Trophic Levels, Energy transfer and Pyramids
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Transcript of Trophic Levels, Energy transfer and Pyramids
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Trophic Levels, Energy
transfer and Pyramids
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Vocabulary Trophic Levels – is the position an
organism occupies in a food chain. It refers to food or feeding.
Apex predator – top level predators with few or no predators of their own.
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Food Chain
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Food ChainsThe energy flow from one trophic level to
the other is know as a food chainProducers are at the first TROPHIC LEVELPrimary Consumers are the SECOND
TROPHIC LEVELSecondary consumers are at the THIRD
TROPHIC LEVEL
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Trophic Levels (feeding levels)
3
2
1
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Food Web
Most organisms eat more than JUST one organism
When more organisms are involved it is know as a FOOD WEB
Food webs are more complex and involve lots of organisms
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Food WebsFood webs show ALTERNATIVE PATHWAYS other possible pathways through which an organism can obtain energy
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Food webs
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Trophic Level Producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer?
Grass
Mouse
Grasshopper
Frog
Owl
Hawk
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Trophic Level Producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer
Grass 1st Producer
Mouse 2nd Primary consumer
Grasshopper 2nd Primary consumer
Frog 3rd Secondary consumer
Owl 3rd and 4th Secondary and tertiary consumer
Hawk 3rd Secondary consumer
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Transfer of EnergyWhen a lion eats a zebra, it does
not get all of the energy from the zebra.
Energy lost is usually in form of heat
Energy lost from chain “link” to “link” is significant!
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from grass to sheep, loss is about 90%!
10% Original Energy! 1% Original
Energy!
100% Energy Available
HEAT90%
HEAT90%
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Energy lost from one trophic level (energy level) to the next level can be represented by a pyramid
PRODUCERS
1 CONSUMERS
2 CONSUMERS
3 CONSUMERS
4⁰ CONSUMERS
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Each level above only gets 10% of the energy from below
Ex: 10,000 J of producers (plants) only give 10% of energy to primary consumers 1,000 J to primary consumers (snails,
minnows, dragonflies) 100 J to secondary consumers (small
fish) 10 J to tertiary consumers (big fish) 1 J to quaternary consumers (fish hawk)
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ENERGY PYRAMID
10,000 J10,000 J
1,000 J1,000 J
100 J100 J
10 J10 J
1 J1 J
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Energy Pyramid
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Three hundred trout are needed to support one man for a year. The trout, in turn, must consume 90,000 frogs, that must consume 27 million grasshoppers that live off of 1,000 tons of grass. -- G. Tyler Miller, Jr., American Chemist (1971)
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Usually no more than 5 trophic levels since 6th level would have very little energy to keep it alive
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Ecological Pyramid
• Which level has the most energy?• Which level has the most organisms?• Which level has the least organisms?• Which level has the least energy?
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Pyramid of Numbers• Shows the numbers of individual organisms at each
trophic level in an ecosystem.
tertiaryconsumers
secondaryconsumers
primaryconsumers
producers
5
5000
500,000
5,000,0005,000,000producers
• A vast number of producers are required to support even a few top level consumers.
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Biomass pyramid • Biomass is a measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a
given area.
tertiaryconsumers
secondaryconsumers
primaryconsumers
producers
75 g/m2
150g/m2
675g/m2
2000g/m2producers 2000g/m2