True Version of the Philippine RevolutionBy Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy

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AUTH O RAMA Public Domain Books

 

Chapter I. The Revolution of 1896

Spain maintained control of the Philippine Islands for more than three centuries and a half, during which period the tyranny, misconduct and abuses of the Friars and the Civil and Military Administration exhausted the patience of the natives and caused them to make a desperate effort to shake off the unbearable galling yoke on the 26th and 31st August, 1896, then commencing the revolution in the provinces of Manila and Cavite.

On these memorable days the people of Balintawak, Santa Mesa, Kalookan, Kawit, Noveleta and San Francisco de Malabon rose against the Spaniards and proclaimed the Independence of the Philippines, and in the course of the next five days these uprisings were followed by the inhabitants of the other towns in Cavite province joining in the revolt against the Spanish Government although there was no previous arrangement looking to a general revolt. The latter were undoubtedly moved to action by the noble example of the former.

With regard to the rising in the province of Cavite it should be stated that although a call to arms bearing the signatures of Don Augustin Rieta, Don Candido Firona and myself, who were Lieutenants of the Revolutionary Forces, was circulated there was no certainty about the orders being obeyed, or even received by the people, for it happened that one copy of the orders fell into the hands of a Spaniard named Don Fernando Parga, Military Governor of the province, who at that time was exercising the functions of Civil Governor, who promptly reported its contents to the Captain-General of the Philippines, Don Ramon Blanco y Erenas. The latter at once issued orders for the Spanish troops to attack the revolutionary forces.

It would appear beyond doubt that One whom eye of man hath not seen in his wisdom and mercy ordained that the emancipation of the oppressed people of the Philippines should be undertaken at this time, for otherwise it is inexplicable how men armed only with sticks andgulok [1] wholly unorganized and undisciplined, could defeat the Spanish Regulars in severe engagements at Bakoor, Imus and Noveleta and, in addition to making many of them prisoners, captured a large quantity of arms and ammunition. It was owing to this astonishing success of the revolutionary troops that General Blanco quickly

concluded to endeavour, to maintain Spanish control by the adoption of a conciliatory policy under the pretext that thereby he could quel the rebellion, his first act being a declaration to the effect that it was not the purpose of his Government to oppress the people and he had no desire “to slaughter the Filipinos.”.

The Government of Madrid disapproved of General Blanco’s new policy and speedily appointed Lieutenant-General Don Camilo Polavieja to supersede him, and despatched forthwith a large number of Regulars to the Philippines.

General Polavieja advanced against the revolutionary forces with 16,000 men armed with Mausers, and one field battery. He had scarcely reconquered half of Cavite province when he resigned, owing to bad health. That was in April, 1897.

Polavieja was succeeded by the veteran General Don Fernando Primo de Rivera, who had seen much active service. As soon as Rivera had taken over command of the Forces he personally led his army in the assault upon and pursuit of the revolutionary forces, and so firmly, as well as humanely, was the campaign conducted that he soon reconquered the whole of Cavite province and drove the insurgents into the mountains.

Then I established my headquarters in the wild and unexplored mountain fastness of Biak-na-bató, where I formed the Republican Government of the Philippines at the end of May, 1897

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Pananakop ng mga EspañolI.                    Paglunsad ng mga eksplorasyon

                    Maraming mga bagay at dahilan ang nag-udyok sa mga Europeo upang tumuklas at manakop ng mga lugar na hindi pa kristiyanado.                    Isa sa mga dahilang ito ay ang mga krusada. Ito ang ekspidisyong ipinadala ng mga kristiyanong bansa sa Europa, sa

Marming Salamat!!!

Magellan

Lagazpi

Gitnang Silangan upang agawing muli sa mga Muslim ang “banal na lupain”. Kahit hindi nagtagumpay ang krusada sa layuning nito, nakita ng mga mandirigmang europeo ang mga kayamanan at produkto ng Silangan. Nagkaroon ng bagong panlasa at interes ang mga Europeo sa pamumuhay at mga karangyaan ng mga nakadigmang taga- Silangan. Nauso ang paggamit ng mga rekadong gaya ng cinnamon, paminta, luya at iba pa. Isang malaking negosyo ito kung matutunton ang pinanggalingan ng mga rekadong ito. Gayunpaman, monopolyo ng mga taga-Venice ang pag-angkat at pamamahagi sa Europa ng mga bagay mula sa Silangan. Nang bumagsak noong 1453 ang Constantinople sa mga Turkong Muslim,tanging mga mangangalakal na taga-Venice lamang ang pinahintulutang makadaan sa Dagat Madeterano. Ito ay dahil ang mga taga-Venice ay pumanig sa mga Muslim sa pakikidigma nito sa mga Griyego. Ang paghahangad na was akin ang monopolyo ng mga taga-Venice sa kalakalang Silangan-Kanluran  ang nagtulak sa mga ibang Europeo na humanap ng ibang daanan patungong silangan.                    Ang mga salaysay ni Marco Polo tungkol sa mga paglalakbay niya sa China at ang karangyaan ng bansang ito ay nagging isa ring pang-akit.                    Sa panahong ding ito umunlad ang agham at karunungan at sa mga bagong imbensyon ay kasama ang mga kagamitang sa nabigasyon gaya ng kompas, mapa at iba pang instrumentong pang giya. Nagbigay ito ng lakas ng loob sa mga nabigador upang puntahan ang mga lugar na hindi pa naaabot ng mga taga kanluran.

II.                 Kasunduan sa Tordesillas                    Dahil sa paguunahan o pagpapaligsahan ng Portugal at Espanya sa panunuklas o eksplorasyon, napairal ng isang dekreto ang papa ng Roma, Alexander VI na nagtatakda at nagsisilbing gabay sa pagtuklas ng dalawang bansa. Noong Mayo 3, 1493, binigyan ng papa ng karapatang ang Espanya na manuklas sa bagong daigdig at ang Portugal sa Africa. Binago ito noong Mayo 4, 1493. Gumuhit ng isang imahenaryong linya na nagmula sa hilagang polo patungong timog polo, 100 liga sa kanluran ng Azores at Cabo. Ang mga lupaing matutuklasan sa silangan ng linya ay sa Portugal at lahat ng mga lupaing nasa kanluran ay sa Espanya. Dahil sa pagtutol ng Portugal sa mga dekreto ng papa, pinagtibay ang kasunduan ng Tordesillas noong Hunyo 7, 1494.

III. Pagtuklas ni Magellan sa Pilipinas.                    Ninais ni Magellan, isang Portuges, na maglalayag upang hanapin ang  Spice Island. Lumapit siya sa hari ng Espanya. Binigyan siya nito ng limang barkon at 264 na manlalayag.                    Naglayag sila papuntang kanluran kahit ang SpiceIsland ay nasa silangan. Sa halip na makarating sa nasabing pulo, napunta sila sa pulong malapit sa Samar.                    Dumaong sila sa pulo ng

Homonhon noong ika 16 ng Marso, 1521. Sa baybayin ng Limasawa, ipinagdiwang nila ang unang misang Katoliko noong Marso 31, 1521. Naglayag sila patungong Cebu at nakipagkaibigan kas Rajah Humabon, hari ng Cebu. Noong ika 14 ng Abril, isa pang misa ang ginanap at ito ay sinundan ng pagbibinyag kay Rajah Humabon, ang asawa nito at 800 na katutubo. Sila ang kaunaunahang Kristiyanong Pilipino.

IV. Felipinas~Pilipinas                    Taong 1543 dumating si Villalobos sa pulo ngLeyte. Siya ang nagpangalan sa ating bansa ng Felipinas bilang parangal sa haring Espanya, si Haring Felipe II. Dumating naman si Miguel Lopez de Legazpi noong 1565. Siya ang unang nagtayo ng unang pamayanan Kastila sa Cebu. Nagsimulang kumalat ang ia pang pamayanang Kastila sa Visaya at Luzon.

V. Labanan sa Mactan

    Nais mamahala ni Magellan sa buong kapuluan kaya’t humingi    siya ng buwis kay Lapulapu, pinuno ng Mactan. Hndi pumayag si Lapulapu kaya’t nagsimula ang pag-aaway niya at ni Magellan. Noong Abril 27, 1521 ang labanan ay nag-umpisa sa pagsunog ng may 30 bahay ng katutubo na lalong ikinagalit ng mga ito. Tinamaan ng isang palasong may lason si Magellan na ikinalugmok nito. Pinagtulung-tuloungan ng mga mandirigma ni Lapulapu si Magellan. May sumibat at tumaga sa kanya hanggang siya ay mamatay. Dali-daling  tumakas ang iba pang Kastila. Kasamang namatay ni Magellan ang walo pang Kastila at apat na katutubo.                     Ang labanan sa Mactan ay an unang matagumpay na pagtataboy sa dayuhang mananakop.

VI.                Kolonisasyon ng Cebu, Panay at Maynila

                    Dumaong ang elspedisyon nina Legaspi sa pulong kung tawagin ay Sugbu, ngayon ay Cebu, noong Abril 27, 1565. Hindi sila tinanggap ng mga katutubo noong una kaya kinanyon ng mga Kastila ang mga katutubo. Sa takot ay nagsitakbuhan ang mga ito sa mga bundok. Matapos matiyak na wala ng hadlang, lumunsad ang mga Kastila. Dito nagtatag ng unang panahanang Kastila si Legaspi na tinawag niyang Villa De San Miguel na pinalitan din ng Santisimo Nombre De Jesus.                    Mula sa Cebu ay pumunta si Legaspi sa Panay. Inakala niyang higit na ligtas ang Panay sa pananalakay ng mga Portuges. Higit ding sagana ang lugar na ito sa pagkain. Mula rito ay inutusan niya si Martin De Goite na maghanap ng iba pang lugar. Pinabalik din ni Legaspi ang isang barko sa Mexicona nagdaan sa isang bagong rotang natuklasan nila ni Fray Andres De Urdaneta. Tinawag na rin ni Legaspi na Pilipinas ang kapuluan.                    Natagpuan ni De Goiti ang Maynila. Tinanggap naman siya ni Rajah Sulayman, ang puno ng katutubo sa isang

pamayanan sa Maynila ngunit hindi nagtagal ang pagiging magkaibigan nila. Naghinala si Sulayman sa tunay na motibo ng mga Kastila kaya nagkaroon din ng mga paglaban. Sinunog ni De Goiti sa tulong ng mga Bisaya ang pamayanan sa Maynila. Noong 1571, si Legaspi ay lumipat sa Maynila. Tiniyak muna ni Legaspi na ligtas ang gagawin nilang pagdaong dahil sa nangyari kila De Goiti at Sulayman. Inihayag ni Legaspi na ginawaran na ang titulong Adelentado ang Maynila bilang capital ng Pilipinas noong Hunyo 24, 1571. Sumunod din ang pagpapadala ni Legaspi ng mga ekspedisyon upang ipagpatuloy ang pananakop sa iba pang pulo gaya ng Ilokos, Pangasinan, Mindoro at iba pa. Siya ang naging unang Gobernador Heneral ng kapuluan. Aging madali ang kolonisasyon sa tulong ng mga misyonero ngunit hindi nagtagumpay ang mga kolonisador sa Mindanao at Sulu. Sa kolonisasyon ng mga pulo, nanguna ang apo ni legaspi na si Juan De Salcedo. Siya ang namahala sa mga ekspidisyon sa hilagang kanlurang Luzon hanggang sa silangang bahagi ng Quezon. Nang mamatay noong Agosto 1572 si Legaspi, ipinagpatuloy ng sumunod na Gobernador Heneral si Guido De Lavenzares ang pananakop sa iba pang mga pulo.

VII.              Ang Pamumuhay sa Ilalim ng mga Kastila

1.                Ang Kabuhayan           a) Agrikultura- napilitan ang mga katutubo na magtanim nang labis upang makabayad sila ng tributo           b) Industriya- tinuruan ang mga tao na mag imprenta ng mga aklat, pagkakarpintero, pag- ukit, paggawa ng kandila, alak at asukal.           c) Pagbabangko- itinatag ang kaunaunahang bangkong Pilipino na pag-aari ni Francisco Rodriguez. Itinatag naman ang kaunaunahang bangko ng pamahalaang Insular, ang Banko Español- Filipino.           d) Komunikasyon at Transportasyon- nagkaroon ng telegrapo noong 1873 at telepono noong 1890. Ang kaunaunahang pahayagan ay ang Del Superior. Ang iba pang pahayagan ay La Esperanza, La Estrella, at Dyaryo De Manila.

Pananakop ng mga Amerikano

1898, si Commodore Dewey, Asst. Sec. of the Navy ay inutusan ni T. Roosevelt na tumuloy sa Hongkong at paghandaan ang paglusob ng mga Kastila sa Pilipinas kung magkakaroon ng digmaan.May 1,1898 opisyal na nagsimula ang Battle of Manila Bay sa oras na 5:40 ng umaga sa pamumuno ni Comm. Dewey nang sabihin niyang, "You may fire when you are ready, Gridley."Nang mag-utos siya ng tigil putukan o ceasefire bandang alas 12:30 ng tanghali, lahat ng 10 barko ng Kastila ay nawasak kasama ng 381 tauhan. Walong Amerikano lamang ang bahagyang nasugatan at walang namatay. Dahilan upang mataas ang ranggo ni Dewey sa pagiging Rear Admiral.June 12, 1898 – pinirmahan ni Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, kasama ang mga pinunong Pilipino ang Deklarasyon ng Kalayaan ng Pilipinas.

Nilagdaan ang isang kasunduang pangkapayapaan sa España noong Aug. 12, 1898.Ang digmaan ay pormal na winakasan sa pamamagitan ng 12, 1898. Treaty of Paris noong

Japanese Regime

Death March

Pananakop ng mga HaponItinatag ang Commonwealth Government noong 1935 upang magkaroon ng sariling pamamalakad ang mga Pilipino subalit ito’y ginulo ng World War II at ng pananakop ng mga Hapon.December 7, 1941, inatake ng Hapon ang Pearl Harbor at Clark Air BaseDecember 10,1941, lumapag ang puwersang Hapon sa Luzon.January 2, 1942, sapilitang sinakop ng Hapon ang Maynila. April 9, 1942, ang mga kawal Pilipino at Amerikano sa Bataan ay sumuko kay Gen. Yamashita. Karamihan sa 36,000 na mga tagapagtanggol ng Bataan ay namatay sa di-makataongDeath March. October 20,1944, ang mga puwersang Amerikano ay bumalik sa pulo ng Leyte.October 23,1944, muling naibalik ang Commonwelth Government ng Pilipinas.January 9,1945, pinasok ng US forces ang Pilipinas sa pamumuno ni Gen. Douglas MacArthur na dumating sa Maynila noong February 4 at nabawi ito sa loob ng tatlong linggo. July 4,1946, nang makamit ng Pilipinas ang kalayaan mula sa Estados Unidos sa ilalim ng probisyon ng McDuffie-Tyding's Act noong 1934. July 5, 1945, ipinahayag ng Washington ang muling pagkabawi ng Pilipinas.

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Panahon ng Amerikano sa Pilipinas Madaling nagoyo ng dayuhan ang katutubo. Marahil dahil sanay sa mga tagalabas na paparoon at paparito, hindi namamalayang sila pala ay nililinlang. Nadala sa polisiyang benevolent assimilation kaya naging maka-kano ang pag-iisip, walang mabuti kung di ang buhay sa amerika. Palibhasa nanonood ng sine, madaling isipin na ang pinapanood ay tunay at siyang kulturang kinagisnan. Dinala sa Pilipinas ang sistema ng kanilang edukasyon sa pagpunta ng mga titser na lulan ng barkong Thomas. Plinastar din ang --------------- komersyo at dito nag simula ang habang buhay na komersyalismo. Natutunan ang kanilang wika, ang sayaw, ang mga awit, ang pagkain ng giniling na karne na ginawang bola at inilagay sa gitna ng bonete na sa ngayon ay nagging Mcdonald’s o ng pagkakaroon ng gamit tapon na pamumuhay tulad ng panyong papel na pag nasingahan ay itatapon na o ng ballpen na pag naubos ay bibili na muli ng bago. Ang ganitong pamumuhay na konsumerismo ay tunay na dala ng ang kano ay dumating.

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Panahon Ng Hapon

Panahon ng Hapon: Batas Militar

Noong una ay marami ang nagmamaliit sa kanila. Hindi raw kaya ng mga Hapones ang ginagawa ng mga kolonyalistang bansa. Hinihintay na lamang ng mga Pilipino na maging malaya matapos ang ilang taong "paggabay" ng mga Amerikano. Ngunit kasabay ng unti-unting pagpasok ng mga Hapones sa bansa at ang pagsiklab ng giyera ay ang pagkakatuklas sa isang itinatagong katotohanan: hindi tayo kayang ipagtanggol ng mga Amerikano na lubos na inasahan ng maraming kababayan natin noong panahon na iyon.

Matapos mapasok ang Maynila, iprinoklama agad ang pagpapatupad ng batas militar noong Enero 3, 1942. Simula pa lamang ay nagpahayag na kaagad sila ng hindi kagustuhan sa mabuting pagtingin ng mga Pilipino sa mga Amerikano. Para daw sa kanila, ang Pilipinas ay para sa mga Pilipino lamang. Ngunit ito naman ay isa na lamang sa mga istratehiya na ginagamit ng isang manakop upang mabihag ang mga puso ng mga mamamayan ng bansang sinasakop.

Hindi pa nananamnam ng mga Pilipino ang demokrasiyang pinatikim ng mga Amerikano ay agad naman itong pinalitan ng batas militar. Ipinakita ang pananakot ng mga Hapones at ang pagnanais ng mga ito na disiplinahin ang mga mamamayan. Noong panahong iyon, ang mga miyembro ng militar, mula sa pinakamataas na ranggo hanggang sa pinakamababa, ay naging simbolo ng kapangyarihan, kalupitan at kasinungalingan. Marami ang inaresto nang wala man lamang sapat na ebidensiya sa ginawang kasamaan. Nakikinig lamang ang mga Hapones sa mga sabi-sabi lalo na ng mga espiya. Naging problema din ang hindi pagkakaintindihan sa wika. Marami rin mga Pilipino ang naparusahan dahil dito. Ang mg a Pilipino naman ay hindi makaalma dahil sa tinanggalan na sila ng mga armas at sa kaunting pagkanti lamang sa isang sundalong Hapones ay malupit na parusa kundi man pagkakapatay ang katumbas.

Ginawa ng mga mananakop na ito ang lahat, makontrol lamang ang mga Pilipino. Nagpatupad sila ng mga limitasyon sa oras ng paglabas ng mga tao sa kanilang mga bahay, kung saan ang mga hindi susunod ay aarestuhin at ikukulong. Sa pagpapalabas ng mga balita, lahat ay dapat dumaan sa kanilang panunuri. Maraming diyaryo at iba pang babasahin ang ipinatigil. Ang mga natira lamang ay iyong sila na ang siyang namamalakad. Pinakialaman rin ang ang mga organisasyon at institusiyon pati na ang simbahan. Ipinagbawal ang paggamit ng ating watawat ang pagpapatugtog ng pambansang awit. Maging ang mga pangalan ng mga daan at lugar na nagpapaalala sa mga Amerikano ay pinalitan. Pinilit rin nilang ipagamit sa mga tao ang mga perang kung tawagin ay "Mickey Mouse Money."

Lahat ng ito’y ginawa nila. Walang namang magawa ang mga Pilipino. Isang maliit na pagkakamali nila’y maaaring humantong sa kamatayan. Wala ring nagawa agad ang mga Amerikano. Naging malakas na ang kontrol ng mga Hapones sa Pilipinas. Ang dating binalewala ng maraming Pilipino ay siya namang naging dahilan ng pagkakaroon nila ng isang masamang panaginip.

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Pilipino-Amerikano Digmaang (1898 - 1946) 

Sa Pebrero, 1899, Aguinaldo humantong sa isang bagong pag-aalsa, oras na ito laban sa US

patakaran. Bagsak sa ang larangan ng digmaan, ang Pilipino nakabukas sa gerilya digma, at ang

kanilang pagkatalo ay naging isang malaking-malaki na proyekto para sa Estados Unidos-Kaya nagsimula ang Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano, ang isa na gastos malayo mas maraming pera at kinuha

malayo higit pa buhay kaysa sa Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano. Fighting sinira sa Pebrero 4, 1899,

matapos ang dalawang Amerikano privates sa magpatrolya pumatay ng tatlong na Filipino mga sundalo

sa San Juan, Metro Manila. Ang ilang mga 126,000 Amerikanong sundalo ay nakatuon sa kontrahan; 4234 Amerikano at 16,000 na Filipino na mga sundalo, bahagi ng isang buong bansa na kilusan ng

gerilya ng walang taning na numero, namatay. Estima sa mga sibilyan pagkamatay sa panahon ang

hanay ng digmaan sa pagitan ng 250,000 at 1,000,000, sa kalakhan dahil sa gutom at sakit. Mga

kasamaan ay ginawa ng magkabilang panig. 

Ang mahinang equipped na Filipino hukbo ay handily lupig sa pamamagitan ng Amerikano hukbo sa

bukas na lumaban, ngunit sila ay nakakatakot opponents sa gerilya digma. Malolos, ang rebolusyonaryo

capital, ay nakunan sa Marso 31, 1899.Aguinaldo at ang kanyang pamahalaan escaped, gayunpaman,

ng pagtaguyod isang bagong kabisera sa San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. Antonio Luna, Aguinaldo sa pinaka

may kakayahang militar komandante, ay pinatay noong Hunyo. Sa kanyang pinakamahusay na kumander patay at ang kanyang mga hukbo naghihirap patuloy defeats ng mga Amerikano pwersa hunhon sa hilagang Luzon, Aguinaldo dissolved ang regular na hukbo noong Nobyembre 1899 at iniutos

ang pagtatatag ng mga desentralisado utos gerilya sa bawat isa sa ilang mga militar zone. Ang pangkalahatang populasyon, na nahuli sa pagitan ng mga Amerikano at mga rebels, pinagdudusahan

makabuluhang. 

Rebolusyon ang epektibong natapos ang makuha (1901) ng Aguinaldo ng Gen. Frederick Funston sa Palanan, Isabela noong Marso 23, 1901 at ay dinala sa Maynila, ngunit ang tanong ng Philippine

pagsasarili nanatiling isang burn ng isyu sa pulitika ng parehong ng Estados Unidos at ang isla. Ang

matter Ang kumplikadong sa pamamagitan ng lumalagong ekonomiya kurbatang sa pagitan ng dalawang

bansa. Bagaman ang Ang Katamtamang maliit na Amerikano kabisera ay invested sa isla industriya, US trade bulked mas malaki at mas malaki hanggang sa Pilipinas ay naging halos ganap na umaasa sa mga

Amerikano merkado. Libreng kalakalan, na itinatag sa pamamagitan ng isang gawa ng 1909, ay

pinalawak noong 1913. Naiimpluwensyahan ng uselessness ng karagdagang pagtutol, siya swore

katapatan sa Estados Unidos at bibigyan ng pagpapahayag pagtawag sa kanyang mga compatriots upang ilagay ang kanilang mga armas, opisyal na nagdadala sa isang dulo sa digmaan.Gayunpaman, ang kalat-kalat rebolusyonaryo paglaban nagpatuloy sa iba't-ibang bahagi ng Pilipinas, lalo na sa Muslim

timog, hanggang 1913. 

US kolonya 

Sibil pamahalaan ay itinatag sa pamamagitan ng ang mga Amerikano noong 1901, sa William Howard Taft bilang ang unang Amerikanong Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas.Ingles ay ipinahayag na ang opisyal

na wika. Anim na daang Amerikano guro ay import sakay ng USS Thomas. Gayundin, ang

Katoliko Iglesia ay disestablished, at isang malaking halaga ng iglesia lupa ay binili at ipamudmod

muli. Ang ilang mga hakbang na Filipino-patakaran sa sarili ay pinahihintulutan, gayunman. Isang inihalal

na Filipino lehislatura ay itinatag noong 1907. 

Kapag Woodrow Wilson ay naging US President sa 1913, nagkaroon ng mga pangunahing pagbabago

sa opisyal na Amerikano na patakaran tungkol sa Pilipinas. Habang ang mga nakaraang mga

republikano administrations ay hinulaang sa Pilipinas bilang isang panghabang-buhay Amerikano kolonya, ang Wilson pangangasiwa nagpasya upang simulan ang isang proseso na ay dahan-dahan

humantong sa Philippine pagsasarili. US pangangasiwa ng Pilipinas ay ipinahayag upang maging

pansamantalang at naglalayong upang bumuo ng mga institusyon na ay pinapayagan at hinihikayat ang

sa wakas pagtatatag ng isang malaya at demokratikong pamahalaan. Samakatuwid, ang mga US opisyal

ng puro sa paglikha ng mga tulad ng mga praktikal na suporta para sa demokratikong gobyerno ng

pampublikong edukasyon at isang tunog legal na sistema. Ang Pilipinas ay nabigyan ng libreng katayuan

ng kalakalan, sa US 

Noong 1916, ang Philippine Act pagsasarili, malawak na kilala bilang ang Batas Jones, ay naipasa sa

pamamagitan ng Kongreso ng US. Ang batas na nagsilbi bilang ang bagong organic gawa (o saligang batas) para sa Pilipinas, na nakasaad sa kanyang paunang salita na ang tunay na kalayaan ng Pilipinas

ay Amerikano patakaran, paksa sa pagtatayo ng isang matatag na pamahalaan. Batas na inilagay ng

ehekutibong kapangyarihan sa ang Gobernador General ng Pilipinas, hinirang ng Pangulo ng Estados Unidos, ngunit itinatag isang bicameral Philippine lehislatura upang palitan ang inihalal Philippine Assembly (mas mababang bahay) at appointive Philippine Commission (itaas na bahay) dati sa

lugar. Ang na Filipino na kapulungan ng mga kinatawan ay pulos inihalal, habang ang bagong Philippine Senado ang karamihan ng mga miyembro nito na inihalal sa pamamagitan ng senador distrito na may

mga senators na kumakatawan sa mga lugar na di-Kristiyano na hinirang ng Gobernador-General. 

Ang mga 1920s nakita alternating panahon ng kooperasyon at paghaharap sa Amerikano governors-pangkalahatan, depende sa kung paano layunin ang opisyal na hawak ng isang tanggapan ay sa

exercising kanyang kapangyarihan vis-à-vis ang Philippine lehislatura. Mga miyembro na ang inihalal

lehislatura nawala walang oras sa lobbying para sa agarang at kumpletong kalayaan mula sa Estados

Unidos. Ilang pagsasarili misyon ay ipinadala sa Washington, DC Ang serbisyo sibil ay nabuo at regular

na nakuha na ng mga Pilipino, na epektibong nagkamit kontrol sa pamamagitan ng dulo ng World War I. 

Kapag ang Republicans makuha ang kapangyarihan sa 1921, ang takbo patungo sa pagdadala ng mga

Pilipino sa pamahalaan ay inverted. Gen. Leonard Wood, na itinalaga na gobernador-pangkalahatan, sa

kalakhan pinalitan na Filipino mga gawain na may isang semi militar tuntunin. Gayunpaman, ang

pagdating ng ang Great depression sa Estados Unidos sa mga 1930s at unang agresibo gumagalaw ng Japan sa Asya (1931) shifted US kuru-kuro nang masakit patungo sa pagbibigay ng agarang kalayaan sa

Pilipinas. 

Sa 1934, ang Estados Unidos Kongreso, na orihinal na lumipas ang Hare-Hawes-pagputol Act bilang isang Philippine Act Kasarinlan higit sa Pangulo Hoover ng pagtanggi, lamang upang magkaroon ng batas tinanggihan sa pamamagitan ng ang Philippine lehislatura, sa wakas lumipas ang isang bagong

Philippine Independence Act, sikat na kilala bilang ang Tydings-McDuffie Act. Ang batas na ibinigay para

sa pagbibigay ng Philippine pagsasarili sa pamamagitan ng 1946. 

US patakaran ay sinamahan ng mga pagpapabuti sa sistema ng edukasyon at kalusugan ng Pilipinas;

paaralan enrollment rate multiplied makalima. Sa pamamagitan ng 1930s, ang mga pagbasa rate ay

umabot sa 50%. Ang ilang sakit ay halos eliminated. Gayunman, ang Pilipinas nanatiling matipid

paatras. US kalakalan patakaran hinihikayat ang export ng mga cash crops at ang pag-angkat ng mga

panindang pang-industrya; maliit na pang-industriya pag-unlad na naganap. Samantala, ang

landlessness ay naging isang malubhang problema sa mga rural na lugar; peasants ay madalas

nabawasan sa katayuan ng serfs. 

Komonwelt 

Ang panahon ng 1935-1946 ay kainaman ay nakatuon sa ang huling pagsasaayos na kinakailangan para sa isang mapayapang paglipat sa buong pagsasarili, mahusay na latitude sa pagsasarili na ipinagkaloob

sa ngayon. 

Ang Hare-Hawes Act pagputol, ang naipasa ng Kongreso noong 1932, ibinigay para sa kumpletong pagsasarili ng mga isla sa 1945 matapos ang 10 taon ng sariling pamahalaan sa ilalim ng US

pangangasiwa. Ang kuwenta ng bayarin ay inilabas up sa tulong ng isang komisyon mula sa Pilipinas, ngunit Manuel L. Quezon, ang pinuno ng nangungunang makabayan partido, kabaligtaran ito, bahagyang dahil sa pagbabanta nito ng mga Amerikano mga tariffs laban sa Philippine produkto ngunit lalung-lalo na

dahil sa mga probisyon Aalis nabal bases sa US kamay. Sa ilalim ng kanyang impluwensiya, ang

Philippine lehislatura tinanggihan ng bayarin. Ang Tydings-McDuffie Independence Act (1934) malapit

Mukhang ang Hare-Hawes pagputol Act, ngunit struck ang mga probisyon para sa mga Amerikano bases at dala ng isang pangako ng karagdagang pag-aaral upang iwasto ang mga "imperfections o

inequalities." 

Ang Philippine lehislatura na inaprubahan ang bill; ng saligang batas, na inaprubahan ng Pangulo Roosevelt (Marso, 1935) ay tinanggap ng mga mga Philippine tao sa isang boto sa pamamagitan ng ang manghahalal pagtukoy pampublikong opinyon sa isang katanungan ng pambansang kahalagahan

(Mayo); at Quezon ay inihalal unang president (Septiyembre). Sa Mayo 14, 1935, isang halalan upang

punan ang nilikhang bagong opisina ng Pangulo ng Komonwelt ng Pilipinas ay won sa pamamagitan ng Manuel L. Quezon (Nacionalista Party) at isang na Filipino pamahalaan ay nabuo sa ang batayan ng mga

prinsipyo ng tila katulad sa US Saligang-Batas . (Tingnan ang: Philippine Pambansang

Assembly). Kapag Quezon ay inaugurated sa Nobyembre 15, 1935, ang Commonwealth ay pormal na itinatag sa 1935, itinampok ng isang napaka-malakas na tagapagpaganap, ng isang unicameral Pambansang Assembly, at isang Kataas-taasang Hukuman na binubuo ganap ng Pilipino para sa unang

pagkakataon mula noong 1901. Ang bagong pamahalaan na embarked sa isang mapaglunggati pakay

ng pagtaguyod ng ang batayan para sa pambansang pagtatanggol, mas higit na kontrol sa ekonomiya, ang mga reporma sa edukasyon, pagpapabuti ng transportasyon, ang kolonisasyon ng isla ng Mindanao,

at ang pagsulong ng mga lokal na kabisera at industrialization. Commonwealth ang gayunpaman, ay

nahaharap din sa agraryo kabagabagan, isang hindi tiyak diplomatiko at militar na sitwasyon sa Timog Silangang Asya, at kawalan ng katiyakan tungkol sa mga antas ng pangako ng Estados Unidos sa

hinaharap na Republika ng Pilipinas. 

Sa 1939-1940, ang Philippine Konstitusyon ay binago upang maibalik ang isang bicameral Kongreso, at pinapayagan ang reelection ng President Quezon, na dati limitado sa isang solong, anim na taon na

term. Quezon ay reelected sa Nobyembre, 1941. Upang bumuo ng mga nagtatanggol pwersa laban sa

posibleng pagsalakay, Gen. Douglas MacArthur ay dinala sa isla ng militar tagapayo noong 1935, at ang

mga sumusunod na taon siya ay naging punong heneral ng hukbo ng Commonwealth. 

Sa panahon ng taon Commonwealth, Pilipinas nagpadala ng isang nahalal na Residente ng commissioner sa Estados Unidos Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan, ng Puerto Rico kasalukuyang gumagana ngayon.

http://www.philippinecountry.com/philippine_history/american_period.html

The Philippines under American and Japanese occupationAmerican period (1898–1946)

Filipinos initially saw their relationship with the United States as that of two nations joined in a common struggle against Spain. As allies, Filipinos had provided the American forces with valuable intelligence and military support. However, the UnitedStates later distanced itself from the interests of the Filipino insurgents.

Aguinaldo was unhappy that the United States would not commit to paper a statement of support for Philippine independence. Relations deteriorated and tensionsheightened as it became clear that the Americans were in the islands to stay.

Philippine-American War

Hostilities broke out on February 4, 1899, after two American privates on patrol killed three Filipino soldiers in San Juan, a Manila suburb. This incident sparked the Philippine-American War, which would cost far more money and took far more lives than the Spanish–American War. Some 126,000 American soldiers would be committed to the conflict; 4,234 Americans died, as did 16,000 Filipino soldiers who were part of a nationwide guerrilla movement of indeterminate numbers. At least 34,000 Filipinos lost their lives as a direct result of the war, and as many as 200,000 may have died as a result of the cholera epidemic at war's end. Atrocities were committed by American troops.

The poorly-equipped Filipino troops were easily overpowered by American troops in open combat, but they were formidable opponents in guerrilla warfare. Malolos, the revolutionary capital town, was captured on March 31, 1899. However, Aguinaldo and his government escaped, establishing a new capital at San Isidro, Nueva Ecija.

On June 5,1899, Antonio Luna, Aguinaldo's most capable military commander, was killed by Aguinaldo's guards in an apparent assassination while visiting Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija. General Luna was to meet with Aguinaldo.

Gregorio del Pilar, another key general, was killed on December 2, 1899 in the Battle of Tirad Pass. With his best commanders dead and his troops suffering continued defeats as American forces pushed into northern Luzon, Aguinaldo dissolved the regular army in November 1899 and ordered the establishment of decentralized guerrilla commands in each of several military zones. The general population, caught between Americans and rebels, suffered significantly.

Aguinaldo was captured at Palanan, Isabela on March 23, 1901 and was brought to Manila. Convinced of the futility of further resistance, he swore allegiance to the UnitedStates and issued a

proclamation calling on his compatriots to lay down their arms, officially bringing an end to the war. Others considered this act as turncoatism. To this day, there are still questions on the actions of Aguinaldo during this important period in Philippine History.

Sporadic insurgent resistance continued in various parts of the Philippines, especially in the Muslim south, until 1913.

United States territory

The United States defined its territorial mission as one of tutelage, preparing the Philippines for eventual independence. Civil government was established by the UnitedStates in 1901, with William Howard Taft as the first American Governor-General of the Philippines, replacing the military governor, Arthur MacArthur, Jr.

The Governor-General acted as head of the Philippine Commission, a body appointed by the U.S. president with legislative and limited executive powers. The commission passed laws to set up the fundamentals of the new government, including a judicial system, civil service, and local government.

A Philippine Constabulary was organized to deal with the remnants of the insurgent movement and gradually assume the responsibilities from the United States Army. The elected Philippine Assembly was inaugurated in 1907, becoming a lower house of a bicameral legislature, with the appointed Philippine Commission as upper house.

United States policies towards the Philippines shifted with changing administrations. During the early years of territorial administration, the Americans were reluctant to delegate authority to the Filipinos. When Woodrow Wilson became U.S. President in 1913, a new policy was adopted to put into motion a process that would gradually lead to Philippine independence. The Jones Act, passed by the U.S. Congress in 1916 to serve as the new organic law in the Philippines, promised eventual independence and instituted an elected Philippine Senate.

In socio-economic terms, the Philippines made solid progress in this period. In 1895, foreign trade amounted to 62 million pesos, 13% of which was with the United States. By 1920, it had increased to 601 million pesos, 66% of which was with the UnitedStates.

A health care system was established which, by 1930, reduced the mortality rate from all causes, including various tropical diseases, to a level similar to that of the UnitedStates itself.

Slavery, piracy and headhunting were all suppressed. An educational system was established which, among other subjects, provided English as a lingua franca so that the islands' 170 linguistic groups could communicate with one another and the outside world.

The 1920s saw alternating periods of cooperation and confrontation with American governors-general, depending on how intent the incumbent was on exercising his powers vis-à-vis the Philippine legislature. Members to the elected legislature lobbied for immediate and complete independence from the United States. Several independence missions were sent to Washington,

D.C. A civil service was formed and was gradually taken over by Filipinos, who had effectively gained control by 1918.

Philippine politics during the American territorial era was dominated by the Nacionalista Party, which was founded in 1907. Although the party's platform called for "immediate independence", their policy towards the Americans was highly accommodating. Within the political establishment, the call for independence was spearheaded by Manuel L. Quezon, who served continuously as Senate president from 1916 until 1935.

Frank Murphy was the last Governor-General of the Philippines (1933-35), and the first U.S. High Commissioner of the Philippines (1935-36). The change in form was more than symbolic: it was intended as a manifestation of the transition to independence.

Commonwealth

In 1933, the United States Congress passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act as a Philippine Independence Act over President Herbert Hoover's veto. Though the bill had been drafted with the aid of a commission from the Philippines, it was opposed by Philippine Senate President Manuel L. Quezon, partially because of provisions leavingthe United States in control of naval bases. Under his influence, the Philippine legislature rejected the bill.

The following year, a revised act known as the Tydings-McDuffie Act was finally passed. The Tydings-McDuffie Act provided for the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with a ten-year period of transition to full independence. The commonwealth would have its own constitution and be self-governing, though foreign policy would be the responsibility of the United States, and certain legislation required approval of the United States president.

A constitution was framed and approved by Franklin D. Roosevelt in March 1935. On May 14, 1935, a Filipino government was formed on the basis of principles similar to the U.S. Constitution. The commonwealth was established in 1935, electing Manuel L. Quezon as the president and featuring a very strong executive, a unicameral National Assembly, and a Supreme Court composed entirely of Filipinos for the first time since 1901.

World War II and Japanese occupation

The Japanese occupation of the Philippines was the period in the history of the Philippines between 1941 and 1945, when the Empire of Japan occupied American-controlled Philippines during World War II.

The invasion of the Philippines started on December 8, 1941 ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. As at Pearl Harbor, the American aircraft were entirely destroyed on the ground. Lacking air cover, the American Asiatic Fleet in the Philippines withdrew to Java on December 12, 1941. General Douglas MacArthur escaped Corregidor on the night of March 11, 1942 in PT-41 bound for Australia; 4,000 km away through Japanese controlled waters.

The 76,000 starving and sick American and Filipino defenders in Bataan surrendered to the

Japanese on April 9, 1942. The Japanese led their captives on a cruel and criminal Bataan Death March on which 7-10,000 died or were murdered before arriving at the internment camps ten days later. The 13,000 survivors on Corregidor surrendered on May 6, 1942.

For over three years and right to the day of the surrender of Japan, the Philippines were to suffer grievously under the depredations of military occupation. General MacArthur discharged his promise to return to the Philippines on October 20, 1944. The landings on the island of Leyte were accomplished massively with an amphibious force of 700 vessels and 174,000 army and navy servicemen. Through December 1944, the islands of Leyte and Mindoro were cleared of Japanese troops.

The Japanese Invasion

Japan launched a surprise attack on the Philippines on December 8, 1941, just ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Initial aerial bombardment was followed by landings of ground troops both north and south of Manila. The defending Philippine and United States troops were under the command of General Douglas MacArthur, who had been recalled to active duty in the United States Army earlier in the year and was designated commander of the United States Armed Forces in the Asia-Pacific region. The aircraft of his command were destroyed; the naval forces were ordered to leave; and because of the circumstances in the Pacific region, reinforcement and resupply of his ground forces were impossible. Under the pressure of superior numbers, the defending forces withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and to the island of Corregidor at the entrance to Manila Bay. Manila, declared an open city to prevent its destruction, was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942.

The Philippine defense continued until the final surrender of United States-Philippine forces on the Bataan Peninsula in April 1942 and on Corregidor in May. Most of the 80,000 prisoners of war captured by the Japanese at Bataan were forced to undertake the infamous "Bataan Death March" to a prison camp 105 kilometers to the north. It is estimated that as many as 10,000 men, weakened by disease and malnutrition and treated harshly by their captors, died before reaching their destination. Quezon and Osmeña had accompanied the troops to Corregidor and later left for the United States, where they set up a government in exile. MacArthur was ordered to Australia, where he started to plan for a return to the Philippines.

The Japanese occupation

The Japanese military authorities immediately began organizing a new government structure in the Philippines. Although the Japanese had promised independence for the islands after occupation, they initially organized a Council of State through which they directed civil affairs until October 1943, when they declared the Philippines an independent republic. Most of the Philippine elite, with a few notable exceptions, served under the Japanese. Philippine collaboration in Japanese-sponsored political institutions - which later became a major domestic political issue-was motivated by several considerations. Among them was the effort to protect the people from the harshness of Japanese rule (an effort that Quezon himself had advocated), protection of family and personal interests, and a belief that Philippine nationalism would be advanced by solidarity with fellow Asians. Many collaborated to pass information to the Allies. The Japanese-sponsored republic headed by

President José P. Laurel proved to be unpopular.

Japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by increasingly effective underground and guerrilla activity that ultimately reached large-scale proportions. Postwar investigations showed that about 260,000 people were in guerrilla organizations and that members of the anti-Japanese underground were even more numerous. Their effectiveness was such that by the end of the war, Japan controlled only twelve of the forty-eight provinces.

One major resistance group in the Central Luzon area was furnished by the Huks, Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon), or the People's Anti-Japanese Army organized in early 1942 under the leadership of Luis Taruc, a communist party member since 1939. The Huks armed some 30,000 people and extended their control over much of Luzon. Other guerrilla units were attached to the SWPA, and were active throughout the archipelago.

End of the Japanese occupation

On October 20, 1944, MacArthur's Allied Forces landed on the island of Leyte accompanied by Osmeña, who had succeeded to the commonwealth presidency upon the death of Quezon on August 1, 1944.

Landings then followed on the island of Mindoro and around the Lingayen Gulf on the west side of Luzon, and the push toward Manila was initiated.

The Commonwealth of the Philippines was restored. Fighting was fierce, particularly in the mountains of northern Luzon, where Japanese troops had retreated, and in Manila, where they put up a last-ditch resistance.

The Philippine Commonwealth troops and the recognized guerrilla fighter units rose up everywhere for the final offensive. Fighting continued until Japan's formal surrender on September 2, 1945. The Philippines had suffered great loss of life and tremendous physical destruction by the time the war was over. An estimated 1 million Filipinos had been killed, a large proportion during the final months of the war, and Manila was extensively damaged.

aboutphilippines-phonedata.blogspot.com/2010/11/philippines-under-american-and-japanese.html

Changes in the American period

Consequences of the American colonial rule

During the Spanish period the Spaniards had given enormous  land properties to the Catholic church. One of the first things the Americans did was to take care for the redistribution of these land properties. To do so they first had to pay an  amount of US $7.2 million to the Vatican in 1904. The small farmers or tenants didn't get any land however. The land became property of some large landowners.  Most of the small farmers couldn't pay the asked price or couldn't prove that they were the former owners of the land.The economic development during the 'American period'  was rather typical colonial. The Philippine economy was strongly related to and depending on the United States. The Philippine

economy  was focused on mining and exporting crops. Industrial growth didn't take place.

 Quezon, the first Philippine president

The Philippines was controlled by the Americans from1900-1942. In 1934 an act was established, which madeit possible that the Philippines  could have a"Commonwealth of the Philippines".The first president of this Commonwealth was Manuel Quezon. The  first president  was given certain powerfor some internal affairs.

The Japanese occupation

The Americans were still in the Philippines when the nextforeign ruler came. Japan. The Japanese army and rulersoccupied the Philippines from 1942 - 1944.

President Quezon

 The first step to liberation

In October 1944 the American generalDouglas Mac Arthur landed with his troops at the east coast of Leyte, one of the bigger islands in the central part of the Philippines.

This was the first step in the total liberation of the country. With 700 vessels and 174,000 army and navy servicemen, McArthur arrived in the Philippines. In December 1944, the islands ofLeyte and Mindoro were cleared of the Japanese army.

Many casualties

The casualties of the Americans in this operation is estimated 4000 - 6000.Filipino casualties: estimated about one million!

Freedom at last!

The Philippines was granted it's independence in 1946. Freedom at last, 148 years later than the freedom which was written down by Julian Felipe in the Philippine anthem called "Lupang Hinirang".The Republic of the Philippines was proclaimed on July 4, 1946.

www.philippines.hvu.nl/history3.htm

Philippine-American War (1898 - 1946)

In Feb., 1899, Aguinaldo led a new revolt, this time against U.S. rule. Defeated on the battlefield, the Filipinos turned to guerrilla warfare, and their defeat became a mammoth project for the United States— Thus began the Philippine-American

War, one that cost far more money and took far more lives than the Spanish-American War. Fighting broke out on February 4, 1899, after two American privates on patrol killed three Filipino soldiers in San Juan, Metro Manila. Some 126,000 American soldiers would be committed to the conflict; 4,234 American and 16,000 Filipino soldiers, part of a nationwide guerrilla movement of indeterminate numbers, died. Estimates on civilian deaths during the war range between 250,000 and 1,000,000, largely because of famine and disease. Atrocities were committed by both sides.

The poorly equipped Filipino troops were handily overpowered by American troops in open combat, but they were frightening opponents in guerrilla warfare. Malolos, the revolutionary capital, was captured on March 31, 1899. Aguinaldo and his government escaped, however, establishing a new capital at San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. Antonio Luna, Aguinaldo's most capable military commander, was murdered in June. With his best commander dead and his troops suffering continued defeats as American forces pushed into northern Luzon, Aguinaldo dissolved the regular army in November 1899 and ordered the establishment of decentralized guerrilla commands in each of several military zones. The general population, caught between Americans and rebels, suffered significantly.

The revolution was effectively ended with the capture (1901) of Aguinaldo by Gen. Frederick Funston at Palanan, Isabela on March 23, 1901 and was brought to Manila, but the question of Philippine independence remained a burning issue in the politics of both the United States and the islands. The matter was complex by the growing economic ties between the two countries. Although moderately little American capital was invested in island industries, U.S. trade bulked larger and larger until the Philippines became almost entirely dependent upon the American market. Free trade, established by an act of 1909, was expanded in 1913. Influenced of the uselessness of further resistance, he swore allegiance to the United States and issued a proclamation calling on his compatriots to lay down their arms, officially bringing an end to the war. However, sporadic insurgent resistance continued in various parts of the Philippines, especially in the Muslim south, until 1913.

www.philippinecountry.com/philippine_history/american_period.html

Summary of the American Colonial PeriodThe rule of the United States over the Philippines had two phases. 

The first phase was from 1898 to 1935, during which time Washington defined its colonial mission as one of tutelage and preparing the Philippines for eventual independence. Political organizations developed quickly, and the popularly elected Philippine Assembly (lower house) and the U.S.-appointed Philippine Commission (upper house) served as a bicameral legislature. The ilustrados formed the Federalista Party, but their statehood platform had limited appeal. In 1905 the party was renamed the National Progressive Party and took up a platform of independence. The Nacionalista Party was formed in 1907 and dominated Filipino politics until after World War II. Its leaders were not ilustrados. Despite their “immediate independence” platform, the party leaders participated in a collaborative leadership with the United States. A major development emerging in the post-World War I period was resistance to elite control of the land by tenant farmers, who were supported by the Socialist Party and the Communist Party of the Philippines. Tenant strikes and occasional violence occurred as the Great Depression wore on and cash-crop prices collapsed. 

The second period of United States rule—from 1936 to 1946—was characterized by the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and occupation by Japan during World War II. Legislation passed by the U.S. Congress in 1934 provided for a 10-year period of transition to independence. The country’s first constitution was framed in 1934 and overwhelmingly approved by plebiscite in 1935, and Manuel

Quezon was elected president of the commonwealth. Quezon later died in exile in 1944 and was succeeded by Vice President Sergio Osmeña. 

Japan attacked the Philippines on December 8, 1941, and occupied Manila on January 2, 1942. Tokyo set up an ostensibly independent republic, which was opposed by underground and guerrilla activity that eventually reached large-scale proportions. A major element of the resistance in the Central Luzon area was furnished by the Huks (short for Hukbalahap, or People’s Anti-Japanese Army). Allied forces invaded the Philippines in October 1944, and the Japanese surrendered on September 2, 1945.

World War II was demoralizing for the Philippines, and the islands suffered from rampant inflation and shortages of food and other goods. Various trade and security issues with the United States also remained to be settled before Independence Day. The Allied leaders wanted to purge officials who collaborated with the Japanese during the war and to deny them the right to vote in the first postwar elections. Commonwealth President Osmeña, however, countered that each case should be tried on its own merits. The successful Liberal Party presidential candidate, Manual Roxas, was among those collaborationists. Independence from the United States came on July 4, 1946, and Roxas was sworn in as the first president. The economy remained highly dependent on U.S. markets, and the United States also continued to maintain control of 23 military installations. A bilateral treaty was signed in March 1947 by which the United States continued to provide military aid, training, and matériel

tagaloglang.com/The-Philippines/History/summary-of-the-american-colonial-period.html

Japanese Occupation of the Philippines.The Japanese Occupation

A few hours after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, the Japanese launched air raids in several cities and US military installations in the Philippines on December 8 and on December 10, the first Japanese troops landed in Northern Luzon.

General Douglas MacArthur, commander of the United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE), was forced to retreat to Bataan. Manila was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942. The fall of Bataan was on April 9, 1942 with Corregidor Island, at the mouth of Manila Bay, surrendering on May 6 (an act which completely delayed the Japanese war timetable).

The Commonwealth government by then had exiled in Washington, DC upon the invitation of President Roosevelt. The Philippine Army continued to fight the Japanese in a guerilla war and were considered auxiliary units of the United States Army. Several Philippine military awards, such as the Philippine Defense Medal, Independence Medal and Liberation Medal, were awarded to both the United States and Philippine Armed Forces.

The Japanese Invasion

The invasion by Japan began in December of 1941. As the Japanese forces advanced, Manila was declared an open city to prevent it from destruction, meanwhile, the government was moved to Corregidor. In March of 1942 U.S. General Douglas MacArthur and President Quezon fled the country.

The cruelty of the Japanese military occupation of the Philippines is legendary. Guerilla units harassed the Japanese when they could and on Luzon, native resistance was strong enough that the Japanese never did get control of a large part of the island. Finally in October of 1944 McArthur had gathered enough additional troops and supplies to begin the retaking of the Philippines, landing with Sergio Osmena who had assumed the Presidency after Quezon's death.

The battles entailed long fierce fighting, some of the Japanese continued to fight until the official surrender of the Empire of Japan on September 2. After their landing, American forces undertook measures to suppress the Huk-Movement, which was originally founded to fight the Japanese Occupation. The American forces removed local Huk governments and imprisoned many high-ranking members of the Philippine Communist Party. While these incidents happened there was still fighting against the Japanese forces and despite the American measures against the Huk they still supported American soldiers in the fight against the Japanese.

Over a million Filipinos had been killed in the war and many towns and cities, including Manila, were left in ruins. The final Japanese soldier to surrender was Hiroo Onoda, in 1974.

www.philippines-travel-guide.com/philippines-japanese-occupation.html