetobelow‑7V.Thegaindecreasealsoleadstoreductionofthetransmitpower(ANToutputandDRVoutput);thisservesforoutputcontrol.
23
TRANSMISSION 04
Fig.35 ConnectionBlocktoanExternalDeviceforALCSignalInput
Fig.36 ChangeofDRVOutputLevelbytheALCVoltage
● Operation on an ALC Signal Input from an External DeviceIfthemicrophonegainandcarrierlevelareadjustedtooptimizetheALCmeterneedledeflectionwhilenoALCsignalispresentfromanexternaldevice,applyinganexternalALCsignalresultsinmorefeedbackcontrolfortheALC.Therefore,theincreasecausestheALCmeterneedletodeflectwider.Inthatcase,rotatethe[PWR]knobcounterclockwisewhileviewingtheALCmeterneedledeflectionorreadjustthemicrophonegainandcarrierlevel.
DRV Terminal
TheoutputlevelfromtheDRVconnectorisapproximately0dBm(1mW).Dependingontheconfigurationforthetransmitpower,theoutputlevelcanbeloweredtoapproximately1/20.Tomaketheoutputlevellower,rotatethe[CAR]knobinCW,FSK,PSK,orAMmode,orrotatethe[MIC]knob(microphonegain)or[PROC OUT]knob(speechprocessoroutputlevel)inSSBmode.ThelevelfortheoutputsignalfromtheDRVconnectorisinsufficienttobetransmitteddirectlythroughanantenna.Operationwithatransverterorconnectiontothehigh‑gainlinearamplifierallowsoperationineachamateurbandincludingthe135kHzband.Thefollowinggraphsshowthespuriousresponseinthe14MHzbandandspuriousresponseinthe135kHzbandontheDRVconnector.Theharmoniclevelalsochangesuponchangeofthelevelto0dBm,‑10dBm,and‑20dBm.DRVoutputsnotpassingthroughalow‑passfiltermayincludealotofharmoniccomponents.Fortransmission,eliminatesuchharmoniccomponentsthroughalow‑passfilterasneededaftersignalamplification.Alternatively,loweringthelevelforthetransmitpowerconfigurationorapplyingtheALCsignalfromtheREMOTEconnectortolimittheDRVconnectoroutputlevelcanreducedistortion.
24
04 TRANSMISSION
Fig.37 SpuriousResponse:14.175MHz,0dBm
Fig.38 SpuriousResponse:14.175MHz,‑10dBm
Fig.39 SpuriousResponse:14.175MHz,‑20dBm
Fig.40 SpuriousResponse:136kHz,0dBm
Fig.41 SpuriousResponse:136kHz,‑10dBm
Fig.42 SpuriousResponse:136kHz,‑20dBm
25
TRANSMISSION 04
Protections
TheTS‑990Semploysafinalamplifiercircuitconfigurationfora200Wtransmitpoweroutputwithsufficientmargins.Consequently,protectionsagainstlargecurrentsandexcessiveheatingareprovided,takingaccountofsafety.
SWR Protection
IftheantennaSWR(standingwaveratio)ishigh,efficientradiowaveradiationisdisturbed,anddistortionmayoccurinthefinalcircuitbyreflectedwaves,ortheTS‑990S,itsantennas,orinaworstcasescenario,othercomponentsmaybedamaged.Topreventsuchaproblemfromoccurring,aprotectioncircuitisimplementedtoreducethetransmitpowertoreflectedwaves.TheprotectioncircuitstartsreducingthetransmitpowerwhentheSWRbecomes1.5orhigher.
Overcurrent Protection
Aprotectioncircuitisimplementedtomonitorcurrentsinthefinalamplifierandpreventcurrentsoveraspecifiedlevelfrompassingthrough.
Thermal Protection and Fan Control
IntheTS‑990S,twofinalamplifiersaremounted,andthermistorsareplacedneartheamplifiers.Thethermistorssensethetemperature.Thecoolingfanforthefinalamplifierblockswitchesitsrotationsin3stepsaccordingtothedetectedtemperature(antennatunerfan:2steps,AC/DCpowersupplyfan:variable).The“FinalAmplifierFanActivationTemperatures(Detected)andCoolingFanRotationSpeeds”tableshowsthecoolingfanrotationspeedsforthecoolingfanactivationtemperatures.Theantennatunerfanisdesignedtofollowtherotationspeedofthefinalamplifierfanandactivatesonlywhentheantennatunerisactive.Ifthefinalamplifiertemperatureappearstoincreasemore,awarningmessageappearsonthemainscreen,andthetransmitpoweriscontrolledorthetransmissionisstopped.Thetransceiveristhenplacedinthereceivestatesoastopreventitfrombeingdamaged.Additionally,thecoolingfanrotationpulsesaredetectedtomonitorwhetherallthecoolingfansincludingthefinalamplifierfanarerunningnormally.Ifacoolingfanisnotrotatingnormally,anerrormessageappearsonthemainscreenandsomefunctionswillberestrictedtosecuretheTS‑990S.
Table9 FinalAmplifierFanActivationTemperatures(Detected)andCoolingFanRotationSpeeds
Final Amplifier Fan Activation Temperature (Detected)
Cooling Fan Rotation Speed
Final Amplifier Fan Antenna Tuner Fan
Approximately 75°C (167°F) High High*1
Approximately 65°C (149°F) MediumLow*1
Approximately 55°C (131°F) Low
*1Whentheantennatunerison
26
04 TRANSMISSION
Power Supply
High-Efficiency Large-Capacity Power Supply Implemented
IntheTS‑990S,alarge‑capacitycurrent‑resonance‑typeswitchingpowersupplyunitisimplementedforstable200Wtransmitpoweroperation.Incomparisonwithconventionaltransformertypes,itsloadefficiencyishigher(83%typicalonAC100V200Wtransmission)withlessheatingandlesspowerconsumption.
Fig.43 High‑EfficiencyLarge‑CapacityPowerSupply
Power Saving
TheTS‑990Shasanotherpowersupplycircuitdedicatedforthemainmicroprocessor,whichisdifferentfromthosesourcedfortheTX/RX.Inlowpowerconsumptionmode,thestandbypowerissecuredto0.5Worless.Thisconformstointernationalenergyregulations.
Safety
TheTS‑990Sconformstointernationalsafetystandardsandprovidesthefollowingprotectionfunctionsforsafetyoperation.
● Overcurrent ProtectionAllpowersupplyoutputcurrentsaresubjecttomonitoring,andifanovercurrentisdetected,intermittentoutputbeginstodroptheoutputvoltage.
● Thermal ProtectionThetemperatureinthepowersupplyunitissubjecttoregularmonitoring.Whenthetemperaturerisesexcessively,transmissionstops,andifthetemperaturerisesmore,thepowersupplyshutsdowntosecurethesafetyoperation.
27
TRANSMISSION 04
Power Factor Correction (PFC) to Prevent Harmonics in the Rectifier Circuit
Aswitchingpowersupplytypicallyproduceslargeharmonicsinarectifiercircuitbyitsswitchingoperation,causingreductionofthepowerfactor,andharmonicsreflectedbacktotheACinputsidemaycausenoiseandotherdisturbancestoexternaldevices.TheTS‑990SemploysarectifiercircuitofthePowerFactorCorrection(PFC)methodtomakecurrentwaveformsclosetothesinewaveinordertopreventreductionofthepowerfactoranddisturbancesduetopowersupplyharmonicsandconformtointernationalpowersupplyharmonicsregulations.
Fig.44 DifferenceinRectifiedWaveformswith/withoutApplicationofPowerFactorCorrection(PFC)
Continuous Variable Rotations and the Cooling Fan
Thetemperatureoftheswitchingpowersupplyblockissubjecttoregularmonitoring,andthecoolingfanrotationsarecontinuouslychangedforthebest‑suitedcooling,increasingthecoolingefficiencyandreducingthecoolingfannoise.
DC/DC Converter
Forthepowerfeedtotherespectiveblocks,aDC/DCconverterisemployed.Incomparisonwitharegulatorforpowerfeedonconventionaltransceivers,itgenerateslessheatandrequireslesspowerconsumption.
05 LOCAL OSCILLATOR
28
DDS and PLL System
ThelocaloscillatorcircuitintheTS‑990Sisconfiguredtogivebest‑suitedcharacteristicstosignalstobeprocessedbytheVCOdivisiontypeandtheDDS(DirectDigitalSynthesizer)directsystem(switchable)forthemainbandreceiver,DDSsystemforthesubbandreceiver,andPLLsystemforthetransmissionblock.
First Local Oscillator for the Main Band Receiver
ThefirstlocaloscillatorforthemainbandreceiverisnotaDDSdirectsystembutaconventionalVCO/PLLsystem(excludingthe10MHz,28MHz,and50MHzbands).Generally,theVCO/PLLsystemisgoodforC/NcharacteristicsondistantcarrierfrequenciesandsuperiorinspuriousresponsebytheeffectofthefilterinthePLLloop,whileittendstobedisadvantageousforcharacteristicsoftheadjacentcarriertonoiseratio.IntheTS‑990Smainbandreceiver,downconvertingallbandsenablesittolowerthelocaloscillatorfrequencies.Consequently,thefirstlocaloscillatorforthemainbandreceivernewlyemploysthedivisiontypethatoscillatestheconventional‑typeVCO/PLLoutputsignalsusingahigherfrequencythanthedesiredfrequencyandthendividestheoutputsignals.Theoretically,theC/NcharacteristicsoftheVCO/PLLoutputsignalsareimprovedbytheeffectofdivisionattheratioof20*log(divisionratio)(1/10divisionmaximum:20*log(1/10)=‑20dB).
DDS IS AD 9951
PLL PLLDDS82.78 ~92.48MHz
96.48 ~107.48MHz
127.48 ~138.992MHz
115.48 ~128.992MHz
AMP
AMPDivider
1/N1.8/3.5/5M … N=10
7M … N=8 14/18/21/24M … N=4
Block Diagram of First Local Oscillator for Main Band RX Circuit
(Other than the above, DDS Direct)
Fig.45 BlockDiagramoftheFirstLocalOscillatorfortheMainBandReceiver
WiththeVCOdivisiontypelocaloscillatoremployed,lowspuriousness,whichisanadvantageoftheVCO/PLLsystemontheadjacentfrequencies,andfineC/Ncharacteristicsondistantcarrierfrequenciesareachieved.
Fig.46 C/NCharacteristicsoftheFirstLocalOscillatorfortheMainBandReceivingCircuit
29
LOCAL OSCILLATIOR 05
First Local Oscillator for the Sub Band Receiver
Thefirstlocaloscillatorforthesubbandreceiver,whichisrefinedanddivertedfromthelocaloscillatorcircuitoftheTS‑590S,directlyfeedsoutputsignalstoamixerfroma14‑bitDDSwhichhassuperioradjacentC/Ncharacteristics.Duringthedown‑conversion,theoscillatingfrequencyislowerthanthatoftheup‑conversionmethod,andtheC/Ncharacteristicsfortheoutputsignalswillbeimprovedfurther,resultinginfinereciprocalmixingcharacteristics.
Sub Band Local Oscillator C/N 14.1 MHz IF: 11 M
Fig.47 C/NCharacteristicsoftheFirstLocalOscillatorfortheSubBandReceiver
Local Oscillator in the Transmit Block
IncomparisonwiththefirstlocaloscillatorusingaconventionalVCO/PLLsystem,thefirstlocaloscillatorusingaDDSsystemhasbettercharacteristicsoftheadjacentcarriertonoiseratio;however,asatransmitter,goodC/Ncharacteristicsondistantcarrierfrequenciesarerequired.Ifthereisastrongsignalpresentusingadistantcarrierfrequency,andifnoiseaffectsthedesiredsignalbypoorcharacteristicsofthedistantcarriertonoiseratioofthesignal,thenoisecausesinterferencetoreceptionofthesignal.Onalocalstationorthoseparticipatingacontestinthemulti‑band,interferenceofreceptionbynoisemayoccurinsomecases.Consideringthe200WoutputpoweroftheTS‑990Sandthemarketdemandemphasizingthemannernottodisturbotherstations,theTS‑990SemploysaVCO/PLLsystemforthelocaloscillatorcircuitinthetransmitblock,achievingsignificantC/Ncharacteristicsfordistantcarrierfrequencies.Foritstransmissionfrequencyconfiguration,theup‑conversionmethodisimplemented.Theup‑conversionmethodemploysahighlocaloscillatorfrequency,thusaVCOdivisiontypelocaloscillatorcircuitcannotbeimplemented.Toruninawidefrequencyrange,afrequencyshiftcircuitisplacedintheVCOoscillatorcircuitintheVCO/PLLforthelocaloscillatorofthetransmitter.ThisenablesswitchingtotheoptimumstatusbybandandfineC/Ncharacteristicscanbeimplemented.
Antenna Output C/N
Fig.48 TransmitSignalC/NCharacteristics
30
05 LOCAL OSCILLATOR
Reference Frequency Generator Circuit
TheTS‑990SemploysaTCXOforgeneratingthereferencefrequencyenablingafrequencystabilityof0.1ppm(0to50°C/32to122°F).
Fig.49 TCXO(TemperatureCompensatedCrystalOscillator)
Frequency Stability (Referenced to +25°C)
Fig.50 FrequencyStability
ApplicationoftheOCXOtothereferencefrequencygenerationimprovesthefrequencystability.However,theOCXOservesforhighstabilitybykeepingahighinternaltemperature,andpowerconsumptionofafewmorewattsisrequired.Additionally,theOCXOrequirestimetostabilizetheinternaltemperature.Inthecaseofacoldstart,ittakesseveralminutestostabilizetheinternaltemperature.TobereadyforoperationimmediatelyafterthepoweristurnedON,itneedstobeenergizedatalltimes.Ontheotherhand,theTCXOfine‑adjuststheoutputfrequencytoatemperaturethattheinternaltemperaturesensordetects.Thisallowsthereferencefrequencystabilitytobesecured,resultinginlowpowerconsumption(TCXOpowerconsumption:7.92mW,max.).
Frequency Stability Time (Cold Start)
Fig.51 ComparisonofPower‑upCharacteristicsoftheTS‑990SandTransceiverswithanOCXOImplemented
31
LOCAL OSCILLATIOR 05
Furthermore,theTCXOhasashortstart‑uptime(400msorlowerforthe10MHzreferencesignaloutput)tooperatefollowingtheambienttemperature,theTS‑990ScanbeusedimmediatelyevenifitisnotenergizedwhiletheTS‑990Sisnotinuse.Consideringthereferencefrequencygeneratorcircuitcharacteristicsandglobalenergy‑savingapproaches,theTCXOisemployedfortheTS‑990S.Ifhigheraccuracyandstabilitythanthosepresentbythereferencefrequencygeneratorcircuitisdemanded,entera10MHz(‑10to+10dBm)referencesignaltotheREF I/Oconnectorfromanexternalreferenceoscillator.Withthis,thefrequencyaccuracyoftheexternalreferenceoscillatorisapplicabletotheoperation.Also,the10MHzreferencesignalwiththeaccuracyofthereferencefrequencygeneratorcircuitoftheTS‑990ScanbegeneratedfromtheREF I/Oconnector.ToenterthereferencesignaltotheREF I/Oconnector,select“Input”fromAdvancedMenu4“REFI/OConnectorConfiguration”.TogeneratetheTS‑990SreferencefrequencyfromtheREF I/Oconnector,select“Output”fromAdvancedMenu4.
1 MHz Reference Output Time(from power key voltage detected)
Fig.52 REFI/OOutputStartingCharacteristics
06 DSP
32
TheTS‑950seriesHFtransceiversweretheworld’sfirstamateurradioswithbuilt‑inDSPs.TheTS‑870achieves,withDSP,allIFprocessingincludingtheIFAGCprocessingforcontrollingthereceivedsignallevelandthesteepIFfilter.TheTS‑590SprovidesevolvedIFAGCprocessingforfinesoundqualitydurableoverlong‑timeoperationandfunctionsfornoise/interferencerejectionandboastsoftop‑levelreceptioncharacteristicsbymeansofDSP.Wehavebeenproviding“Quality”incommunicationsthatcannotberealizedonlybyanalogcircuits.ThedevelopmentconceptoftheDSPfortheTS‑990Sistheverycompilationofourtraditionaltechniques.Achievementsofvariousfunctionsareimportant;however,itisDSPsthatrepresentourpositiveattitudetowards“Quality”.
Features of TS‑990S DSP Technologies
• Three32‑bitfloating‑pointDSPsareimplementedforthemainbandRX/TX,subbandRX,andbandscope,respectively.• TheIFAGCprocessingintendstopursuethenaturalaudioqualitywiththecomprehensivematchingofanalogcircuits,roofing
filters,andIFfilterwithdigitalsignalprocessing.• Thebandscopeprocessingmaterializeshighresolutionandhigh‑speedsweeping.
DSPs and Peripheral Hardware
Fig.53 DSPHardwareBlockDiagram
TheDSPsthatarekernelsofthedigitalsignalprocessingare32‑bitfloating‑pointDSPSHARCprocessorsmadebyAnalogDevicesInc.andprovidebetterarithmeticcharacteristicsthanthe32‑bitfloating‑pointDSPsemployedintheTS‑590S.TherearethreeSHARCprocessors(referredtoasDSPshereafter)builtintheTS‑990S.
33
DSP 06
Table10 DescriptionoftheDSPs
Name DSP Type Operation Clock Functions
TXMRXDSP ADSP‑21363 331.776MHz Mainbandreception,transmission,RTTY/PSK31/PSK63encoders
SRXDSP ADSP‑21369 258.048MHz Subbandreception,audiooutputcontrol,voiceguidance,opticaldigitalsignalI/O
SCPDSP ADSP‑21363 331.776MHz Bandscope,audioscope,RTTY/PSK31/PSK63decoder
TheDSPfortransmissionandmainbandreceptioniscalledthe“TXMRXDSP”,theDSPforsubbandreceptionandaudiooutputprocessingiscalledthe“SRXDSP”,andtheDSPforthebandscopeanddecodinginRTTY/PSK31/PSK63modesiscalledthe“SCPDSP”.
TheTXMRXDSPandSRXDSPareplacedintheDSPunitandDSPsarelinkedtogetherandprocessthetransmitandreceivesignals.Theapplicationofhigh‑processing‑speedDSPswithlargebuilt‑inmemoryachievesfunctionalenhancementsuchasimprovedIFAGCprocessingperformance,anewinterferencerejectioncapability,improvedIFfiltershapingfactors,speechprocessorIFimplementation,andRTTY/PSK31/PSK63encoder/decoderimplementation.
Fig.54 TXMRXDSP
Also,implementationofthedigitalinterfaceenablingthedigitalaudiosignalinputandoutputviatheOpticalconnectorsisniceforthosewhohaveakeeninterestinaudiosignalquality.Byusinganopticaldigitalcable,opticaldigitalsignalscanbesentviaandreceivedfromanexternaldevice,withoutusingananalogpath.Consequently,digitalsignalscanenterthemodulatorandreceivedaudiocanbeemittedwithoutbeinginfluencedbynoisefromtheanalogpaths.
Fig.55 SRXDSP
TheSCPDSP,whichisplacedinthecontrolunit,managesthedisplaysontheLCDs,suchasthebandscope,RTTY/PSK31/PSK63decoder,X‑Yscope,andvectorscope.Thebandscope,whichisnewlydeveloped,requiresavastamountofmathematicalprocessing,thusaDSPwiththesameperformanceastheTXMRXDSP,isemployedtobededicatedforthemainbandtransmission/reception.
Fig.56 SCPDSP
34
06 DSP
Signal Processing in the IF Stage
TheIFAGCprocessingforsignalreceptionisthecoreoftheTS‑990S.IntheTS‑870,TS‑2000S,andTS‑590S,theIFAGCprocessingisthemostactivelyinnovatedalgorithmintheDSPsignalprocessingandthetuningintheanalogstages.Wehavefoundnewtaskseachtimewecreateaninnovationandsolvethemthroughhardships.TheIFAGCprocessingwehavebeeninnovatingthroughinheritanceofourtechnologicaltraditionrepresentsourKENWOODtones.
IF AGC Processing
Asdescribedabove,theTS‑990Scansimultaneouslyreceivetwobandsbyusingthemainbandandthesubband.Thebasicscheme(block)oftheIFAGCprocessingisthesameforboththemainbandDSPandthesubbandDSP.However,concerningtheanalog‑stepfrequencyconfiguration,down‑conversionisappliedforthemainbandandconditionaldown‑conversion/up‑conversionswitchingsystemisappliedforthesubband,andtheapplicableroofingfiltertypesaredifferent.Forboththemainbandandthesubband,thepassbandwidthoftheprecedingstage(analogstage)maybewiderthanthefinalpassbandwidthoftheDSP.TheIFAGCprocessingwasdesignedcarefullysoastoinfluenceinterferingsignalstothedesiredsignal.Theanalogcircuitcharacteristicsofthemainbandaredifferentfromthoseofthesubband,thustheirresponsecharacteristicsarerespectivelytuned.
Fig.57 IFAGCProcessingBlockDiagram
AGCloopsareplacedbeforeandaftertheinterferencerejection,suchasanIFfilter,manualnotchfilter,etc.TheAGCloopoftheprecedingstagefunctionstopreventsignalswhoselevelishigherthanthereferencefrombeingenteredintotheA/DconverterfortheIFinputandiscalledtheout‑bandAGCloop.TheAGCloopofthesucceedingstagehasthesameAGCperformanceasatraditionaloneandiscalledthein‑bandAGC.Withthein‑bandAGCoperatedaftertheIFfilterandinterferencerejection,thedesiredsignalcanbehighlighted.ThebasicapproachtoAGCresponsecharacteristicsistocontroltheAGCamplifiergainwithanultra‑high‑speedattack,aswellasconventionaltransceiversdo,tocontrolthegainwithoutcausingunnecessaryamplitudefluctuation,andtoreducefactorscausingfatiguefeltbythelong‑termlistening.Oneofthefactorscausingfatiguefeltfromlisteningareamomentarysignallevelovershootbyhigh‑speedattacks.Thisphenomenonisinevitableinhighlightingweaksignalsandminimizingdistortiononthereceiver.However,demodulationwiththephenomenoncausesthesoundqualitytobehard,andthehigh‑processing‑speedreleasesettingisofnouse.ThesoundqualityatattackingisbasedonthecomprehensivecharacteristicsincludingthecharacteristicsoftheAGCamplifierintheanalogstageaswellasthecharacteristicsoftheAGCloopsintheprecedingandsucceedingstagesandtheIFfilter.IntheTS‑990S,todrasticallychangetheresponsecharacteristicsfortheout‑bandAGCfollowingthestatusoftheout‑bandandin‑bandAGCgaincontrolandtorealizeidealattackcharacteristicsbytwotypesofAGCloopshavingdifferentcharacteristicsforthein‑banddualloopAGC(thesingleloopAGCforAMmode)aresolutionsfordesigningtasks.
35
DSP 06
Ampl
itude
(dB)
Ampl
itude
(dB)
Time (S)
Time (S)
TS-990S
KENWOOD Existing Model
Fig.58 ComparisonofReceivedCWWaveformsofaConventionalTransceivertothoseoftheTS‑990S
IF Filter
Asthemainbandlimitationfilter,theTS‑990SisequippedwithroofingfiltersfortheanalogstageandthedigitalIFfilterandAFfilterintheDSPs.(Inadditiontothese,theaudiopeakfilter,etc.arealsoimplemented.)Concerningthefilters,theIFfilterisplacedbeforethein‑bandAGCandtheAFfilterisplacedafterthein‑bandAGC.InAMmode,theAFfilterisplacedinthecircuitafterdemodulation.InFMmode,ademodulationICisused,thusonlyAFfilteringishandledintheDSP.Therearethreetypesoffiltersavailable,and,withthefrontpaneloperation,thefiltersjointlyworkandswitchtolow‑cut,high‑cut,orthepassbandwidth.Onlythebandsoftheroofingfiltersforthemainbandcanbechangedindependentlyfollowingtheconfiguration.TheIFfilterintheDSPconstructstheslopetuningincombinationwiththeIIRlow‑passfilterandhigh‑passfilterinSSBmode,andconstructsthefunctionthatcanadjustthepassbandwidth(Width)andtheamountofthecenterfrequencyshift(Shift)withbandpassfiltersforIIRinCW,FSK,andPSKmodes.OnlyinSSBmode,thefunctiontoadjust“Width”and“Shift”canbeappliedfollowingtheconfiguration,insteadoftheslopetuning.InAMmode,thefilterconstructstheFIRbandpassfilterenablingtoswitchthebandwidthofthebandpassfilteruponadjustmentofthehigh‑cutofffrequency.
Ampl
itude
(dB)
Frequency (Hz)
SSB IF Filter (Slope Tune\ Medium)
Fig.59 SSBSlopeTuning(CombinationoftheLow‑cutandHigh‑cutFilters,FilterShape:“Medium”)
Ampl
itude
(dB)
Frequency (Hz)
CW IF Filter (Width/Medium)
CWPassbandWidth(BandpassFilter,FilterShape:“Medium”)
36
06 DSP
Inconventionaltransceivers,slopes(shoulders)bytheIFfilterweresharplyformedregardlessoftheslopetuningandpassbandwidthsetting.TheTS‑990Semployschoicesoffiltershapes.Fortheshapecharacteristics,“Sharp”,“Medium”,or“Soft”canbeselectedforthemainbandandthesubbandrespectivelyintheRX Filterscreen.
Table11 ShapeFactorsbyShapeSwitching
Demodulation Mode Shape Factors (-60 dB BW/-3 dB BW) Stop Band Attenuation
SSB(SlopeTuning) 1.6/1.8/2.0(Low‑cutfilter:200Hz,High‑cutfilter:2600Hz) 110dB
SSB(WIDTH),FSK,PSK 1.5/1.8/2.0(Bandwidth:2400Hz) 110dB
CW 1.5/1.8/2.0(Bandwidth:500Hz) 110dB
Ampl
itude
(dB)
Frequency (Hz)
SSB IF Filter (Low-cut 2000 Hz, High-cut 2600 Hz/Sharp, Medium, Soft)
Fig.60 ComparisonoftheFilterShapeCharacteristicsinSSBMode(BlueandDarkGreen:Sharp,RedandBlue‑Green:Medium,PurpleandYellowishGreen:Soft)
Fig.61 ComparisonoftheFilterShapeCharacteristicsinCWmode(Blue:Sharp,Green:Medium,Red:Soft)
Theshapefactorsduringtheadjustmentofthepassbandwidthandcenterfrequencyshiftaredesignedwithareferenceofa2400HzbandwidthinSSB,FSK,andPSKmodesandthatofa500HzbandwidthinCWmode.SuchasharpfiltertendstocauseringingbybandwidthnarrowingandinfluencetothesoundqualitybygroupdelayinSSBmode.OntheTS‑990S,withthedigitalfilterdesignskillswehaveaccumulated,thefilterandAGCdesignisdevisedsothattheringingandinfluenceonthesoundqualityareminimized.However,theroofingfiltersfortheanalogcircuitarelinkedwithspecifiedfilterbandwidthcharacteristics,thatis,forexample,ifanarrowbandof250HzorlowerissetinCWmode,theroofingfilterbandwidthissetto270Hz(if“Auto”isconfiguredfor“Roof”intheRX Filterscreen).Ifanarrowbandsuchas270Hzisconfiguredfortheroofingfilter,thereisanadvantageofinsusceptibilitytointerferencebyadjacentsignalswhilethereisadisadvantageofsusceptibilityofripplesandgroupdelaycharacteristics.Becauseoftherelationshipwiththeanalogfiltercharacteristics,onlydevisingthedigitalfilterdoesnotattainpracticallisteningsensationinsoundqualityrefining.ThetuningoftheIFAGCprocessingdescribedaboveservestogaintheeffectivefiltercharacteristics.
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Interference Rejection
InterferencesignalssuchaspulsenoiseandbeatsmayaffecttheAGCandsuppressthedesiredsignals.Inthatcase,eliminatingtheinterferencesignalsintheprecedingstagetotheAGCcanhighlightthesignalbehindtheinterferencesignals.Theinterferencerejectionisafunctionthatisplacedbeforethein‑bandAGCprocessing,aswellastheIFfilter,andthateliminatesparticularinterferencesignals.ForinterferencerejectionbydigitalsignalprocessingintheTS‑990S,inadditiontothenoiseblanker,themanualnotchfilterandautonotchfilter,thebandeliminationfilterthatcanadjustthestopbandbandwidthandtheamountofattenuationisnewlyemployed.
● Noise BlankerTheTS‑990ShastwonoiseblankerscalledtheNB1andNB2.NB1isthenoiseblankerfortheanalogcircuit.NB2isthenoiseblankerfordigitalsignalprocessing.Thenoiseblankercanbeselecteddependingonthetypeofnoiseandthereceivingstatus.Furthermore,NB1andNB2areusableconcurrentlyforfineradjustmentbytuningtheirrespectiveeffectivelevels.NB2operateswiththeenvelopefollowingsystem,sothatitiseffectiveevenifthereisaslightsignalleveldifferencebetweenthedesiredsignalandapulsenoisesignalthatcannotbefollowedbythepastanalogcircuitasthenoiseblanker.Thisalgorithmdoesnotallowyoutosimplyblankthepulsenoisefromthereceivedsignal,unliketheanalog‑circuitnoiseblanker.Withautomaticdemodulationofthepulsenoisefollowingthereceivedsignallevelandcomparisonwiththedesiredsignallevelotherthanthepulsenoise,thelengthoftimecorrespondingtothepulsenoiseisappropriatelyattenuated.Thisisthealgorithmthatachievesthenoisesuppressionwiththissystem.Hence,thisenablesyoutoprocesstherelativelylongpulsenoiseevenwithlessdeteriorationofthedesiredsignals.The“EffectofNB2”graphsshowhowanaudiosignalsuppressedbyAGCoperationishighlightedwhenthepulsenoiseiseliminatedbyNB2.
Ampl
itude
(dB)
Ampl
itude
(dB)
Time (S)
Time (S)
NB2 OFF
NB2 ON
Fig.62 EffectofNB2
NB2affectsthenoisethatcannotbeprocessedbytheanalogcircuit;however,theremaybeacasewhereitcannotsuppressthenoisedependingonthestrengthofthedesiredsignalandcharacteristicsofthepulsenoise.Insuchacase,byusingnoisereductiontogether,thereceivingstatusmaybeimproved.Also,useofanarrowroofingfilterbandwidthmaychangethenoisecomponentthatdeterioratesitseffect:flexibleuseofNB1,NB2andnoisereductionaccordingtothesituationprovidesyouwithmorevariations.
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● Manual Notch Filter (NCH) and Auto Notch Filter (A.NCH)Themanualnotchfilterallowsyoutochangethecenterfrequencyofthenotchbyrotatingthe[NOTCH]knob.Theautonotchfilterautomaticallytracksthesinglebeatfrequencywithadoptionoftheapplicablefilteringtechnique.Bothnotchfiltershaveanattenuationof60dBorhigheratthenotchcenterfrequency.The“EffectoftheManualNotchFilter”graphshowshowaminutesignalsuppressedbyAGCoperationishighlightedthroughbeateliminationbythemanualnotchfilter.
Ampl
itude
(dB)
Ampl
itude
(dB)
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
MCH OFF
MCH ON
Fig.63 EffectoftheManualNotchFilter
ThebandwidthofthemanualnotchfiltercanbetoggledbetweenNormalandWidewithalongpressofthe[NCH/SEL](M)or[NCH /SEL](S)key.Forasinglebeatfrequency,Normaliseffective.IncaseofinterferencebyasignalinSSBmodeordifficultyinlisteningduetoeliminationofpartofthedesiredsignalbythelow‑cutandhigh‑cutfilteradjustment,selecting“Wide”forthemanualnotchfiltermaybemoreeffective.
Fig.64 ManualNotchFilterCharacteristics(Reference)
Theautonotchfilter,whichisinheritedfromtheTS‑870,hasimprovedbeattrackingperformanceandiseffectivetoarelativelyweakbeat.Theautonotchfilterissharperthanthemanualnotchfilterandcanminimizeimpactsonaudio.
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● Band Elimination Filter (BEF)The“bandeliminationfilter”isanincomprehensiblename.Readitasthenameofafunctiontocontrolthebandandattenuationofthemanualnotchfilter.Whilethenotchfiltermainlyimpactsonbeats,thebandeliminationfilterisusefultoattenuateinterferingsignalsevenwithslightattenuationtothedesiredsignalwhenthereisaninterferingsignalsuchasthatofaudiooverthedesiredsignal.Besidesusingthemanualnotchfilter,thecenterfrequencyofthefiltercanbechangedbyrotatingthe[NOTCH]knob.IntheBand Elimination Filterscreen,thestopbandbandwidthcanbechangedintherangeof300Hzto1200Hzinstepsof100Hzandtheamountofattenuationatthecentercanbechangedintherangeof20dBto80dBinstepsof20dB.
Fig.65 BandEliminationFilterCharacteristics(Reference)
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Reception
Demodulation
● Demodulation in SSB, CW, FSK and PSK ModesThedemodulationprocessinginSSB,CW,FSK,andPSKmodesisbasedonthewell‑establishedPSN(PhaseShiftNetwork)system.TheoptimumcharacteristicsofthePSNsystemaredeterminedbythecharacteristicsoftheimplementedIFfilter.Ifasteepandlarge‑attenuationfiltersimilartotheIFfilterintheTS‑990Sisused,thereisfewreversebandwidthsthatcanbecanceledbythePSNsystem.ThesectionabouttheIFfilterdescribedthefunctionsforslopetuning,passbandwidth,centerfrequencyshiftchange,andthechangeofthereferencebandwidththatdeterminestheshapefactorsforuseinSSBandCWmodes.ThePSNsystemenablesyoutoreducethefilterorderbydesigningfollowedbytheIFfilter,whichimprovesthegroupdelaycharacteristicsonthelowpassbandcalledaweakpointofthePSNsystem;hence,thereislessattenuationcomparedwithconventionaltransceiversandmorecharacteristicsareextendedtothelowerband.InSSBmode,“0Hz”canbeconfiguredasthecut‑offfrequencyforthelow‑cutfilter.ThismeansthatthecutofffrequencyhasbeenconfiguredforthecarrierpointallowingyoutoextendthelowpassbandtoitsmaximumwithuseofthePSNsystemasdescribeabove.Wewishthiswillmakeyoutoawareofandenjoythedifferencesofthesoundqualitycomparedwithconventionaltransceivers,aswellasthefilterconfigurations.
● Demodulation in AM ModeInAMmode,anabsolutevaluedetectcircuitisusedfordemodulationasinthepreviousmodels.
● Demodulation in FSK ModeInFSKmode,itmodulatesanaudiosignaldetectedwiththePSNsystemandsendsittoaspeakeroranexternaloutputterminalregardlessofthestatusofthedecoder(eitherOnorOff).IfthedecoderisOn,frequencymodulationisdetectedthroughmixersandlow‑passfiltersonapathdifferentfromthatforaudiooutputfromtheIFstage,andtheRTTYbasebandsignalisacquired.TheRTTYdecoderoperatesinFSKmode(onlyif170Hzisconfiguredfortheshiftwidth).
● Demodulation in PSK31 and PSK63 ModesThePSK31/PSK63decodersoperateinPSKmode.InPSKmode,demodulationtakesplacewiththePSNsystemregardlessofthestatusofthedecoder(eitherOnorOff)aswellaswheninRTTYmode,andtheaudiosignalissenttothespeakeroranexternaloutputterminal.WiththedecoderturnedOn,delaydemodulationandotherprocessingcanbemadethroughmixersandlow‑passfiltersonapathdifferentfromthatforaudiooutputfromtheIFstagetoacquirethePSK31/PSK63basebandsignal.BPSKorQPSKcanbeselectedforPSK31,andBPSKcanbeselectedforPSK63.Also,theAFC(AutomaticFrequencyControl)canbeusedfordecodinginPSK31orPSK63mode.TheAFCisprocessedonthepathfromtheIFstagetothedecoder;however,audiooutputsignalwillnotbeprocessed.ThisisbecausetheaudiosignaloutputtoaPCwhileusingtheinternaldecoderandtheAFCordecodingconcurrentlymadebythedecodersoftware,etc.installedonthePCweretakenintoourconsideration.
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DSP 06
AF Filter
● SSB, CW, FSK and PSK ModesTheAFfilter,whichisplacedafterthein‑bandAGC,isaswitchlinkedwithanIFfilterwhenthelow‑cutfilter,high‑cutfilter,orpassbandwidthisswitched.Therefore,theAFfilter,aswellastheIFfilter,iscapableofchangingtheshiftamountsfortheslopetuning,passbandwidth,andcenterfrequencyshift.TheAFfilterisintendedtoassisttheIFfilterandfacilitatestohearthedesiredsignal.IntheAFstage,otherthanabove,thereisanaudiopeakfilterforCWandFSKmodesandanRXDSPequalizerforallmodesavailable.ThedesignoftheAFfilterpeaksourinterestintheTS‑990S,anditactuallyhasanIFstageprocessingbyfilteringpriortodetecting,althoughtheAFstageprocessinghasbeenphased.ThebandlimitationimmediatelybeforedemodulationwillbeanequivalentbandlimitationintheAFstageduetocombinationwiththedemodulationbythehigh‑performancePSNsystem.Bythis,therewillbevariousadvantagessoastoformthefiltershapebychangingthelow‑cutandhigh‑cutfiltersandtodesignthegroupdelaysizeofthesteeplow‑cutfilter,asanAFfilterinthelowband,tohavethesamedelaysizeasthatofthehigh‑cutfilter;resultingingoodsoundquality.TheIFfilterhasthecapabilityofformingfiltershapes.Ontheotherhand,therearethreestepsforAFfiltering,“Narrow”,“Medium”,and“Wide”,allowingtheselectionofthelinkingmethodtothecutofffrequencytobespecifiedbythelow‑cutfilter,high‑cutfilter,orpassbandwidth.“Medium”setsthepassbandtosameasthatoftheIFfilter,“Narrow”setsthepassbandtonarrowerthanthatoftheIFfilter,and“Wide”setsthepassbandtowiderthanthatoftheIFfilter.TheAFfilterhastheeffectofgainingthesharpnessofsoundandimprovingtheeaseoflistening,selecting“Narrow”makesthesoundclear‑cut,andselecting“Wide”providesmoreanalogicalsoundwithemphasisoftheIFfilterandAGCcharacteristics.
Fig.66 ComparisonofPassbandCharacteristicsinSSBModeandwithSlopeTuning
Fig.67 ComparisonofPassbandCharacteristicsinCWmode
● AM and FM ModesInAMmode,theAFfilterisplacedafterdemodulation.TheIFfilterbandwidthisalsoswitchedfollowingtheswitchingofthethehigh‑cutfrequency,andonlytheAFfiltersettingisappliedtothelow‑cutfrequency.InAMmode,extendingthebandwidthonlywiththeIFfiltercausesafeelingofdistortion,thuslinkingitwiththeAFfilterresultsintheaudiotobehighlightedatthefront.InFMmode,thedemodulationICisusedsothatonlytheAFfiltercanbeselected.IftheCTCSSfunctionisOn,withthehigh‑passfilterinserted,thetonesignalsarenotapparentevenifthelow‑cutbandwidthisextendedtothemaximum.Thehigh‑passfilterswitchesbyturningtheCTCSSOnorOff.InAMandFMmodes,thecharacteristicsoftheAFfiltercanbeselectedfrom“Narrow”,“Medium”,and“Wide”.
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Audio Peak Filter
TheaudiopeakfilterisapplicableinCWandFSKmodes.InCWmode,apeakfilterwithacenterfrequencyofthepitchfrequencyiscalledanaudiopeakfilterandthepassbandcharacteristicscanbeselectedfrom“Narrow”,“Medium”,and“Wide”.ThecenterfrequencyoftheAudioPeakFiltercanbeshiftedwithintherangeof±200Hz.
Fig.68 CWAudioPeakFilterCharacteristics
InFSKmode,theaudiopeakfilterfunctionsasatwinpeakfilterthathasapeakofthemarkfrequencyandspacefrequency.TheaudiopeakfilterisusableonlyiftheRTTYshiftwidthissetto170Hz.Thisfilterdoesnotprocessthesignalsenteredtothebuilt‑inRTTYdecoderandiseffectiveonlyonaudiosignalssenttoaspeakerorviaexternaloutputterminals.
Noise Reduction
Therearetwomethodsavailablefornoisereduction:NR1andNR2.Youcanselectthenoisereductionthatismoreeffectivedependingontheoperationmodeandreceptionconditions.NR1hasdifferentalgorithmsthatoperateaccordingtotheoperationmode.Invoicemodes(SSB,FMandAM),noisereductionfeaturingthespectralsubtractionmethodspecializedforaudiosignalswillfunction,andinnon‑voicemodes(CW,FSKandPSK),noisereductionfeaturingthelineenhancermethodusingtheadaptivefilterwhichemphasizestheperiodicsignalswillfunction.Thenoisereductionisautomaticallyswitchedoverfollowingtheoperationtoswitchtheoperatingmode.NR2employswhatisknownasaSPAC(SpeechProcessingsystembyuseoftheAutocorrelationfunction)topiecetogetheronlytheperiodiccomponentsdetectedfromthereceivedsignalandtoproducetheresultasaudiooutput.
Table12 ReceptionModesandNoiseReductionAlgorithmsUsed
Noise ReductionReceive Mode
SSB, AM, FM CW, FSK, PSK
NR1 Spectralsubtraction Lineenhancer
NR2 SPAC SPAC
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● Spectral Subtraction Method: NR1TheNR1featuringthespectralsubtractionmethodestimatesnoisecomponentscontainedinthereceivedsignalandeliminates(subtracts)onlytheestimatednoisecomponentsfromthereceivedsignaltohighlightthedesiredsignal.
Fig.69 ConceptualSchemeofNR1FeaturingSpectralSubtraction
Thespectralsubtractionmethodisdeveloped,intendingtoimprovetheintelligibilityofweaksignalsreceivedinSSBmode.ComparedwiththeconventionalNR1(lineenhancermethod),thenewNR1haslesseffectonhigh‑frequencyvoicecomponentsandrealizestheaudiosignaloutputwithnoiseattenuationandminimumdegradationofsoundquality.TheTS‑990Semploysatechniquetoreducemusicalnoise(tonal“blipblip”sound,likeminutelysegmentedsound)thatisinherentlygeneratedbyfeaturesofspectralsubtraction.Withthistechnique,musicalnoiseislargelyreduced,andinfluencebydigitalprocessingthatisincidentaltonoisereductionislowered.Additionally,withthespectralsubtractionmethod,theNR1allowstheadjustmentforsmoothnoiseeliminationeffectbycontrollingtheattenuationamountofnoise.Inprinciple,thenoiseestimationprocessingofthespectralsubtractionmethodofNR1attenuatesbeatandCWsignalsbecauseitdeterminesconstanttonesasnoisecomponents.Thus,whiletheconventionalNR1(lineenhancermethod)functionedtoemphasizebeatandCWsignals,theNR1withthespectralsubtractionmethodattenuatesbeatandCWsignalsaswellasnoisecomponents.However,theNR1featuringthespectralsubtractionmethod,whichisnotintendedforCWandbeatsignalelimination,doesnothavealargeattenuationwidthforsuchsignals.ForbeatandCWsignalelimination,usethebeatcanceller.ThegraphsbelowshowhowaudiosignalburiedinnoiseishighlightedbytheNR1withthespectralsubtractionmethod.
Fig.70 EffectoftheNR1withtheSpectralSubtractionMethod
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● Line Enhancer Method: NR1Thelineenhancermethod,whichemploysaDSP,iswidelyusedforgeneralnoisereduction.ThelineenhancermethodautomaticallychangestheFIRfiltercharacteristicstothefrequencycomponentsofreceivedsignals.ItespeciallyprovideshighfilteringeffectsonperiodicsignalssuchasCWsignalsandimprovementoftheS/Nratio.Becausetheprocessautomaticallypassesandemphasizesperiodicsignals,itiscalledalineenhancer(linespectrumenhancer).ThelineenhanceremploysrelativelysimplesignalprocessingforeffectofS/Nratioimprovement;however,ithasweakpointssuchasablurringofsoundinweaksignalprocessinginSSBmode.ItispositionedintheTS‑990Sasnoisereductiontonon‑audio‑intendedsignals.ThegraphsbelowshowhowtheNR1improvestheS/Nratioofatonesignalwiththelineenhancermethod.
Fig.71 EffectoftheNR1withtheLineEnhancerMethod
● SPAC Method: NR 2TheNR2isfornoisereductionwithaspeechprocessingsystembyusingtheAutocorrelationfunction,whichiscalledSPAC(SpeechProcessingsystembyuseoftheAutoCorrelationfunction).Thissystemenablestodetectperiodicsignalscontainedinthereceivedsignalandtopiecetogethertheperiodicsignalsdetectedasthereceivedsignaltobereproduced.Consequently,onlytheperiodicsignalsinthereceivedaudioarehighlightedclearly.ThesubstanceofthelineenhancermethodofNR1isafilter;however,theapproachofNR2tosignalprocessingisdifferentfromthatofthelineenhancermethod.Therefore,NR2iseffectivetosignalswithasinglefrequencysuchasCWsignals.Also,theSPACmethodcharacteristicallydetectstherisingofasignalquickly,soitalsodeliversaneffecttomakeattackpartsofaCWsignalmoredistinguishable.Withthesefeatures,theNR2isaverybeneficialfunctioninCWmode.However,duetoitsoperatingprinciple,forlessperiodicaudiosignals,itmaygeneratesomenoisewhereperiodicsignalsjoin,andthenoisemaymaketheaudiolessclear.Inpracticaloperation,werecommendyouusetheNR1inSSBmodeandchoosetheNR1ortheNR2dependingonthecircumstancesinCWmode.TheNR2allowstheautocorrelationtime,whichisimportantforperiodicsignaldemodulation,tobespecifiedintherangeof2to20ms.Theoptimumautocorrelationtimediffersdependingonthereceiveconditionssuchasthefrequencyofthetargetsignalandthenoisecontainedinthereceivedsignal.Configurethebestautocorrelationtimetoreceiveasignalbyreceivingtheactualsignal.
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ThegraphsbelowshowhowtheNR2improvestheS/Nratioofatonesignal.
Ampl
itude
(dB)
Ampl
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(dB)
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
NR1 (CW) OFF
NR1 (CW) ON
Noise Reduction adjacent to Target Signal
Fig.72 EffectoftheNR2
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Beat Cancellers
WhiletheautonotchfilterprocessessignalsintheIFstage,thebeatcancellers(BC)suppressthebeatintheAFstage.Incomparisonwiththeautonotchfilter,whichiseffectiveonlyforasinglebeatsignal,thebeatcancellersareeffectiveforseveralbeatsignals.Inthebeatcancellers,theadaptivefiltertechniqueofthesametypeasthatfortheNR1lineenhancermethodisused.Thiscancelsaperiodicsignallikeabeatsignalcontainedintheenteredsignalbyfeedingthedifferencesofthesignalbetweentheoutputsignalsfromandtheinputsignaltothelineenhancer.Thegraphsbelowshowhowabeatcancellercancelsbeatsignals.
Ampl
itude
(dB)
Ampl
itude
(dB)
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
BC OFF
BC ON
Elimination of Multiple Beats
Fig.73 EffectofaBeatCanceller
Therearetwotypesofbeatcancellers:BC1andBC2.BC1istunedtobeeffectiveagainstweakorcontinuousbeatsignals.BC2istunedtobeeffectiveagainstintermittentbeatsignalssuchasMorsesignals.TheBCsareforbeatsignaleliminationanddonotworkinCW,FSK,andPSKmodes.Ifthereisbeatinterferencestrongerthanthedesiredsignalinanadjacentfrequency,thebeatsignalmaycausetheAGCtoactivate.ThebeatcancellersprocesssignalsintheAFstagesothatthebeatsignalswillbeeliminated;hence,thebeatcancellersreceivethedesiredsignal,keepingitsuppressed,withouthighlightingthedesiredsignal.Inthatcase,theautonotchormanualnotchfilterthatworksintheIFstageismoreeffective.
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Transmission
Modulation
● SSB ModeAnaudiosignalenteredfromamicrophoneoranexternalinputterminalisprocessedbytheTXDSPequalizer,microphonegaincontrol,andTXfilter,andisthenmodulated.ForSSBmodulation,thePSNmethod,whichiswellestablishedinconventionaltransceivers,isemployed.A24kHzcarrierisusedformodulationandamodulatedwaveisconfiguredintheIFstage.Unlikedemodulation,formodulation,enoughsidebandsuppressionmustbesecuredtotheinputbandwidth.ThecharacteristicsofthePSNaredesignedtodeliversufficientsuppressionincompliancewiththecharacteristicsoftheTXfilter,whichistheTXbandwidth‑limitingfilter.
Fig.74 CharacteristicsoftheOppositeSidebandSuppressionofthePSNforSSBModulation
TheTXfilterhasafunctioninwhichlow‑passfilteringandhigh‑passfilteringoftheIIRfilterarecombinedandcanswitchtheband.Forhigh‑cutfiltering,specifyingavaluebetween2.5kHzand3kHzmakescomponentsof3kHzorhigherfullyattenuated.However,specifyingavaluebetween3.5kHzand4kHzmakeshigh‑passfrequenciesextended.Inpracticaloperation,setittotheallowableoccupiedbandwidthorless.
Fig.75 CharacteristicsoftheSSBTXFilter
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Whenthespeechprocessorison,themodulatedwaveintheIFstageisprocessedbythecompressorandbandpassfilter,andasignalisthendiverted.WithaspeechprocessorplacedintheIFstage,theTXmonitoringaudioispresentasthemonitoredaudioafterthemodulatedwavehasbeendetected.Thisenablesaudiomonitoringwiththeaudioclosetothepracticalaudiotobetransmitted.
● CW ModeACWkeyingsignaliswaveformshapedbyfilteringtherisingandfallingwaveformssoastooptimizetheamplitudechangetopreventtheoccupiedbandwidthfromexpanding.Withtherisetimesetting,therisetimeisswitchablein4steps(1,2,4,and6ms).Thelowerthevalue,thesteepertheriseandsoundisexaggerated.Thehigherthevalue,theslowertheriseandsoundissoftened.Usingthewaveform‑shapedkeyingsignalasthebasebandsignal,amodulatedwaveintheIFstageisgeneratedthroughmultiplicationwiththe24kHzcarrier.Additionally,throughmultiplicationwithacarrierwithanaccuratetonefrequencylinkingwiththeCWpitchfrequency,asidetoneisgenerated.TherisingandfallingwaveformsbecomethesameshapeasthoseofthemodulatedwaveintheIFstage.
● FSK ModeAsignalgeneratedbyFSKkeyingisprocessedinthebasebandfilter,anda24kHzmodulatedwaveby170Hzshiftwidthmodulationisgenerated.Additionally,usingtheaudiomarkfrequencyasareference,thefrequencyisshiftedandthesignalisthenaudibleorsentasmonitoredaudio.ForoperationwiththeRTTYencoder,thesignalcontainstheASCIIcodetransferredfromaUSBkeyboardandmessagememoryandisconvertedtoBaudotcodetowhichthestartbitandstopbitareadded,andthesignalismodulatedasthekeyingsignalthesamewayasdescribedabove.
● PSK ModeInPSKmode,amodulatedwaveissentoutonlyifthePSK31orPSK63encoderisactive.IfthePSK31orPSK63encoderisinactive,nomodulatedwaveissentout.WiththePSK31orPSK63encoder,BPSKorQPSKcanbeselectedforPSK31,andonlyBPSKcanbeusedforPSK63.TheASCIIcodefromaUSBkeyboardormessagememoryisconvertedtoacodecalledVaricode,andconvolutionalencodingisalsoprocessedinQPSKmode.Afterprocessingbythebasebandfilter,itissubjecttoquadraturemodulationwitha24kHzcarriertogenerateamodulatedwaveintheIFstage.Separately,itissubjecttoquadraturemodulationwiththecarrierofthetonefrequencyinPSKmode,andisthenaudibleorsentasmonitoredaudio.
● AM ModeInAMmode,audiofromthemicrophoneorexternalinputterminalisprocessedbytheTXDSPequalizer,microphonegaincontrolandTXfilterandaddsaDCsignalfollowingthefactorofmodulationtotheaudio.AmodulatedwaveintheIFstageisthengeneratedaftermultiplicationwiththe24kHzcarrier.ThedemodulatedwaveisdetectedinthesamemannerasinSSBmode,andisthenaudibleorsentasmonitoredaudio.
● FM ModeInFMmode,audiofromthemicrophoneorexternalinputterminalisprocessedbytheTXDSPequalizerandmicrophonegaincontrol,andafterthe3kHzbandlimitation,passesthroughthepre‑emphasisfilterwhichaddsaCTCSStone.Additionally,thefrequencycharacteristicsarecorrectedfollowingthemodulationcharacteristicsoftheanalogstage.
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Microphone Gain Control
Themicrophonegainisdigitallyadjustedbyrotatingthe[MIC]knob(onthefrontpanel).AudiofromthemicrophoneisconvertedbytheA/DconvertertoadigitalsignalandisthensenttotheDSP.TheTXaudiosignalenteredintotheDSPissubjecttothebandlimitationbytheTXfilter,anditslevelisadjustedbytheAFAGCsoasnottoexceedthereferencelevelconfiguredfortheDSP.Ifthesignallevelexceedsthereferencelevel,forinstance,whentheconfiguredvalueofthemicrophonegainishigherthantheaudiosignallevelfortransmission,theaudiogainlevelfortransmissionwillbelowered.ThereferencelevelisequivalenttothelevelthatfullydeflectstheALCmeterneedleforSSBmodeandtothemaximumfactorofmodulationforAMandFMmodes.TheTS‑990SallowsthemodulationofmultiplesignalsthatarecombinedwiththeinputsignalfromtheACC 2connector,thesignalfromUSBaudioinputandopticaldigitalinputaswellasthatfromthemicrophone(eithertheACC 2connectorinputorUSBaudioinputisexclusivelyselectable).Themicrophonegainontherespectivepathscanbeindependentlyadjusted.Asdescribedasabove,youcanconfigurethemicrophonegainbyrotatingthe[MIC]knob,andthegainsforothersoundsourcesareconfiguredintheMenuscreen.Themicrophonegainsareadjustedbypath,andthesignalsfromtherespectivepatharemixedandsenttotheTXfilter.Consequently,theTXaudiogaincontrolisappliedtoamixedaudiosignal.
Fig.76 Microphone,ACC2Connector,USBAudioInput,OpticalDigitalInput,andGainProcessing
Speech Processors
TheTS‑990SemploysaspeechprocessorplacedintheIFstageforSSBmode(hereinafterreferredtoastheIFspeechprocessor)andaspeechprocessorintheAFstageforAMandFMmodes(hereinafterreferredtoastheAFspeechprocessor).Thespeechprocessoramplifiestheaveragepowerfortheenteredaudiofromthemicrophonewithinthelimitofthemaximumpowertoenhancetheintelligibilityofthereceivingstations.ThespeechprocessoramplifiestheaveragepowerasafunctionintendedforSSBmode,inadditionthespeechprocessorcanincreasetheaveragemodulationinAMandFMmodes,enhancingtheintelligibilityofthereceivingstation.TheIFspeechprocessorcompressesthemodulatedwaveintheIFstage.UnlikethecompressionintheAFstage,harmonicsgeneratedbydistortionduetocompressionareoutsidetheaudioband.Fromthecompressedsignal,thebandpassfiltereliminatesdistortioncomponentsoutsidetheaudioband,thusitimplementsahighaveragepower(talkpower)withlessdistortionthanthatoftheAFspeechprocessor.Topursueanemphaticsoundtobecalledbackduringpileup,select“Hard”fromtheSpeech Processor Effectscreen.Incomparisonwith“Soft”,thiscausesmorecompressionofthemodulatedwave.TheTS‑990SisdesignednottodifferthefrequencycharacteristicseveniftheSpeechProcessorEffectistoggledbetween“Hard”and“Soft”.BymonitoringthetransmittingaudiosignalandviewingtheCOMPmeterdeflection,youcanrotatethe[PROC IN]knobuntilthecompressionlevelisadjustedasappropriate,andbyviewingtheALCmeterdeflection,youcanrotatethe[PROC OUT]knobuntilthelevelisadjustedasappropriate.ThegraphsbelowshowmodulatedsignalwaveformswhiletheIFspeechprocessorisinactiveandifwaveformsofmodulatedsignalswhicharecompressedrespectivelywith“Soft”configuredorwith“Hard”configured.
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Fig.77 IFModulatedSignalsbyConfigurationsfortheIFSpeechProcessor
YoucanseethatwhentheIFspeechprocessorisactivated,thedifferencesinamplitudesareaveragedandthetalkpowerisincreased.
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Bandscope
TheTS‑990SisthefirstKENWOODtransceivertoemployaFFT(FastFourierTransform)bandscope,whichisdifferentfrombandscopesbasedonasweeptechniquewidelyusedintransceiversofothermanufacturers.TheFFTbandscopefeaturesoutstanding“highspectraldisplayrefreshspeed”and“adjacentsignaldiscriminability(frequencyresolution)”.TheFFTbandscopeisnewlydevelopedasapropermethodtograspthefrequencybandstatuswhichfromtimetotimevariesintheenvironmentwherevarietystationsareactiveontheirownstyle.
Features of the FFT Bandscope
Thesweepbandscoperefreshesthespectraldisplay,detectingthesignallevelbyliterallysweepingthedisplayedfrequencyspanfromendtoend.Incontrast,theFFTbandscopeanalyzessignalsofacertainfrequencywidth(10kHz)allatonce.Ifthereisawidedisplayedfrequencyspan,frequencyanalysisbyFFTisrepeatedtorefreshthespectraldisplayaftermergingthecumulatedanalysisresults.
SWEEP TYPE BANDSCOPE FFT TYPE BANDSCOE
Gradually analyze the edge of the displayed frequency span and fresh the display.
Analyze the certain bandwidth (10 kHz) at once and refresh the display.
Fig.78 DifferencesinSpectralAnalysisbetweenSweep‑typeandFFT‑typeBandscopes
Ifthespectraldisplayrefreshspeedisincreasedinthesweep‑typebandscope,thefrequencyresolutionmaydeteriorateandthespectraldisplaymaydistort;hence,thespectraldisplayrefreshspeedhasalimit(approximately5timespersecond).Ontheotherhand,theFFT‑typebandscopeisstillcapableofhighfrequencyresolutioneveniftherefreshspeedisdoubledcomparedwiththatofthesweep‑typebandscope.ThehighfrequencyresolutionfacilitatesyoutodistinguishmultipleadjacentCWsignals.Narrowingthedisplayedfrequencyspanenablesyoutodistinguishcloseradjacentsignals.Forexample,ifthereisa5kHzfrequencydisplayspan,aCWsignaldistantby40Hzcanbedistinguished.
Fig.79 Receptionoftwosignalswithafrequencydifferenceby40Hz
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Examples of Signal Displays
Asdescribedabove,spectralappearancediffersduetothedifferentinanalyticschemesbetweenthesweep‑typeandFFT‑typebandscopes.Thissectionprovidespracticalexamplesofvarioussignalappearancesinthebandscope.TheBandscopescreenallowsyoutopresumethesignalstatus.
● CW ModeThehighfrequencyresolutionallowsyoutodistinguisheachstationbyseparatingsignalsfromeachstationeveniftherearemanysignalscongested.Also,withthewaterfalldisplay,theweakCWsignalcanbedistinguished.
Fig.80 ExampleoftheBandscopeDisplayonCWSignalReception
Fig.81 ExampleoftheBandscopeDisplayonCWSignalReception(withWaterfallDisplay)
● SSB ModeTheaudiosignalshapeisclearlyvisibleonthespectrum;hence,thesignalcanvisuallybediscriminatedtotunethefrequencyofthetargetstation.
Fig.82 ExampleofBandscopeDisplayforReceivedSignalsinSSBMode(LSBSide)
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● AM ModeTheFFTbandscopeanalyzesafrequencywidthof10kHzatonetime;hence,configuringthefrequencyspanto10kHzorlesseliminatesthetimedifferenceinthedisplayedfrequencyspan.WhenanAMmodulatedwaveisreceived,analmostbilaterallysymmetricspectrumwiththecarriercenteredcanbeobserved.
Fig.83 ExampleofBandscopeDisplayforReceivedSignalsinAMMode
● RTTY ModeThehighfrequencyresolutionservestoclearlyseparatemarksignalsandspacesignalsandenablesthespectralobservationwhichischaracteristictotheoperationinRTTYmode.
Fig.84 ExampleofBandscopeDisplayforReceivedSignalsinRTTYMode
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Other Functions
TX/RX DSP Equalizers
TheRXDSPequalizer(RXEQ)allowsyoutoeasilyadjustfrequencycharacteristicsoftheRX/TXaudio.Fromvariouspresetequalizercurves,youcanselectyourpreferredsettingandadjustit.Likewise,theTXaudiocharacteristicscanbeadjustedwiththeTXDSPequalizer(TXEQ).Withthis,youcancorrectthemicrophonecharacteristicsandalsocorrectittofollowcharacteristicsofyourvoice.Thevolumeofeachbanddividedinto18bandscanbeadjustedintheTX Equalizer AdjustmentscreenandRX Equalizer Adjustmentscreen.Thescreensalsoallowthepresetequalizercurvestobecustomizedandtheuniqueequalizercurvestobeconfigured.TheequalizersettingsfortheTS‑590ScanbecustomizedonlyusingtheARCP‑590PCsoftware;however,theTS‑990SenablescustomizationoftheequalizersettingsontheTX Equalizer AdjustmentandRX Equalizer Adjustmentscreens.Useofthisfunctionextendswidervarietiesofequalizingsettings.Typicalaudiographicequalizersdivideaspectrumbyoctave.TheequalizersintheTS‑990Saredesignedtodivideaspectruminmultiplesof300Hz.Thisenablesnotchestobeinsertedtoaspecificfrequencyandtheresultsofcomplicatedfrequencyanalysistobereproduced.ThesettingsconfiguredintheTX Equalizer AdjustmentscreenandRX Equalizer Adjustmentscreenareimmediatelyapplied,andfineradjustmentisapplicablewhilemonitoringtheaudio.CustomizedequalizersettingscanbestoredinaUSBflashdrive.PreferredaudiocharacteristicssettingscaneasilybedivertedandappliedtotheTS‑990SfromtheUSBflashdrive.
Fig.85 CustomizationofSettingsintheRXEqualizerAdjustmentScreen
Voice Guidance
Unlikeconventionaltransceivers,whichrequireanoptionalvoiceguideandstorageunit,theTS‑990ShasavoiceguidancefunctioninaDSPtomakethevoiceguidanceandplaybackfunctionsavailable.Thenewvoiceguidancespeedcontrolfunctiondoesnotchangethepitchoftheguidingvoiceevenifthespeakingspeedisincreased;hence,itprovidesmorenaturalspeechspeedcontrol.
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Optical Digital I/O
TheDSPintheTS‑990Shasaninternalopticaldigitalsignalencoderanddecoder.AdevicethatsupportsopticaldigitalsignalsandisconnectedtotheopticaldigitalI/Oterminalscandirectlysend/receivesignalsto/fromtheTS‑990SinternalDSPwithoutgoingthroughananalogcircuit.
Internal, External Speaker, etc.
Equipment that accepts optical digital signalsDSP
TS-990S
DAC
ADC
OPTICALOUT
OPTICAL IN
Microphone, ACC Input, etc.
Analog Circuit(Amp., etc.)
Analog Circuit(Amp., etc.)
Fig.86 DifferenceofthePathstotheOpticalDigitalI/OterminalsandthePathstotheMicrophoneInputandSpeakerOutput
Ahigh‑precisionsamplingrateconverterrunsinsidetheDSP.TheopticaldigitalsignalsenteredtotheTS‑990Sconformtothe48kHzand44.1kHzsamplingfrequencies.
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TheTS‑990ShasnineCPUandDSPprocessors.Theprocessorsarerespectivelymountedinthecontrolunit,DSPunit,digitalunit,andotherunits,andtheprocessorsjointlyoperatetorealizeavarietyoffunctionsintheTS‑990S.ThischapterdescribesthefunctionsoftheTS‑990Sandconvenientwaystousefunctions,mainlyfocusingontheTS‑990Ssoftware.
Processor Connections
TheprocessorsbuiltfortheTS‑990Sarecarefullychosenandarecapableofperformingappropriatelyandsufficientlybypurposeorutilization.Evenifprocessingredundantlytakesplacewhilethereareheavyloadsimposedontheprocessors,itdoesnotaffectanyusermanipulationorprocessingoperation.Theprocessorsareplacedintheirrespectivededicatedunits,andmutuallycommunicatethroughUART(UniversalAsynchronousReceiverTransmitter)andtheSPIbus.Accordingtotheroleorpurposeassigned,appropriatetransmissionratesandcommunicationmethodsareapplied.
Dual TFT Display
ToefficientlydisplaythemultifariousfunctionsandinformationoftheTS‑990S,theTS‑990ShastwoTFTdisplays.Segment‑typeLCDsusedonconventionaltransceiversaremainlyintendedtodisplaytheoperatingfrequency,andthestatusindicationsoffunctions,suchastheOn/Offstateofeachfunctions.Therefore,thesegment‑typeLCDscannotappropriatelydisplayvariousstatusindicationsandotherinformation,suchasthewaterfalldisplay,atextstringdemodulatedfromtheRTTYandPSKsignals,thatarechangingeverymomentfollowingtheoperatingenvironmentandthereceiveandtransmitstate.However,theTS‑990SwithitsTFTdisplayshasrealizedsuchcapabilities.Twotypesofbandscopes,whichareasignificantfeatureofdisplaying,havetheirrespectivetasks.The7‑inchmainscreenisformonitoringthestatusofthebandandambientstatusofthetargetsignal.The3.5‑inchsub‑screenisformonitoringreceivedsignals.
Main Screen
Onthemainscreen,basicinformationsuchasoperatingfrequencyindications,meters,andiconsofrespectivefunctions,whichindicatestheactiveorinactivestate,arefunctionallyplacedatthetop.Also,theconfigurationscreenforrespectivefunctions,theRTTY/PSK Encode Decodescreen,theMemory Channel Listscreen,andtheBandscopescreenformonitoringthebandstatusarelocatedonthelowerpartofthescreen.Thescreenscanbeswitchedasnecessary.InformationdisplayedonthemainscreencanbetransferredthroughtheDISPLAYconnector(ontherearpanel).Withanexternalmonitorconnected,youcaneasilydeterminethedelicatewaveformmotions,suchasinawaterfalldisplay.Themainscreencollectivelydisplaysavarietyofinformation.Forquickvisibilityandeasyidentification,theplacementandcoloringoftheindicationsarecarefullyexaminedanddevised.
Fig.87 ExampleofaWaterfallView Fig.88 ExampleofanEqualizerView
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Fig.89 ExampleofaRTTYDecodeView Fig.90 ExampleofaSWLModeView
Meter
Themeterontheupperleftsideofthemainscreencanbeselectedfromthreetypesofmeters:TwotypesofanalogmetersresemblingthoseontheTS‑930andTS‑940,andonedigitalmeter,employedontheTS‑950,indicatethreedifferenttypesofinformationduringthetransmit.
Fig.91 AnalogTypeMeterontheTS‑930
Fig.92 AnalogTypeMeterontheTS‑940
Fig.93 DigitalTypeMeter
Theanalogmetersareactuallyvirtualmetersthatappearonthemainscreen.Sinceoperatorsfrequentlyobservethestatusofsignalsduringoperation,theappearanceofmetersmayrollthefaceofthetransceiver.Themetersareelaboratelydesignedwithlong‑timeexaminationtogivethemvividappearances.Thescaleplateofthemeter,directionsandanglesofthepilotlamps,needlesandtheirshadows,glossytexture,andotherdetailsareallcarefullydevised.Foreasyreadingwithallthreemeters,forexample,Menu0‑09“MeterResponseSpeed”dedicatedforanalogmetersenablesswitchingoftheresponsespeedandMenu0‑11“MeterDisplayPeakHold”dedicatedforthedigitalmeterenablestheconfigurationforpeakhold.
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Function Configuration Screens and Bandscope Screen
Althoughthereisnodisplayonthelowerportionofthemainscreenbydefault,thisiswherevariousscreensaredisplayed,suchastheBandscopescreen,Waterfallscreen,andtheRTTY/PSK Encode Decodescreen.Toconfigurethedesiredfunction,thescreencorrespondingtothatfunctionappearshere.Pressingthe[EXTEND](F)keywhiletheRTTY/PSK Encode Decodescreenorthe Memory Channel Listscreenisopenextendsthedisplayarea.Pressingthe[SCP]keyevenwhiletheRTTY/PSK Encode DecodescreenorotherfunctionconfigurationscreenisopendisplaysacompressedversionoftheBandscopescreen,allowingyoutoviewtheradiowavestatusatanytime.
Touch Screen
Fig.94 TouchScreen(Touch‑controllableMainScreen)
Duringoperation,asignaldrawinganoticeableeventmayappearontheBandscopescreenortheWaterfallscreen.Toreceivesuchanoticeablesignal,simplytouchtheportion,wherethesignalappearsonthescreenquicklytransitstotheambientofthetargetsignal,allowingyoutodothefinetuningofthefrequencybyrotatingtheTuningknob.InCWmode,longtouchingoftheWaterfallscreenstartsCWautotuning,whichprovideshigh‑precisiontuning.InSSBmode,tomakethetune‑ineasieronapointonthescreen,themarkerpositionisshiftedtothecarrierfrequencyby500Hz(theshiftamountcanbechangedinthemenu).Availabletouchscreensareroughlyclassifiedintotwotypes:the“ElectrostaticCapacity”typeandthe“ResistiveMembrane”type.SincetheTS‑990Shastransmissioncapability,theresistivemembranetypes,whichappearstonothavemuchinfluencebytheloopinterferenceisemployed.
Sub Screen
ThelargestaimatplacingasubscreeninadditiontothemainscreenistodisplaythefrequencyjustabovetheTuning(main)knob,facilitatingyoutoviewthefrequencyvalue.Thesmall‑sizedisplayismountedtominimizethemovingamountofthesightlineduringoperationandachievementoftheinnovativeconvenienceandcomfortableoperation.ThesubscreendisplaysthestatusofsignalstheTS‑990Sisreceivingandhelpsmanipulationsoftheoperator.ThesubscreencanalsodisplaytheΔFvaluedisplay,enablingyoutoviewthedifferencebetweenthetransmitandreceivefrequencies(ΔF),thesub‑scopedisplayingtheaudiospectrumbysuperimposinganaudiospectrumontheshapeoftheRXfilter,andthelarge‑sizedX‑YmonitorandvectorscopeconvenientfortuningwhileinRTTYandPSKmodes.Inplaceofthesescopedisplays,thesubscreencanalsodisplayamechanicaldialandenlargedvaluesoftheoperatingfrequencies.
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Sub Scope
Thesub‑scopedisplaysthespectrumofareceivedaudiosignaltobeprocessedthroughFFT(FastFourierTransformation).Thatis,itdrawstheimage(spectrum)ofapracticalaudiblesound.Tomaketherelationshipbetweenthefiltercut‑offfrequencyandthedemodulatedfrequencyspectrumcomprehensible,thesearesuperimposedanddrawn.Therelationshipbetweenthetargetsignalandinterferencesignalsinthepassbandcaninstantlybeviewedinparalleltolisteningtothesignal.Whilethemanualnotchfilterorbandeliminationfilterisactive,theindicatorofthenotchcenterfrequencyisadded.Thenotchfrequencycanbeadjustedwiththe[NOTCH]knobbynotonlyhearingtheeliminationstateoftheinterferencesignalbutalsoviewingthestatusoftheinterferencesignalattenuation.TheX‑Yscopeandvectorscope,mainlyusedfortuninginRTTYmodeorPSKmode,aredesignedwithanoscilloscopeimage.AnaudioFFTscopecanbedisplayedonthemainscreenenablingyoutotuneitbyobservingthescope.
Fig.95 ΔFDisplay
Fig.96 MechanicalDialDisplay
Fig.97 X‑YScope(FSKMode)
Fig.98 EnlargedSingle‑FrequencyValueDisplay
Fig.99 EnlargedFrequencyValueDisplay(NoScope)
Fig.100 VectorScope(PSKMode)
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Mechanical Dial Display
FullyutilizingtheTFTdisplayfeaturesintheTS‑990S,themechanicaldial,imitatingaclassicalmechanicalmaindial,canbedisplayed.TherearetwotypesofmechanicaldialsavailableontheTS‑990S,the“R‑820/TS‑820type”andthe“TS‑520type”.Bothareredesignedandmodernizedfromtheoriginals.
Switching Split Operation with an Intuitive Operation
SplitoperationanddualbandreceptionarecomplicatedintheTS‑950seriestransceivers.OntheTS‑990S,theseoperationsaresimplified,andenabletheintuitiveoperationsusingthemainbandandsubband.Basically,forsimplexoperation,themainbandisusedfortransmission,andforsplitoperation,thesubbandisusedfortransmission.Dualbandreceptioncanbetoggledbetweenactiveandinactivewithuseofthe[RX] (sub)keyabovetheTuning(main)knob,andthesimplexoperationandsplitoperationcanbeswitchedbyusingthe[TX](main)keyandthe[TX](sub)key.
Fig.101 KeyAllocationSuitableforSplitOperation
New Split Frequency Setting Method for Quick Operation
Usingthenewsplittransmitfrequencysetting,youcanquicklyrespondinapileup.Whenthetransmitfrequencyrespondingtothetargetstation(receivefrequency)isdetermined,pressandholdthe[TX](sub)key.The“SPLIT”LEDblinks,andtheten‑keyLEDswilllight.Ifyouwishto“Up5kHz”,pressthe[5]keyontheten‑key.Thisistheonlyconfigurableoperation.Additionally,theΔFvaluedisplay,whichisreputedontheTS‑950series,appearsonthesubscreen.
Fig.102 ExampleoftheΔFValueDisplay
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Multifarious Memory Channels
TheTS‑990Siscapableofstoringupto120memorychannelswithinwhichoperationdatacanberegistered.The120memorychannelsareclassifiedintothreegroups:00to99,P0toP9,andE0toE9.
• 00to99(standardmemorychannels):forstoringfrequently‑usedoperationdata.• P0toP9(programmablememorychannels):forstoringfrequencyrangesofprogrammableVFOsandprogrammedscanners.• E0toE9(extendedmemorychannels):forstoringthoseadditiontothestandardmemorychannels.
Storing States of Split Operation and Dual Band Reception
Standardmemorychannelsandextendedmemorychannelscanbedividedintotwomodes,followingthememorychannelregistrationandrecallmethods:singlememorychannelmodeanddualmemorychannelmode.
• Singlememorychannelmodeisusedtostorefrequenciesforsimplexoperationandfrequenciesforradiobroadcasting.• Dualmemorychannelmodeisusedtostorefrequenciesforsplitoperationandfrequenciesfordualbandreception.
Fig.103 ExampleoftheMemoryChannelListScreen
Multifarious Functions Supporting the Operator
Frequency Tracking
Withfrequencytrackingenabled,rotatingtheTuning(main)knobchangesthemainbandandsubbandfrequenciesatthesametime.RotatingtheTuning(sub)knobchangesonlythesubbandfrequency.RotatingtheTuning(main)knobwhilethesubbandfrequencyisdisplacedchangesthemainbandfrequencyandthesubbandfrequencysimultaneously,maintainingtheirfrequencyspacing.Frequencytrackingcanbeusedtoreceivebothmainbandandsubbandsignalswithdifferentantennasconnectedtothemainbandandsubband,forinstance.
DATA Modes Corresponding to a Variety of Operations
AswellastheMICconnector(onthefrontpanel),thereareconnectorsontherearpanelasanaudiosignalsourcingpathforTXaudiosignalinput.InadditiontotheUSB‑BconnectorforUSBaudiosignalinputfromaPCandtheACC2connectorforanalogaudiosignalinput,thereistheOPTICAL INconnectorthatenablesthesignalinputfromadevicewithanopticaldigitalI/Ocapabilities.Forthetransmittrigger,the[PTT]key,[SEND]key,PKSterminalintheACC2connector,andthePFkeyassignedasDATASENDcanallbeused.IntheTS‑990S,theinputaudiosignaltobetransmittedcanbeselectedbyDATAmode,byviewingamatrixdisplayedintheModulation Sourcescreen.
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Fig.104 ModulationSourceScreen
TheillustrationaboveshowsanexampleoftheTXinputaudiosourceif“DATA1”isspecifiedforDATAmode.Inthisconfiguration,theaudiosignalenteredfromtheMICterminalistransmittedbypressingthe[SEND]keyorthe[PTT]key,ortheaudiosignalenteredfromtheUSBAudiodeviceistransmittedbypressingthe[DATA SEND](PF)keyorbyshortingthePKSterminal.ToactivatetheVOX(DATAVOX)functionbyusingtheaudiosignalenteredfromaconnectorontherearpanel,pressthe[D.VOX]keytoselectthesoundsourceforDATAVOX.Intheexampleabove,“USBAudio”isselected.Asanexampleoftheoperation,theremaybeacasewhenyouneedtoexplaintothereceivingstationabouttheimageaftertransmittinganimageusingSSTV.Withtheconfigurationsasdescribedabove,theimagesignalenteredfromtheUSBAudiodevicecanbetransmittedbyusingtheDATAVOXfunction.Uponcompletionoftheimagetransmission,pressandholdthe[PTT]keytospeakintothemicrophonetotransmityourexplanationabouttheimage.
TS-990S
A/D Converter, Mixer, etc.
Fig.105 DiagramofTransmitAudioSignalPaths
Transversed Dials in SWL Mode
InSWLmode,transverseddials,thehorizontalscales,andanS‑meterresemblingthoseonthe9R‑59,whichhasawellreputedhistoryaswellastheTS‑900series,canbedisplayedforreceptionofshortwavebroadcasting.ThereceivablefrequencyrangeoftheTS‑990Sisdifferentfromthatofthe9R‑59.Thus,thescalesofthetransverseddialsandS‑meterarerefinedtomatchthereceivefrequencyrangeoftheTS‑990S.The“bandspreadscale”,whichwasimplementedonthe9R‑59,isnotappliedhere;however,theelaboratelyreproducedverticalS‑meter,“MEGACYCLE”notations,andtransverseddialsandmetersofthe9R‑59willevokememoriesoftransceiversfromthosedays.
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BelowthetransverseddialsandanS‑meter,theBandscopescreenandRecording Audio Filescreenopeninthesamemannerasinnormaloperations.Meterbandchoice,usefulforreceptionofshortwavebroadcasting,andarecordercanalsobeused.
Fig.106 ExampleofOperationinSWLModewithaBandscope
Note:◆ Thepre‑determinedmeterbandsinSWLmodearerefinedtobedifferentfromcommonlyusedmeterbandsandtowidelycoverthebroadcastingbandsineveryregion.
◆ TheTS‑990ScannottransmitinSWLmode.
RTTY and PSK Operation without using a PC
TheTS‑990Sisequippedwithaninternaldemodulatoranddecoder(conformedto170Hzshiftonly),allowingoperationinRTTYandPSKmodeswithoutusingaPC.ForoperationinPSKmode,inadditiontoPSK31,whichmanyhavebeenfamiliarwithfordecades,PSK63(BPSKonly),whichisbecomingpopularoperationintheseyears,isimplemented.WithaUSBkeyboardconnectedtotheTS‑990S,efficientandcomfortableoperationscanbesecured.Needlesstosay,keyingfromanexternalRTTYdevicethroughtheRTTYterminalisallowed.
Fig.107 RTTYDecode/EncodeScreen
InFSKmodeorPSKmode,theencode/decodescreenshowsadedicatedaudioFFTscope.ThebandsoftheaudioFFTscopearespeciallydesignedtoprovideanenlargedviewofasignalclosetheindicationdisplayed.Ifthetargetsignalismaskedbydifferentsignals,thestatusofthetargetsignalcanstillbeobservedvisually.
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SuperimposingapeakofthereceivedsignalontheindicationdisplayedontheaudioFFTscopebyrotatingtheTuningknobenablesyoutotuneinthetargetsignal.
Fig.108 DisplaysontheRTTYSubScreen Fig.109 DisplaysonthePSKSubScreen
ThesubscreendisplaysaLissajouswaveformbytheX‑Yscope(inRTTYmode)andavectorscope(inPSKmode).ThesubscreenplacedjustabovetheTuningknob(main)allowsaccuratetuningwithawaveformobservationbyeitherscope,withoutalargemovementofthelineofsight.BPSKandQPSK(excludingPSK63)areimplementedforoperationinPSKmode.AFC(AutomaticFrequencyControl),assistingthetuning,andNETfunction,applyingtheautomaticallytunedfrequencybytheAFCfortransmission,arealsoincluded.TheQSOlogcanbestoredintoaUSBflashdrive,andthecontentofthelogcanbereviewedlater.
Note:◆ PSKdoesnotcorrespondtoaQSOwithdouble‑bytecharacters.◆ OnlyBPSKisfulfilledforoperationinPSK63mode.◆ NoFSKfrequencyshiftwidthcanbechangedwhiletheRTTY Encode/Decodescreenisopen.
Bandscope with a Waterfall Display
TheTS‑990SisequippedwithanFFTspectrumscopecapableofhigh‑speeddrawing.Thisisusefultoobservetheambientstatusofthereceivefrequencyorthestatusinaband.Eventsineitherthemainbandorthesubbandcanbedisplayed.Inaddition,theTS‑990Siscapableofindicatingawaterfalldisplay.Thewaterfalldisplayshowsahistoryoftherecentsignalschronologically;hence,bandactivitycanbegraspedataglance,forinstance,duringthecontest.Also,ifaDXstationwhichhasbeenpiledupwithanumberofstationsisfound,viewingthebandscopeandusingtheTF‑SETfunctionhelpyoutoquicklyandexactlytuneinavacantfrequencyorafrequencyofastationwhichispickedupbytheDXstation.
Fig.110 WaterfallViewintheBandscopeScreen
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Dependingontheoperationalstatus,thebandscopecanbeusedineitheroftwomodes:CentermodeandFixedmode.InCentermode,thefrequencyspectrumisdisplayedplacingthereceivefrequencyatthescreencenteratalltimes.Thisisusefultoviewtheadjacentfrequenciesofthereceivedsignal.InFixedmode,therangeofthefrequencyspectrumdisplayisfixedbyband.Thisisusefultomonitorthestatusthroughtheband.Thelower‑limitfrequencyandtheupper‑limitfrequencyofthedisplayrangesofthebandscanbeconfiguredrespectivelyinthemenu.Bandsarepartitionedbyamateurbandintherangefrom1.8to50MHzbands,andtheLFbandandMFbandareindividuallyavailable.Thefollowingauxiliaryfunctionsareconvenienttoobservesignals:
● Adjusting the Reference LevelIfthereissubstantialnoiseorifitisnoteasytodistinguishatargetsignalandnoise,adjustingthereferencelevelofthebandscopewillfacilitateyoutodistinguishthetargetsignaleasily.
Note:◆ IfatargetsignalisindistinguishableintheBandscopescreenduetostrongadjacentfrequencysignalsorwithintheband,pressthe[ATT](F5)keytoselectanadequateattenuatorforthebandscope.
● Changing the Falling Speed of Waterfall DisplayReducingthefallingspeedofafastmovingwaterfalldisplayallowsthewaterfallwaveformtobemoreeasilyrecognizable.
● Changing the Receive Frequency with a TouchWhenatargetsignalisdetectedintheBandscopescreenortheWaterfallscreen,touchingthemainscreendirectlywithyourfinger,priortorotatingtheTuningknob,nearthetargetsignalcaninstantlyenableQSY(access)tonearthetargetfrequency.InCWmode,longtouchingapointonthemainscreenautomaticallyactivatesCWautotuningafterthefrequencyisplacedclosetothetargetsignal,allowingmoreaccuratetuning.
Fig.111 TouchingaTargetFrequencyorBandinCWmode
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Fig.112 CWAutoTuningActivatedwithaLongTouch
● Applying the Center Mode Lower Limit Frequency and Upper Limit Frequency for Fixed modeWithalongpressofthe[CTR/FIX](F)keywhileinCentermode,thedisplayedfrequencyrangespecifiedforCentermode(lowerlimitfrequencyandupperlimitfrequency)isappliedtothoseforFixedmode.ThisisconvenienttomatchthedisplayedfrequenciesforCentermodeandFixedmode.
● Averaging the Waveform DisplayThisenablesthewaveformdisplaytobeaveragedandthewaveformchangetobesmooth.ToobserveanintermittentsignalsuchasaCWwave,lowertheaveraginglevel,andtoobserveafast‑changinganddifficultsignal,raisetheaveragingleveltomakethewaveformmoreeasilyviewable.
● Facilitating the Tune In to an SSB SignalForwaveformobservationinSSBmode,youcansetthecarrierpointasthemarkerdisplaypositionorsetthemarkerdisplaypositionoffsetforthespecifiedamountfromthecarrierpoint.Itisdefaultedtoa500Hzoffset.Thevalueisclosetothepeakvalueofthecommonfrequencyspectrumofthehumanvoice.Inthebandscopedisplay,placingthemarkeraroundthehighestlevelofthefrequencylevelfacilitatesthetuneintoatargetsignal.
● Capturing a Screen ImageTheBandscopescreenandWaterfallscreenallowthescreentobecaptured.ThecapturedscreenimagesasobservedcanbestoredinaUSBflashdriveanddisplayedonaPC.Thefollowingfunctionsarealsoavailable:
• SpanSwitching• GridFrequencySwitching(relativefrequency/absolutefrequency)• MainBand,SubBand,andTransmitFrequencyMarkersDisplay• WaveformMaximumValueDisplay• Pausing• Attenuator• WaveformDisplayontransmission
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● Operation TipsThebandscopecanbedisplayedwhilethefunctionsettingsscreenorRTTY/PSK Encode Decode screenisopen.Pressingthe[SCP]keywhilethefunctionsettingsscreenorencode/decodescreenisopendisplaysthebandscopeinaverticallycompressedform.
Fig.113 ExampleofanAGCConfiguration
Audio Scope for TX/RX Audio Analysis
TheTS‑990Sisequippedwithanoscilloscopeandanaudioscopehavingawaterfalldisplayforobservinganaudiosignal.Thescopesdisplaythefrequencyspectrumandwaveformofthereceivedandtransmittingaudiosignal,allowingyoutoviewtheeffectsoftheequalizerandthespeechprocessors.
Fig.114 ExampleofAudioScopeandOscilloscopeDisplays
TheimagecanbecapturedevenintheAudio Scopescreen;hence,observedwaveformscanbestoredinaUSBflashdriveandviewedonaPC.Notonlythereceivedaudioofthemainbandbutalsothatofthesubbandcanbeobserved.
Note:◆ Whiletheaudioscopeisdisplayed,theaudiospectrumdoesnotappearonthesubscreen.◆ Theverticalscaleontheaudioscopeisdividedby20dB.
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Recording Function for Multi‑use
Forexample,inthecasewhereyoumissedhearingthecallsignorwhenyouarenotconfidentinacallback,theconstantrecordingisconvenientforrecordingofaudiothatcanbeplayedbacklater.Pressingandholdingthe[REC]keysavesthelatestcommunicationforupto30secondsintoanaudiofilethatcanbeplayedbacklater.Therecordingfunctioncanalsobeusedasageneral‑userecorder.Forrecordingandplayingbackbyapressofthe[REC]keyand[STOP]key,usetheinternalmemoryoraUSBflashdrive.Withtheinternalmemory,amaximumof30secondsofaudiosignalcanberecordedinonefile,andwithaUSBflashdrive,amaximumofninehours.(Forthe9‑hourlong‑timerecording,atleastfourgigabytesoffreespacerequired.)
Press of [REC] key
Present TimeTime
ElapsePast
Recorded Voice
Approximately 30 s
Fig.115 RecordingwithaLongPressofthe[REC]Key(Full‑timeRecording)
Short press of [REC] key Press of [Stop] key Press of [Stop] key
Time Elapse
Max. recording time of 30 s per recording
Recorded Voice (in the internal memory)
Recorded Voice (in the USB flash drive)
Max. recording time of 9 hours per recording
Fig.116 RecordingbyStandardOperation
Thosefunctions,suchas“VoiceMessage”whichisusefulinacontest,timerrecording,andothervariousrecordingfunctions,areimplementedforvarietyofyouroperations.
Note:◆ TheaudiofilesavedintotheinternalmemorycanbecopiedtoaUSBflashdrive.AudiofilessavedintoaUSBflashdrivehavepropertiesofPCM,16kHz,16bits,stereo,and.wavextensiondefinedasWAVEformat.KENWOODdoesnotwarrantthattheTS‑990ScanplaybackfilescreatedoreditedonaPC.
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Configuring the Clock using an NTP Server
ConnectingtheTS‑990StoanetworkenablesitsclocktobeconfiguredwiththetimeinformationofanNTPserver.OnceanNTPserverisinitiallyspecified,theclockcanbeadjustedbyasingletouch.EnablingtheautomatictimecorrectionmakestheTS‑990Sautomaticallycorrecttheclockwheneveritisactiveandapproximatelyevery24hoursafteritispoweredON.
Menu and Sub Menu
TheTS‑990SandotherKENWOODHFtransceiversaredesignedtoallowconfigurationsandchangesforavarietyoffunctionsusingthemenu.Thereisa“Menu”and“SubMenu”availableintheTS‑990S.Inthe“Menu”,variousfunctionsaregrouped,andeachofthefunctionscanbeselectedfromtherespectivegroup.Inthe“SubMenu”,thereisaresetfunction,clockconfiguration,LANconfiguration,and“AdvancedMenu”whichprovidesfunctionstobeuseddependingontheoperatingenvironmentsuchasthelinearamplifiercontrol.“SubMenu”isindependentfromthe“Menu”withoftenusedfunctions.ConfiguringtheTS‑990Sbasedtheoperatingenvironmentandoperationsofeachoperatorprovidestheconfigurationsatisfactiontoeverybody’sowncircumstances.Also,pressingandholdingthe[RESET](F)key,whichisassignedtoeachfunction,cansecurelyrestorethecustomizedvaluetoitsdefault.
.Fig.117 Menu
Easy Firmware Updating
Thesedays,electronicproductswhosefirmwarecanbeupdatedforfunctionalsupplementationormodificationareincreasinginnumber.TheTS‑990Sisalsodesignedtoalloweasyfirmwareupdating.ThelatestfirmwareisdistributedontheKENWOODwebsite.Therearetwofirmwareupdatingmethodsavailable,andyoucanchooseeitheroftheproceduresforeasyfirmwareupdating:
● Updating the firmware by using a USB flash drive• ThelatestfirmwarecanbedownloadedfromtheKENWOODwebsite.Copythedownloadedfirmwarefileintotherootfolderof
theUSBflashdrive,keepingitcompressedinZIPformat.• DisconnectaUSBflashdrivefromtheUSBconnectorofthePC.• PressthePower(frontpanel)switchwhilepressingandholdingthe[M.IN](MEMORY)keytoopentheFirmware Updating
screen.InserttheUSBflashdrivecontainingthefirmwarefileintotheTS‑990S.• TheTS‑990Sshowstheupdateprogressonitsscreen.Waituntilitfinishes.
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● Updating the firmware by using a PC• ThelatestfirmwarecanbedownloadedfromtheKENWOODwebsite.• ConnectthePCtotheTS‑990SusingaUSBcable.• PressthePower(frontpanel)switchwhilepressingandholdingthe [M.IN](MEMORY)keytoopentheFirmware Updating
screen.• ExploreronthePCidentifiestheTS‑990Sasanexternalstoragedevice.Draganddropthedownloadedfirmwaretothe
TS‑990Sdevice.Thefirmwareinthezippedfilemustbedraggedanddroppedwithoutitfirstbeingfirmwareextracted.• TheTS‑990Sshowstheupdateprogressonitsscreen.Waituntilitfinishes.
Fig.118 FirmwareUpdatingScreen
Fig.119 ScreenwithFirmwareUpdatinginProgress
Note:◆ Refertotheinstructionmanualforfirmwareupdating.◆ Theremaybeacasewhentheinstructionmanualisalsoreviseddependingonthecontentsofthefirmwareupdating.ThelatestinstructionmanualisalsoavailableonKENWOODwebsite.
◆ Itmaytakefromseveralminutesuptoapproximately30minutestoupdatethefirmware,dependingonthecase.
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PC‑Control
Operatorswhoenjoyremotelycontrollingatransceiveroroperatingatransceiverwithuser‑specificPCapplicationsareincreasinginnumber.WefirstimplementedaUSBconnectorontheTS‑590Sin2010toprovidePC‑controlledcapabilityandTX/RXaudiotransferthroughasinglecable.Inadditiontothat,dualconnectionsthroughtheCOMconnectorandtheUSBconnectorareusedforrecordingcommunicationlogsorremotelycontrollingfromthePC,andenablesaconnectionofotherexternaldeviceforsimultaneousserialcommunications.TheTS‑990SisalsoequippedwithaLANconnectorthatcanbeusedtooperatetheTS‑990SfromthePCthroughaLAN.Adedicatedradiocontrolprogram(ARCP‑990)fortheTS‑990Sisdistributedfreeofcharge.TheTS‑990ScanconnecttoaPCnotonlythroughaconventionalCOMconnectorandUSBconnectorbutalsothroughtheLANconnector.WhiletheTS‑990SisconnectedtoaPCwithaLANcable,thebandscopedisplayequivalenttothatwhichcanbedisplayedontheTS‑990ScanbeusedontheARCP‑990.ForPCcommandsandhowtousethem(e.g.,howtoprogramapplicationsoftwarefortheTS‑990S),refertothe“TS‑990SSeriesPCControlCommandReferenceGuide”.SincetheTS‑990Shasanumberoffunctions,somePCcommandshavebeenrevised.Consequently,certainPCcommandsexecutableintheconventionaltransceiversmaynolongerbeexecutableastheywerefortheTS‑990S.ThefollowingintroducessomeexamplesofhowtousePCcommandsexcerptedfromthePCControlCommandReferenceGuide.
● Acquiring the Frequency Information of the TS‑990S in Real TimeAutoInformation(AI)isacommandtoconfigurewhetherornotthestatuschangeoftheTS‑990SisnotifiedtoaPC.Executingthe“AI”commandactivatestheAIfunctionpromptlynotifiestheTS‑990SstatuschangestothePC.Forexample,uponachangeofthemainbandfrequency,thelatestmainbandfrequencyvalueisautomaticallytransferred,coupledwiththe“FA”command,anduponachangeofthesubbandfrequency,thelatestsubbandfrequencyvalueisautomaticallytransferredcoupledwiththe“FB”command.ItisnotnecessaryfortheapplicationtoreadtheTS‑990Sstatusperiodically.WhiletheAIfunctionisactive,notonlythefrequencychangeinformationbutalsothestatuschangeinformationofmostfunctions,suchasmode,filters,andtransmitpower,arepromptlynotifiedbythecorrespondingcommandsofthosefunctions.Inaself‑programmedapplication,useonlyrequiredcommands.TheAIfunctionmaytransferanumberofcommandsallatoncetoaPC;hence,youshouldmanagethattheself‑programmedapplicationhasthesufficientbuffermemorysizeallowingittoreceivingcommandsinthePCwithhighprocessingspeed.
● Toggling the Split Operation and Sub Band Reception between Active and InactiveThe“TB”commandisusedtotoggleSplitoperationbetweenactiveandinactive(switchingoftheTXband).The“SB”commandisusedtotogglethereceptiononthesubbandbetweenactiveandinactive.OntheTS‑990S,theVFOAandVFOB,whicharecommonlyexpressedforconventionaltransceivers,arerewordedwiththemainbandandthesubband.Additionally,afunctiontotogglethesubbandbetweenactiveandinactivehasbeenadded;hence,the“FR”commandand“FT”commandusedonconventionaltransceiverscannolongerservetohandleallTX/RXbehaviors.Thisiswhythe“TB”commandisnewlydefinedtoswitchtheTXband(splitoperation)andthe“SB”commandisnewlydefinedtotogglethereceptionforthesubbandbetweenactiveandinactive.
● Transmitting an Audio Signal Entered from the Rear Panel Terminal By a PC CommandSpecify“1”(transmissionbythe[DATA SEND](PF)key)asthe“TX”commandparameter.(The“RX”commandisusedforrestoringtheRXstate.)WiththeTS‑990Sdefaultconfigurations,pressingthe[PTT]keyorthe[SEND]keytransmitsanaudiosignalenteredtoamicrophone,orpressingthe[DATA SEND](PF)keyorshortingthePKSterminaloftheACC2connectortransmitstheaudiosignalenteredfromtherearpanelterminal.TohandlethesetransmissionmethodsusingaPCcommand,changethe“TX”commandparameter.Iftransmissionbeginsusing“TX1”,anaudiosignalenteredfromtherearpanelterminalistransmittedinthesame
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manneraswhenthe[DATA SEND]keyispressedorthePKSterminaloftheACC2connectorisshorted.Iftransmissionbeginsusing“TX”(withoutaparameterassignment)or“TX0”,anaudiosignalenteredfromthemicrophoneistransmittedinthesamemanneraswhenthe[PTT]keyor[SEND]keyispressed.IntheTS‑990S,theinputsoundsourcefortransmissioncanbeselectedasdesiredfollowingthetransmitoperationtype.Anyof“MIC”,“ACC2”,and“USBAudio”or“OPTICAL”canbeselectedfortheinputsoundsourceatthesametime(eitherof“ACC2”and“USBAudio”canbeselected).Thedefaultconfigurationsarethesameasthoseofconventionaltransceivers.Fordetailsoftheconfigurationmethod,referto“AUDIOSOURCELINESFORTXAUDIO”intheinstructionmanual”.
● Activating TX TuningTXtuningisusedtocontinuouslytransmitacarrierhavingafixedoutputpower.Withthisfunction,thelinearamplifiercanbetunedwithoutchangingthemode.ThefunctioncanbeassignedtothefrontpanelPFkeyforquickoperation.ForTXtuningbycommandexecution,use“TX2”tostartTXtuningand“RX”tostopTXtuning.
● Copying the Main Band Frequency to the Sub BandSendingthe“VV”commandtotheTS‑990Scopiesthemainbandfrequencytothesubband.Itisnotnecessarytocreateaprogramtocopythemainbandfrequencybyusingthe“FA”and“FB”commands.
● Sending CW Morse Signals by using a CommandThe“KY”commandcanbeusedtosendMorsecode.Forexample,tosendaMorsesignal“CQCQCQDEJA1YKX”,sendthecommand“KYCQCQCQDEJA1YKX;”totheTS‑990S.WhiletheTS‑990SisinCWmodeandifbreak‑inisactive,CWMorsesignalscanbetransmitted.Amessagewithamaximumof24letterscanbeappendedtothe“KY”command.Messagesexceeding24letterswillbedividedandsent.Tocancelthekeying,usethe“KY0”command.Tochangethekeyingspeed,usethe“KS”command.
● Configuration for Connection to a Network via the LAN ConnectorUsetheLANmenuintheSubMenutoconfiguretheIPaddress,administratorID,andpassword.Subsequently,configuringTCP/IPonaPCmakesitaccessibletoaLAN.Theportnumberis“60000”.ThecharacterencodingformatisUTF‑16.Sendthe“##CN”commandtotheIPaddressoftheTS‑990Storequestaconnection.OncetheTS‑990Srespondswithapermissiontoconnect,sendtheadministratorIDandpasswordtousingthe“##ID”command.WhentheadministratorIDandpasswordtransmittedfromthePCmatchwiththoseconfiguredintheTS‑990S,aconnectionbetweentheTS‑990SandthePCisestablished.Ifnocommunicationisestablishedwithin10seconds,theconnectionsessionautomaticallyquits.
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● Using the ARCP‑990 and Logging Software at OnceUsetheLANconnectorforthecommandcommunicationswiththeARCP‑990,andtheUSB‑Bconnectorforcommandcommunicationswiththeloggingsoftware.
Linear Amplifier
Log Software
ARCP-990
COM
LAN
Fig.120 ConnectionMethod
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Various Software Applications for Extensive Operations
ThissectiondescribesthesoftwaretocontroltheTS‑990SfromaPCwhichhasWindowsinstalled.ThesoftwarelistedbelowisavailabletocontroltheTS‑990S.
Name Description
ARCP‑990 ThisisasoftwareapplicationthatcontrolstheTS‑990SfromthePC.
ARHP‑990 ThisisasoftwareapplicationonthehoststationPCtoremotelycontroltheTS‑990Sthroughanetwork.ThisistobeusedtogetherwithARCP‑990.
ARVP‑10 ThisisVoIPsoftwaretosendTX/RXaudiosignalswhenaPCisconnectedtotheKNSthroughtheInternetandthePCremotelycontrolstheTS‑990S.
Note:◆ TherearetwotypesofARVP‑10:theARVP‑10HandARVP‑10R.◆ ThesesoftwareapplicationsarenotusedwhenaPCisconnectedtoKNSthroughaLAN.
ARUA‑10 ThisisasoftwareapplicationtosubstituteamicrophoneandspeakeroftheTS‑990SwiththemicrophoneandspeakerofthePC,whentheTS‑990SisconnectedtothePCthroughaUSBcable.ItallowstheTS‑990StotransmitaudiosignalscollectedbythePCmicrophone,throughtheUSBAudio.Also,theoutputaudiosignalfromtheTS‑990ScansoundfromthePCspeakerthroughtheUSBAudio.
Note:◆ Thissoftwareisnotusedwhenauser‑manufacturedaudiosignalcableisconnectedtotheACC2connector.◆ Thissoftwareisnotusedforaconnectionthroughanetwork.
VirtualCOMPortDriver
ThisisadrivertobeinstalledinthePC,connectingtheTS‑990SwithaUSBcable,tooperatetheTS‑990SusingtheARCP‑990orARHP‑990.
Note:◆ ThissoftwareisnotusedwhenaserialorLANcableisconnected.
ThesoftwareapplicationslistedabovecanbedownloadedfromtheKENWOODwebsitefreeofcharge.http://www.kenwood.com/i/products/info/amateur/software_download.html
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System Configurations
TypicalsoftwareconfigurationstocontroltheTS‑990Saredescribedbelow.
● Controlling the TS‑990S from the PC through a LAN Connector (with a Microphone connected to the TS-990S and an Internal Speaker)
Signal TypePC Connection
MethodTS‑990S
Software Hardware Hardware
Controlsignal ARCP‑990 LANCable LANconnector
Audiosignal Noconnection
MicrophoneconnectedtotheTS‑990Sandinternalspeaker
● Controlling the TS‑990S from a PC through the USB Connector (with a Microphone connected to the TS-990S and an Internal Speaker)
Signal TypePC Connection
MethodTS‑990S
Software Hardware Hardware
Controlsignal
VirtualCOMportdriverandARCP‑990 USBcable USB‑Bconnector
Audiosignal Noconnection
MicrophoneconnectedtotheTS‑990Sandinternalspeaker
● Controlling the TS‑990S from a PC through the COM Port (with a Microphone connected to the TS-990S and an Internal Speaker)
Signal Type
PC Connection Method
TS‑990S
Software Hardware Hardware
Controlsignal ARCP‑990 RS‑232C
cable COMport
Audiosignal Noconnection
MicrophoneconnectedtotheTS‑990Sandinternalspeaker
● Controlling the TS‑990S from a PC (with a Microphone and Speaker connected to the PC and Audio Connection to the USB Connector on the TS-990S)
Signal TypePC Connection
MethodTS‑990S
Software Hardware Hardware
Controlsignal
VirtualCOMportdriverandARCP‑990
USBcable USB‑Bconnector
AudiosignalWindowsstandarddriversandARUA‑
10
Microphoneandspeakerconnected
toaPC
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● Controlling the TS‑990S from a PC (with a Microphone and Speaker connected to the PC and Audio Signal Entered to the ACC2 Connector)
Signal TypePC Connection
MethodTS‑990S
Software Hardware Hardware
Controlsignal ARCP‑990 RS‑232Ccable COMport
AudiosignalMicrophoneandspeakerconnected
toaPCUser‑madeaudiocable ACC2connector
Note:◆ TheARUA‑10isnotusedforaudiosignalI/OthroughtheACC2connector.
● Controlling the TS-990S from a Remote PC (through a LAN and KNS Connection)
Signal TypeRemote Station (Remote PC) Connection
Method
Host Station (PC placed on the TS-990S side)
Software Hardware Software HardwareControlsignal
ARCP‑990 Network ARHP‑990 LANconnector,USB‑B
connector,orCOMport
Audiosignal ARCP‑990 Microphoneandspeakerconnected
toaPC
ARHP‑990 ACC2connectororUSB‑Bconnector
Note:◆ EvenwhentheUSB‑BconnectorisusedforaudiosignalI/Oonthehoststationside,theARUA‑10isnotused.
● Remotely Controlling the TS‑990S from a Remote PC (through the Internet and KNS Connection)
Signal TypeRemote Station (Remote PC) Connection
Method
Host Station (PC placed on the TS-990S side)
Software Hardware Software Hardware
Controlsignal ARCP‑990
Network
ARHP‑990LANconnector,
USB‑Bconnector,orCOMport
AudiosignalARVP‑10RorequivalentVoIP
software
Microphoneandspeakerconnected
toaPC
ARVP‑10HorequivalentVoIP
software
ACC2connectororUSB‑Bconnector
Note:◆ EvenwhentheUSB‑BconnectorisusedforaudiosignalI/Oonthehoststation,theARUA‑10isnotused.
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Radio Control Program ARCP‑990
Theradiocontrolprogram(ARCP‑990)isasoftwareapplicationdedicatedforthecontroloftheTS‑990SfromaPC.
Fig.121 ARCP‑990MainWindow
Basic Specifications Inherited from the ARCP-590
TheARCP‑990,inheritingthebasicspecificationsoftheARCP‑590developedfortheTS‑590S,isdesignedtobeabletooperatethemostTS‑990Sfunctions.TheARCP‑990alsoconformstothenewfunctionsoftheTS‑990S.
User Interface
TheARCP‑990hasitsuserinterfacelanguagesinbothJapaneseandEnglish.TheARCP‑990isoperablewiththelanguagefamiliartotheuser.OntheARCP‑990,newfrequencychangemethodsareemployed:
• Frequencychangewiththemousewheel• FrequencychangewiththeUpandDownbuttonsfortuning• FrequencychangewiththeUp/DownbuttonsforMulti/Channel• Frequencychangewithdirectinput• Frequencychangebyclickingonthefrequencyindication• Frequencychangebyleft‑clickingontheBandscopescreen(touchscreentuning)
Tomakeafrequencychangewiththemousewheel,rotatethemousewheelonthe“Coarse”or“Fine”imageinthe“Tuning(MainBand)”and“Tuning(SubBand)”frames,orrotatethemousewheelonthe“Tuning”imageinthe“Multi/Ch”and“RIT/XIT”frame.TomakeafrequencychangewiththemousewheelorUP/Downbuttonsfortuning,thetuningstepfrequencyisselectableinthe“TuningStepFrequency”listbox.IntheTS‑990S,thenumberoffunctionsandbuttonsonthemainwindowincrease;hence,adisplayofSXGA(1280x1024)orhigherresolutionisrequired.Therefore,thesizeofthemainwindowcannowberesizedforsufficientdisplay
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evenonasmall‑sizednotebookPC.Tochangethemainwindowsize,select“SizeofMainWindow”inthe“Tool”pull‑downmenu,orusetheresizegriponthelowerrightsideofthemainwindow.Forquickaccessfromthemainwindowtothesubwindow,the“...”buttonsarenowplacedclosetofunctionbuttons.Forexample,the“...”buttonisplacedattherightsideofthe“ANT”buttonontheupperleftsideofthemainwindow.Clickingthe“...”buttonopensthe“EditAntennaName”subwindow.AsthenumberoffunctionsincreasedintheTS‑990S,thesubWindowsallowingtheirrespectiveconfigurationsalsoincreasedinnumber.Forquickaccesstothefunctionswithhigherrelevance,the"OtherFunctions"hyperlinkisprovidedatthebottomofthesubWindows.Itispossibletoconfigurethedelaytime,whichoccursuponaconnectiontotheKNS(theconfigurationsforthecontrolcommandsandtheaudiosignaldelaytimeforusewhenswitchingbetweentransmitandreceive,andalsoforthedelaytimeforusewhenswitchingbetweentransmitandreceiveduringtheconnectiontoUSB,COM,andLAN).ThedelaytimecanbeappliedusingdifferentvaluesforaKNSconnectionandaUSB,COM,orLANconnection.Select“SelectModulationLine”fromthe“TX/RX”pull‑downmenu,andusethelistboxinthe“DelaybyTXtoRXTransition”frameonthe“SelectModulationLine”screentoconfigureit.
LAN Connection with the TS‑990S
IntheARCP‑990,connectionthroughtheTS‑990SLANconnectorisrealized.Byutilizinghigh‑speedcommunicationsspecifictoaLANconnection,withaLANconnectiontotheTS‑990S,displaydrawingontheBandscopescreenandSub ScopescreenarefasterthanthosewhenusingaUSBorCOMconnectiontotheTS‑990S.Select“Settings”fromthe“Tool”pull‑downmenu,andthenconfigurethesettingsinthe“ConnectiontotheTS‑990S”frameonthe“Settings”screen.
Internal VoIP (for the KNS Connection via a LAN)
IntheARCP‑990andARHP‑990,thereisaninternalVoIPfunctionforaudiosignalexchange.TheVoIPfunctionisusablewhentheARCP‑990andARHP‑990connecttotheKNSthroughaLAN.TousetheVoIPfunctionintheARHP‑990,theVoIPfunctionmustbeactive.ItispossibletonotusetheVoIPfunctionsavailableintheARCP‑990andARHP‑990.WithoutusingavailableVoIPfunctions,theARVP‑10H,ARVP‑10R,orgenerallyavailableVoIPsoftwarecanalsobeusedforaudiosignalexchange.TheVoIPfunctionsintheARCP‑990andARHP‑990cannotbeusedwhentheARCP‑990andARHP‑990areconnectedtotheKNSthroughtheInternet.ToconnectthroughtheInternet,theARVP‑10H/ARVP‑10RorgenerallyavailableVoIPsoftwareisrequiredseparately.
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Radio Host Program ARHP‑990
TheARHP‑990radiohostprogramrelaysbetweentheARCP‑990installedinaPCconnectedtotheKNS,andtheTS‑990S.Referalsotothe“TS‑990SKENWOODNETWORKCOMMANDSYSTEMSettingManual”disclosedontheKENWOODwebsite.
Fig.122 ARHP‑990MainWindow
Basic Specifications Inherited from the ARHP-590
TheARHP‑990,whichinheritsthebasicspecificationsoftheARHP‑590developedfortheTS‑590S,conformstothenewfunctionsoftheTS‑990S.
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User Interface
TheARHP‑990hasitsuserinterfacelanguagesinbothJapaneseandEnglish.TheARHP‑990isoperablewiththelanguagefamiliartotheuser.TheARHP‑990canautomaticallystartupwhenWindowsstarts.Withthisfunction,forinstance,whenaPCrestarts,theARHP‑990automaticallystartsupandestablishesaconnection.Select“Settings”fromthe“Tool”pull‑downmenu,andthenclickonthe“RunAutomaticallyatWindowsstartup.”checkboxtoenableit.Now,operatingstatusesoftheARHP‑990andTS‑990ScanbeviewedevenwhiletheARHP‑990isminimized.TheTS‑990SpowerOn/Offstate,userconnectionstatus,transmittingstate,etc.canbeviewedinpop‑upmessages.
Fig.123 ARHP‑990Pop‑upMessage
Disabling the AF Gain Control from the ARCP‑990
IntheARHP‑990,theAFgaincontrolbytheARCP‑990canbedisabled.IftheAFgaincontrolcanbecontrolledfromtheARCP‑990,anunexpectedaudiolevelmaybesetintheTS‑990S.DisablingtheAFgaincontroldoesnotchangetheaudiolevel.Toenablethisfunction,select“Setup”fromthe“Tool”pulldownmenu,andthenclickonthe“ProhibitscontrolofAFgainfromARCP‑990”checkboxinthe“Settings”screen.
LAN Connection with the TS‑990S
IntheARHP‑990,aconnectiontotheTS‑990SthroughtheLANconnectorisimplemented.Refertothesection“LANConnectionwiththeTS‑990S”in“RadioControlProgramARCP‑990”.
Internal VoIP (for the KNS Connection via a LAN)
FortheVoIPfunctions,referto“InternallyImplementedVoIP(foraLANconnectiontotheKNS)”in“RadioControlProgramARCP‑990”.
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USB Audio Controller for the ARUA‑10
TheARUA‑10isasoftwareapplicationfortheUSBaudiocontroltosubstituteamicrophoneandspeakeroftheTS‑990SwithamicrophoneandspeakerconnectedtoaPCwhentheTS‑990SisconnectedtothePCusingaUSBcable.Referalsoto“TS‑990SUSBAudioSettingsManual”distributedontheKENWOODwebsite.
Caution:◆ ForUSBaudio,atimedelayisunavoidableduetoitsoperatingprinciple.Thus,itisnotappropriateinacasewhenthedelaymaycauseaprobleminoperation(forexample,whenquickresponsesarerequiredinacontestorpileup).
◆ IftheTS‑990SisoperatedwithaKNSconnectionthroughanetwork,noARUA‑10isused.
Basic Functions
TousetheARUA‑10alongwiththeARCP‑990,connecttheTS‑990StoaPCusingasingleUSBcable.Throughtheconnection,thetransceivercanbecontrolledfromthePCandamicrophoneandspeakerconnectedtothePCcanbesubstitutedwiththemicrophoneandspeakeroftheTS‑990S.TousetheARCP‑990withaUSBcableconnection,youmustfirstinstallthevirtualCOMportdriverinthePC.TouseonlytheARUA‑10whileaPCisconnectedwithaUSBcable,thevirtualCOMportdriverdoesnotneedtobepre‑installedintothePC.TheUSBsoundfunctionimplementedintheTS‑990ScanoperatewithonlythedriversimplementedinWindows.
Operation
TheARUA‑10divertsthedatabetweentheUSBsoundfunction(USBaudiodevice)builtintotheTS‑990SandthesounddeviceonaPCforthemicrophoneandspeakercontrol.AnaudiosignalcapturedbythemicrophoneconnectedtothePCisdivertedtothemodulationinputoftheUSBaudiodeviceintheTS‑990S.TheaudiosignalsentfromtheRXoutputoftheUSBaudiodeviceintheTS‑990SisdivertedtothespeakerofthePC.
Fig.124 ExampleoftheARUA‑10andPeripheralConnections
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Configurations for Practical Operations
TheARUA‑10wasreleasedasasoftwareapplicationdedicatedfortheTS‑590SatthesametimetheTS‑590Swasreleased.ThelatestARUA‑10,Version2.01(asofAugust2013),allowsyoutosaveupto10patternsofconfigurations,enablingyoutoconnectboththeTS‑990SandTS‑590StoonePC.Right‑clickingthe“ARUA‑10”icononthetasktraydisplaysthe“DeviceSettings”pulldownmenu.Thedesiredconfigurationaccordingtoyourpracticaloperationscanbemadeinthe"Settings"screen.
Fig.125 ARUA‑10SettingsScreen
TX/RX Audio Delays Reduced
IntheARUA‑10,Version2.00,thestructureofthesoftwareitselfwasreviewedandtheTX/RXaudiodelayhasbeenreducedincomparisonwiththatofVersion1.00.
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VoIP Programs ARVP‑10H/ARVP‑10R
Fig.126 ARVP‑10HMainWindow(forHostStation) Fig.127 ARVP‑10RMainWindow(forRemoteStation)
Therearetwosoftwareapplicationsreleasedtodiverttheaudiosignalwiththenetworkconnection:theARVP‑10H,whichprovidestheVoIPfunctiononthehoststationsitewheretheTS‑990Sisplaced,andtheARVP‑10R,whichprovidestheVoIPfunctionontheremotestationsitethatremotelycontrolstheTS‑990S.TheARVP‑10HandARVP‑10RarefreesoftwareapplicationsandcanbedownloadedfromtheKENWOODwebsite.Referalsotothe“TS‑990SKENWOODNETWORKCOMMANDSYSTEMSettingManual”distributedontheKENWOODwebsite.
Basic Functions
TheARVP‑10HandARVP‑10RenableanaudiosignaltobesentandreceivedthroughLANortheInternet.ConnectingtheARCP‑990andARHP‑990totheKNSthroughaLANenablesuseoftheVoIPfunctionsprovidedbytheARCP‑990andARHP‑990.ConnectingtheARCP‑990andARHP‑990totheKNSthroughtheInternetdisablestheVoIPfunctionsprovidedintheARCP‑990andARHP‑990,sousetheARVP‑10H,ARVP‑10R,orcommonlyavailableVoIPsoftware.
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Virtual COM Port Driver
IftheTS‑990SisconnectedtoaPCusingaUSBcable,avirtualCOMportdrivermustbeinstalledtousetheARCP‑990,ARHP‑990,and/orotherapplicationsoftwarewhichcancontroltheTS‑990SthroughtheRS‑232Cbus.ForconnectionoftheTS‑990StoaPCusinganRS‑232CorLANcable,avirtualCOMportdriverdoesnotneedtobeinstalledontothePC.Likewise,foruseonlywiththeARUA‑10byconnectingtheTS‑990StothePCusingaUSBcable,avirtualCOMportdriverdoesnotneedtobeinstalledontothePC.InthecasewhenonlytheUSBsoundfunctionimplementedintheTS‑990Sisused,thestandarddriversinstalledinWindowsareemployed.ToconfirmwhichCOMportnumbertheUSBportoftheTS‑990SisallocatedinthevirtualCOMportdrive,opentheDeviceManagerwindowofWindowsandexpand“Port(COMandLPT)”.“COMxx”of“SiliconLabsCP210xUSBtoUARTBridge(COMxx)”indicatestheCOMportnumberallocatedinWindowsforthevirtualCOMportdriver.Inthefollowingexample,“SiliconLabsCP210xUSBtoUARTBridge(COM3)”isindicated.Inthiscase,"COM3"istheCOMportnumberallocatedtothevirtualCOMportdriver
.Fig.128 COMPortNumberfortheVirtualCOMPortDriveintheDeviceManager
TheCOMportnumberwillchangeuponreconnectingaUSBcabletoanotherUSBportofaPCthatisconnectedtotheTS‑990S.ToviewtheCOMportnumber,repeattheaboveprocedure.
08 TERMINAL
85
PADDLE and KEY Jacks
ConventionalmodelshavethePADDLEjackontheirrearpanel;however,theTS‑990SplacesthePADDLEjackonthefrontpanelforeasieraccessibility.TheTS‑990Shasaninternalelectronickeyer,whichallowsyoutouseapaddlebysimplyconnectingittothePADDLEjack.“Paddle”isthedefaultconfigurationforthePADDLEjack,and“StraightKey”isthedefaultfortheKEYjack(ontherearpanel);however,thefollowingtypesofelectronickeyscanbeuseddependingonyourconfiguration:
● Usable Keys for the PADDLE and KEY Jacks• Paddle• Bugkey• Straightkey• Externalelectronickeyer• PCkeyeroutput
Fig.129 PADDLEJack(ontheFrontPanel) Fig.130 KEYJack(ontheRearPanel)
EXT SP1 and EXT SP2 Jacks
Withthesejacks,theTS‑990Sallowsyoutoconnectoneortwoexternalspeakers.Theexternalspeakerscanseparatelyemitthesoundofasignalduringthedualbandreception.IfanexternalspeakerisconnectedonlytotheEXT SP1jack,theinternalspeakermutesandtheaudioforboththemainbandandthesubbandsounds.Inthatsituation,connectinganexternalspeakertotheEXT SP2jackmakesaudioforthemainbandavailablefromtheEXT SP1jackandaudioforthesubbandavailablefromtheEXT SP2jack(withthedefaultsettings:Normal).Also,connectingtheexternalspeakeronlytotheEXT SP2jackenablesaudioforthemainbandtosoundfromtheinternalspeaker,andaudioforthesubbandtoemitfromtheEXT SP2jack(withthedefaultsettings:Normal).Theaudiooutputformattotheexternalspeakerscanbeconfiguredtonormal,inverted,ormixedinmenu7‑15“SpeakerOutputConfiguration”.
Fig.131 EXTSP1andEXTSP2Jacks
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08 TERMINAL
PHONES Jack
TheTS‑990Scanacceptasetofstereoheadphones.Thereisaninternalheadphone‑dedicatedamplifieravailabletoprovidestableoutputevenwithhigh‑impedanceheadphones.Also,themainband/subbandoutputmixingratiocanbeconfiguredinMenu1‑07“HeadphonesMixingBalance”,andtheleft/rightoutputreversingcanbeconfiguredinMenu1‑08“HeadphonesLeft/RightReverse”.InMenu1‑07,theaudiooutputmixingratiocanbeconfiguredfrom10stepsallowingyouthecomfortableandnaturalsoundevenforlong‑termoperation.
Fig.132 PHONESJack
KEYPAD Jack
AmaximumoffourfunctionscanbeassignedtothePFkeylocatedontheTS‑990Sfrontpanel.ConnectingakeypadtotheKEYPADjackontherearpanelallowsyoutoassignamaximumofeightfunctionstothekeysofthekeypad.Forexample,ifthemessagememoryfunctionhasbeenassignedtothePFkey,avoicemessage,CWmessage,FSKmessage,andPSKmessagecanbetransmittedwithasinglepress,forinstanceduringacontestwhenquickoperationiseffective.Tomakeyourownkeypad,refertothefollowingcircuitdiagram.
Fig.133 KEYPADJack
Φ3.5 mm plug
EXTP2EXTP1GND
R11.5kΩ
R21.5kΩ
R32.2kΩ
R44.7kΩ
R51.5kΩ
R61.5kΩ
R72.2kΩ
R84.7kΩ
PF1
PF2
PF3
PF4
PF5
PF6
PF7
PF8
Fig.134 ExampleofaKEYPAD Circuit
Note:◆ Thecircuitdiagrammerelyshowsaprinciplescheme.Beforeusingaself‑madekeypad,makesureitdoesnotcauseanymalfunctionduetoRFwaveornoiseinterference.Addingbypasscapacitors,inductors,and/orferritecorestothekeypadcircuitmaylowerthepossibilityofmalfunction.
◆ Internally,theterminalvoltageispulledupto3.3V,andthevoltageobtainedbyvoltage‑divisionwiththeresistanceconnectedtotheterminalisreadbytheCPUthroughanA/Dconvertertodetectwhichkeyispressed.
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TERMINAL 08
METER Jack
ConnectingananalogmetertotheMETERjackenablesittoindicatethesignallevelofthetransmittingandreceivingsignalsusingthemainbandandsubband.Outputsignaltypecanbeconfiguredforthemainbandandthesubbandrespectively.ThesamesignalcanalsobesentfromtheACC 2connector.TheMETERjackoutputratingisasdescribedbelow.
Fig.135 METERJack
• Voltage:0to5V(noload)• Impedance:4.7kΩ
Main Band Meter Sub Band Meter
(+) (-) (+) (-)
To Meter
Φ3.5 mm plug
See a Note below
See a Note below
Fig.136 ExampleofaMeterCircuit
Note:◆ ToconnectacommerciallyavailablemetertotheMETERjack,addresistorsand/orvariableresistorsasneeded.
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08 TERMINAL
ACC 2 Connector
TheinputandoutputofanexternaldevicecanbeconnectedtotheACC 2connector.TheACC 2connectorhasa13‑pinaccessoryterminalanditspinassignmentisintendedtomatchthoseoftransceiversthathaveamainbandandasubband,suchastheTS‑2000S,TS‑950,andTS‑790.Pin2isreservedforRTTYkeying.
● RTTY Keying InputInFSKmode,likeconventionalmodels,theTS‑990SallowsaRTTYterminaldeviceandaPCaswellasaninternaldemodulatortoenterkeyingsignalstothepin.Thelogicissuchthattransmissionstartswiththedisplayedfrequencybyshortingthecircuittogroundandfrequencythatisshiftedby170Hzbyopeningthecircuit(FSKshiftwidth:170Hz,FSKkeypolarityreverse:Off).
ab c
d
ef g
h
ij k
lm
Fig.137 ACC2Connector
Table13 ACC2ConnectorPinAssignment
Pin No.
Pin Name
Function I/O
1 SANO
Subbandaudiooutput• Connectthispintotheaudioinputofanexternaldevice(TNC,MCP,PC).• TheaudiooutputlevelisnotassociatedwiththeAFknob(soundvolume).• TheaudiooutputlevelcanbechangedinMenu7‑11.Withtheaudiooutputlevelsetto"0",theaudiosignaloutputis0Vp‑p.Withthedefaultvalueof"50",itis0.5Vp‑p,andwiththeaudiooutputlevelsetto"100",itis1Vp‑p.(Outputimpedance:10kΩ)
O
2 RTTYRTTY(FSK)keyingpin
• ThekeyingpolaritycanbechangedinMenu2‑07.I
3 MANO
Mainbandaudiooutput• Connectthispintotheaudioinputofanexternaldevice(TNC,MCP,PC).• TheaudiooutputlevelisnotassociatedwiththeAFknob(soundvolume).• TheaudiooutputlevelcanbechangedinMenu7‑10.Withtheaudiooutputlevelsetto"0",theaudiosignaloutputis0Vp‑p.Withthedefaultvalue"50",itis0.5Vp‑p,andwiththeaudiooutputlevelsetto"100",itis1Vp‑p.(Outputimpedance:10kΩ)
O
4 GND Signalground —
5 MSQ
Mainbandsquelchcontroloutput• ConnectthispintothesquelchinputofaTNC/MCP/PCconnectioninterface.• Whilethesquelchisopen:Lowimpedance• Whilethesquelchisclosed:Highimpedance
O
6 MMET Mainbandmeterlevelsignaloutput O
7 SSQ Subbandsquelchcontroloutput —
8 GND Signalground —
89
TERMINAL 08
Pin No.
Pin Name
Function I/O
9 PKS
ConnectthispintothePTToutputofaTNC/MCP/PCconnectioninterface.• ConnectingthePKSpintoGNDstartstransmission.• TheinputsoundsourceforthetransmissionbythePKSpincanbeselectedinthesettingsscreenthatappearswithalongpressofthe[DATA/SEL]key.
I
10 SMETSubbandmeterleveloutput
• ThemetertypeforoutputandtheoutputlevelcanbechangedinAdvancedMenus1and3.
O
11 ANI
Datacommunicationaudioinput• ConnectthispintotheaudiooutputofaPC(orPCconnectioninterface)orexternaldevice.
• Theaudiooutputlevelisnotassociatedwiththe[MIC]knob(MicrophoneGain).• TheaudioinputlevelcanbechangedinMenu7‑06.Withtheaudiooutputlevelsetto"0",almostnomodulatedaudioistransmitted.Withthedefaultvalueof"50",enteringa10‑mVrmssignaltransmitsthetypicallymodulatedaudiosignal,andwiththeaudiooutputlevelsetto"100",enteringa1‑mVrmssignaltransmitsthetypicallymodulatedaudiosignal.(Inputimpedance:10kΩ)
I
12 GND • Signalground —
13 SS
PTTinput• ThefunctionofthispinisthesameasthatofPin2oftheMICconnectorandPin3oftheREMOTEconnector.
• Thisisthesamebehavioraswhenthe[SEND]keyispressed.• ConnectingtheSSpintoGNDstartstransmission.• TheinputsoundsourceforthetransmissionbytheSSpincanbeselectedinthesettingsscreenthatappearswithalongpressofthe[DATA/SEL]key.
I
OPTICAL IN and OPTICAL OUT Connectors
TheTS‑990ScanbeconnectedtoacommerciallyavailableaudiodevicewithopticaldigitalI/OterminalsviatheOPTICAL INandOPTICAL OUTconnectors.Havingnoelectricalcontactbetweendevices,theseconnectorsservetopreventproblemssuchasaharmonicscrosstalkandelectrichumsuperimposition.WithdirectdigitalsignalinputfromandoutputtoDSPsthroughtheconnectors,ahigh‑qualityTX/RXenvironmentcanbeestablished.Outputformat(configurationforreversionoftheleftandrightchannels,mixingratio)fortheopticaldigitaloutput(receivedaudio:conformto48kHzsamplingfrequencyand24bits)canbeconfiguredinMenu7‑8“Optical:AudioOutputConfiguration”.(Thedefaultisreceivedaudiofortheleftchannelofthemainbandandtherightchannelofthesubband.)Theopticaldigitalinput(transmittingaudio:conformsto44.1kHzand48kHzsamplingfrequenciesand24bitsand16bits)convertsstereosignalstomonauralsignals.
Fig.138 OPTICALINandOPTICALOUTTerminals
90
08 TERMINAL
DISPLAY Connector
TheDISPLAYconnectorcanbeconnectedtoanexternalmonitorandcantransferthecontentsthatappearonthemainscreentotheexternalmonitor.TheDISPLAYconnectorisaDVI‑Iconnector,whichallowstheTS‑990StotransferbothdigitalandanalogRGBsignals.WithaD‑sub15‑pinconversionconnector,amonitorwithananalogRGBsignalinputterminalcanbeconnected.Needlesstosay,acablewithaDVIanalogconnectorcanbeusedaswell.
Fig.139 DISPLAYConnector(ontheRearPanel) Fig.140 DVI(Male)‑VGA(Female)ConversionConnector(CommerciallyAvailable)
LAN Connector
ConnectsaPCthroughaLANwithaLANconnectorsoastocontroltheTS‑990SbyusingtheARCP‑990fromaPC,ortooperatewithKNS(KENWOODNETWORKCOMMANDSYSTEM),ortouseanNTP(NetworkTimeProtocol)serverforautomatictimecorrection.TheTS‑990Ssupportsthe100BASE‑TXand10BASE‑TLANinterfaces.
Fig.141 LANConnector
Fig.142 ExampleofaLANConnection
91
TERMINAL 08
USB Connector (USB-A)
TheUSB‑A(female)connector(onthefrontpanel)canbeconnectedtoacommerciallyavailableUSBflashdriveorUSBkeyboard.
Fig.143 USBConnector(ontheFrontPanel)
● Example of using a USB flash driveThroughtheconnector,settingsconfiguredandvoicedatacreatedontheTS‑990ScanbecopiedtoaUSBflashdrive,andfirmwareandfilescanbeloadedintotheTS‑990S.Inaddition,screenscapturedonthemaindisplayandsubdisplaycanbestoredinaUSBflashdrive.• Whenitistroublesometoexecute“SafeRemovalofUSBFlashDrive”intheUSBflashdrivemenu,assign“SafeRemovalofUSB
FlashDrive”toaPFkeyforeasyremovalofaUSBflashdrivefromtheUSBconnector.Withthisassignment,pressingthePFkeyexecutes“SafeRemovalofUSBFlashDrive”andtheUSBflashdrivecanbesafelyandquicklyremoved.
● Example of using a USB keyboardConnectingaUSBkeyboardtotheUSBconnectormakesoperationsontheTS‑990Seasier.Forexample,thefollowingoperations:• Sendvoicemessagesrecordedandstoredasfixedphrasesand/orCWmessageswithapressofafunctionkeyonthekeyboard.• SendregisteredfixedphrasesfromtheFSK Encode/DecodescreenorPSK Encode/Decodescreenwithapressofafunction
keyonthekeyboard.• Editorregistertextstringstobeentered.• ScrolltextstringsontheFSK Encode/DecodescreenorPSK Encode/Decodescreenbypressingthe[Page Up]keyand
[Page Down]keyonthekeyboard.• SavethecontentsofthemaindisplayandthesubdisplaytoaUSBflashdrive(PNGformat)bypressingthe[Print Screen]key
ontheUSBkeyboardifaUSBflashdriveispluggedintotheUSBconnector.
92
08 TERMINAL
USB Connector (USB-B)
TheUSB‑B(female)connector(ontherearpanel)canbeconnectedtoaPC.Throughtheconnector,youcantheremotelycontroltheTS‑990SusingtheARCP‑990,playreceivedaudioonthePC,orupdateitsfirmwarefromthePC.AUSBcableconformingtoUSB2.0(AconnectortoBconnectortype)mustbeused.
Fig.144 USBConnector(ontheRearPanel)
TheUSBConnector(ontheRearPanel)anditsPeripheralsBlockDiagramshowsthesignalpathstoaDSPandrespectiveCPUsthrougha3‑channelhub.
Audio Processing (DSP)
Control Processing
USB Audio
cortex-A8AM3517
USB SerialConverter
USB3ch
HUB
USB-B ConnectorUSB Device
Functions,PC Control,USB Audio,User Drive
Fig.145 USBConnector(ontheRearPanel)anditsPeripheralsBlockDiagram
09 MECHANICAL STRUCTURE
93
Internal Structure
ThischapterdescribestheinternalstructureoftheTS‑990S.Insidethechassis,theTS‑990Shasa2‑layerstructureconsistingofanupperlayerandalowerlayer.Intheupperlayer,theAC/DCpowersupplyunitandDC/DCunitareplacedontheleftside,thefinalunitisplacedinthecenter,andtheprintedcircuitboardsareplacedin3layersontherightside.Intherightsidelayers,thetoplayeraccommodatestheantennaconnectorunit,themiddlelayeraccommodatestheantennaswitchingunit,andthelowerlayeraccommodatestheantennatunerunit.Thefrontpanelframeaccommodatesthedisplayunit.
Fig.146 UpperLayerStructure
Fig.147 LowerLayerStructure
Inthelowerlayer,mostunitsareplacedina2‑layer(upperlayer/lowerlayer)structure.TheTX/RXunitisplacedontheleftupper‑side,andtheRXunit,pre‑selectorunit,andbandpassfilterunitareplacedontherearcenter‑side.Thedigitalunit(upperlayer)andDSPunit(lowerlayer)areplacedontherearright‑side.Thecontrolunit(upperlayer)andscopeunit(lowerlayer)areplacedonthefrontright‑side.ThesubbandPLLunit(upperlayer)andmainbandPLLunit(lowerlayer)areplacedonthefrontleft‑side.
94
09 TECHANICAL STRUCTURE
Theexternaldimensionsare165mmhigh(+24mm)x460mmwide(+58mm)x400mmdeep(‑5mm)(61/2inhigh(+15/16in)x187/64inwide(+29/32in)x153/4indeep(‑13/64in)).ThevaluesintheparenthesesindicatethemeasurementscomparedwiththeTS‑950.ThepanelsizeiswiderthanthatoftheTS‑950;however,thedepthisshorterby5mm(13/64in).Forthehigh‑densitymountingofanumberofboardsinthechassis,partitionsareplacedandtheboardsaresecuredinthepartitions.Thepartitionedstructureservestogiveshieldingeffectivenessbythewallsofthepartitions.
Fig.5 Chassis(UpperSurface) Fig.5 Chassis(BottomSurface)
Cooling
TheTS‑990Shasafinalunitwhichiscooledbyacrimpedfanradiator.Water‑coolingradiators,heat‑piperadiators,andothervarioustypesofradiatorswereexamined,andtheradiatoronwhichtheradiatingfinsarecrimpedwaschosenbecauseofitsexcellentbalancedfeaturesconcerningcoolingcapability,weight,operatingnoise,andreliability.Thewater‑cooledstructureissuperiorincoolingcapability,butisnotsuitableforatransceiverthatmaybesubjecttolong‑termoperationwithoutmaintenance.
Fig.5 Radiator Fig.5 Water‑CoolingHead Fig.5 HeatPipes
TheTS‑990Shasfiveinternalcoolingfanmotors.Thefansarerespectivelyplacedforthepowersupplyunit,finalunit,andantennatunerunitzones,andtheTS‑990Sairbreathsfromthesidesandbottomtocooltheinsidewiththeairbythefans.Thecoolingsystemisdesignedforsimplicity.Themotorofthefanforthefinalunithasa3‑stepoperatingmodetosecurelessnoisebytheoperationofthefinalunit.Evenifthetemperaturerisestoanunexpecteddegree,aprotectionfunctionactivatesandreducesthetransmitpowertosecureprotectionagainstmalfunction.
95
MECHANICAL STRUCTURE 09
ThefivecoolingfanmotorsaremadebySanyoDenkiCo.,Ltd.,whoseproductsaretrustworthy.
Fig.6 FanPlacementandVentilationFlow
Asthenumberofcoolingfansemployedincreases,theinternalventilationflowbecomesmorecomplicated.Atthedevelopmentstage,CAEanalysiswascarriedouttooptimizetheventilationflow.Theimage“FanPlacementandVentilationFlow”showsavisualizedairflowinthechassisonitsupperside.
Fig.7 AirFlowSimulation
Thelinesindicatestreamsofair.Thehigherthedensityofthelines,themoretheairflows.Theimageaboveshowsthatthestreamsofairpassthroughthefinalunitatthecenterandsmoothlygooutside.
96
09 TECHANICAL STRUCTURE
Top Panel Vibration Analysis
TheTS‑990Scabinethasbeendesignedbytakingintoaccount,thesoundqualityoftheinternalspeaker.ThroughCAEanalysisforthechassis‑enclosingcabinet,thescrewsareplacedinamannersuchthattheywillminimizedeteriorationofthesoundquality.Inaddition,withconjunctureonthelocationsofthenodesandanti‑nodesofvibrationsbyfrequencythroughvibrationanalysisofthecabinet,thescrewsareplacedtosuppressvibrations.Thescrewplacementservestopreventthedeteriorationofsoundqualityduetothemechanicalstructureandachievebetterlisteningabilityevenduringlongoperations.
Fig.8 SimulationofTopCaseDeformation Fig.5 ScrewPlacementontheTopCase
Theisland‑likeportionsareanti‑nodeswherethetopcaseisexpectedtobedeformedtotheconvexorconcaveshapeagainsttheaudioinacertainfrequency.Theotherportionsarenodeswherenovibrationoccurs.Soundfromthespeakercausesthetopcasetoresonateanddeform,andthesoundfromthespeakerismixedwithnoiseemittedbythecabinetduetothevibration,resultingindeteriorationoftheaudiblesound.Tosuppressthedeformation,thelocationsofthedeformations(anti‑nodes)needtobesecuredwithscrews.Thescrews,whicharenotsymmetricallyplaced,representthedeliberatedesignofthetransceiverwithabuilt‑inspeaker,inwhicheachscrewiscarefullylocated.
Lift‑up Mechanism of the Front Bases
Forthelift‑upmechanismofthefrontbases,rotaryleversareusedtoallowtheextensionstobeeasilyfoldedandunfolded.Whentheextensionsarefolded,theyareinvisiblefromthefrontwithoutdetractingfromtheestheticdesignofthefrontbases.Whenthebodyisliftedupwiththeextensions,theshapesofthefrontbasesandextensionsmatchintheformofanarcwithalookofaunifiedandbeautifulappearance.
Fig.6 ExtensionsFolded
Lift-up
Same CircleArc
Fig.7 ExtensionsUnfolded
97
MECHANICAL STRUCTURE 09
Thelift‑upmechanismisdesignedsothatthebottomsurfaceofthefrontbaseisalignedwiththebottomsurfaceoftheextensionwhenitisunfolded,toallowthebodytoreceiveitsweightatalmostarightangletothedirectionofgravity.Consequently,thefrontbasecansupporttheheavyweightoftheTS‑990Swithsufficientmarginsandwithoutstresstotherotaryarm.
Product Weight Force
Received ProductWeight Force
Fig.8 DirectionoftheWeightLoadwhentheTS‑990SisLifted
Panel Design
FromtheTS‑870andlaterHFmodels,wehavebeendesigningthefrontpanelsnotasadesigncommontotheseries,butasmodel‑specificdesignsrepresentingeachmodel’sfeatures.WhilewehadbeenkeepingthepolicytomakeourproductsidentifiableasaKENWOODproductfromanyangle,wegaveadigitallooktotheTS‑870,whichwastheworld’sfirstamateur‑intendedtransceiverwithIFDSPimplementation,andgaveaneasy‑to‑operatelooktotheTS‑570incompliancewithitsdevelopmentconcept.However,againstourintention,thereweremarketdemandsforadesignthatlookslikeaconventionalHFtransceiver.Inthatcontext,westartedtoexaminetheappearanceofthenewmodelfromscratch,plottingitsbasiccircuitandDSPengineering,beforethedevelopmentoftheTS‑990Sevenstarted.Theexaminationwascarriedoutfromtheviewpointof“howfutureKENWOODHFtransceiversshallbedesigned”,whichisnotintendedonlyforaspecifictransceiver.Engineersandproductdesignersperformedapracticalexamination.WetoldthedesignerstheusabilityfromtheviewpointofHFtransceiveruserssothattheycouldunderstandwaysofuseoftheHFtransceiver,userpreferencesandcustomsonHFtransceiveruse,andevaluationsforourpasttransceiversonthemarkettoletthemexaminenotjustthedesignoftheappearance.Werepeatedaprocessinwhichthedesignersdrewsketchesbasedontheusabilityandwereviewedthesketches.Eventually,adesigncompetitionwasheld,andthedesignsketchshownbelowwasselectedasthe“TasteofourHFtransceiverdesign”.
Fig.9 DesignSketch
The“designsketch”isnotthesketchoftheappearanceusedforourpracticaldesign.Theallocationofthepartsisnotconcernedwithpracticalimplementation.ThedesignsketchwascreatedbasedontheHFtransceiverusability,majorfunctionstheflagshipmodelmusthave,andotherideas.TheTS‑590SwasdevelopedpriortotheTS‑990SandwasdesignedasthedesignersdescribedintheTS‑590Sin‑depthmanual.Atthatpointintime,wecouldnotdisclosethe“TasteofourHFtransceiverdesign”.TheTS‑590Swasdevelopedbasedonthedesignsketch,aswastheTS‑990S.
98
09 TECHANICAL STRUCTURE
ItgoeswithoutsayingthatopinionstotheTS‑590S,whichwaslaunchedin2010,areappliedtothedetailsoftheTS‑990Sdesign.ThefrontpaneloftheTS‑990SisasureexpressionofaKENWOODHFtransceiverwithaffinitytotheTS‑590S.
Fig.10 TS‑990S/TS‑590SFrontPanels
Operability
Thekeysandrotaryknobs,whicharedirectlylinkedtotheoperability,aredesignedandplacedtobeimmediatelyaccessible.TheTS‑990Shas110keysand28rotaryknobsofvarioussizes,adjustedtointernalandexternalshaftsdiameters.Evenforthemanykeysandrotaryknobs,theirparts,shape,placement,andspacetoadjacentpartswerecarefullyexaminedon3Dprintoutsbeforemock‑ups(dummymodelswithpracticaldimensions)weremanufactured,todevisetheiroperability.Therotaryknobsontherightsideofthefrontpanelseemtobeofthesamesize,butthesizeofthe[NB1],[NR1],[NOTCH](M),and[NOTCH](S)knobs,thesizeofthe[HI/SHIFT]knob,andthesizeofthe[AF](M)and[AF](S)knobsaredifferent.Thelowertheplacementoftheknob,thelargertherotaryknobdiameter.The[AF]knobhasthelargestexternaldiameterallowabletorestrictionsonthepartsallocation.Byusing3DCADsystems,3Dprinters,andotherdigitaldesigntoolstogetherwithconventionaldesignskills,thesophisticatedkeyandrotaryknoballocationisimplemented.WhenauserfirsthandlestheTS‑990S,theymaybeoverwhelmedbythemanykeysandknobsandwonder,“CanImasterthis?”However,operatingtheTS‑990Sforacertaintimewillmoderatesuchimpressionsthroughpracticalunderstandingofitsdesignconcepts,representedbytheblockallocationofthekeysandknobsandtheirsingle‑functionassignments.Fewerfunctionsassignedtokeysandrotaryknobsinacomplexhierarchyorredundantconfigurationservetoimplementdirectaccessibility.
Fig.11 KeyandRotaryKnobAllocation
99
MECHANICAL STRUCTURE 09
Anewmechanismforkeyswasemployedofferingarichtextureappropriatetotheflagshipproduct,whenakeyispressed.Thenewmechanismalsoeliminatestheunevennessonkeytouchesandprovidesauniformandexcellenttextureonapressofakeyfromanyangle.Additionally,forthekeyindicators,anewstructureisusedtoprovidethemwithhighilluminationintensityandlessunevenness.
Fig.12 KeyStructure Fig.13 Ten‑keyIllumination
Dual TFT Display and Touch Panel
ThedualTFTdisplay,thefirstofitskindemployedforanamateurradiotransceiver,consistsoftwosizesofTFTLCDswithanLEDbacklight,takingaccountofsituations,imagingquality,andlife‑span.ThedualTFTdisplayislong‑lifeandfreefromopticalirregularities,andprovidesbeautifulimaging.TherearetwoTFTLCDdisplaysandindicatorsthatarerespectivelybrightness‑adjustabletotheTS‑990Soperatingenvironment.
Fig.14 TFTLCD
Thedualdisplayemploysatouchpanel.ThisisadesignelementthatgivestheTS‑990Sasenseoffun,suchasbytouchingapointoftheBandscopescreenandallowingthefrequencyatthatpointtobeset.
100
09 TECHANICAL STRUCTURE
Main Control Knob Mechanism
ThemaincontrolknobismadeofaluminumandisNC‑machined.Itsshapewasdesignedbytakingintoaccounttherotationbalanceandeccentricitysuppression.Thedesignresultsinasuperboperationalfeelingofaweighted,smooth,andaccuratetouch.ThesurfaceoftheTuningknob(main)ismachinedbyaspecially‑designedtoolbitandisfinishedsothatithasaradiallylucentspin‑cutpattern.Thetorqueadjustmentring,whichisplacedontheTuningknob(main)shaft,isaluminumdie‑cast.Theoperationalfeelingandtextureoftheringknobhasnocompromise.
Ring Knob
Main Knob
Fig.15 AppearanceoftheMainTuningKnob
Therotationmechanismofthetorqueadjustmentringknobemploysacoatedmetalplateinitssliderblock,whichsecuresbetterclicks,smootherrotation,andlongerdurability.Furthermore,itsfrictionmaterialiscarefullychosenforbettertorqueadjustment.AnaluminumsheetisusedforthesurfaceofthearmontheTuningknob(main)sideandartificialleatherisusedforthefrictionmaterialontheoppositeside,toreducerotationnoiseandsecuresmoothrotation.
Fig.16 InsidetheTorqueAdjustmentRing
10 SP-990
101
ThisisthepremiumexternalspeakerforcommunicationsenablingthesystemenhancementcoupledwiththeTS‑990S.
Appearance and Features
Thefrontpanelisaluminumdie‑castingandthespeakernetisapunchedmetalsheetintendedforbettersoundtransittosecuregoodsoundqualitybyitsfundamentalstructure.TheSP‑990hasasimpledesignbuthighaffinitytotheTS‑990S.
Fig.17 AppearanceoftheSP‑990
Fig.18 ResonanceAnalysisResults(RelativeComparison)
Theimagesaboveshowarelativecomparisonofanalysisformaximumcabinetresonancecausedbytheoutputofasignal.Left:Thetopissecuredwithtwoscrewsandthesidesaresecuredwiththreescrews.Right:Thetopissecuredwithtwoscrewsalongwithoneadditionalscrewandthesidesaresecuredwiththreescrewsalongwithoneadditionalscrew.Theleftimageshowsahighresonancewithlargeamplitudeduetoanumberofsectionaloscillations.Therightimageshowslessresonancewithsmalleramplitudeasawhole.Thescrewsareallocatedaccordingtosuchresonanceanalysisresults.Withtheachievementofcleartoneswithoutincidentalnoise,orsoundqualitywithoutpeculiarcharacteristics,thisenablescustomerstocreateflexibleandaccuratesound.
Speaker
TheSP‑990isa10cmfullrangespeaker.Duetoitsflatfrequencycharacteristicsintheaudioband,thespeakerischosentoallowpreferredsoundstobeavailablethroughtheTS‑990Sequalizer.
102
10 SP-990
Built‑in Low‑cut/High‑cut Filters
Thebuilt‑inlow‑cutandhigh‑cutfilters,whichwerewellreputedontheSP‑950,aredesignedwithoptimizedvaluesforthefull‑rangespeaker.Thehigh‑passandlow‑passfiltersareadjustableinthreestepsforthebestfilteringbymode,suchasSSBorCWoperation.Theadjustablefiltersservetobeappliedtovariousoperations.Thechartsbelowshowthefrequencycharacteristics.Highcut‑offfrequenciescanbedecreasedinthesequenceofHIGH1,HIGH2,andHIGH1+HIGH2(HIGH1+HIGH2meansthatboththe[HIGH 1]and[HIGH 2]keysarepressedandheld).Lowcut‑offfrequenciescanbeincreasedinthesequenceofLOW1,LOW2,andLOW1+LOW2(LOW1+LOW2meansthatboththe[LOW 1]and[LOW 2]keysarepressedandheld).
Fig.19 FilterSwitch(ontheFrontPanel)
Fig.20 CharacteristicsoftheHigh‑CutFiltersandLow‑CutFilters
Speaker Input Select Switch
Thespeakerhastwospeakerinputterminals:AandB.Iftwotransceiversareconnectedtothespeaker,thesoundsourcecanbetoggledonthefrontpanel.Thisalsoappliestoconnectingasetofheadphones.Thespeakeralsohasalineoutterminalforfilteredaudiosignaloutputandamutefunctiontotemporarilystopaudiooutput.
Fig.21 InputSelectSwitch(A/B)(ontheFrontPanel)
IN-DEPTH MANUAL
TS-990S In-depth Manual August 01, 2014
CA-327W-E108JVC KENWOOD Corporation
All Rights Reserved.