Trombe Wall, Solar Staircase, Collector Section, Water Wall, Etc

Images represented on these pages are from the Society of Building Science Educators (SBSE) Slide Library.Permission for their use by SBSE members for educational purposes has been granted by the authors.Electronic document prepared by CERES at Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306.2001

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Trombe Wall, solar staircase, collector section, water wall, etc.W. LangdonSBSESlides 1-30

Slide #: 001 Author ID: 1 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-001-S001-001Title: Earth from spaceComments:

Slide #: 002 Author ID: 2 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-002-S001-002Title: Solar windowComments:

Slide #: 003 Author ID: 3 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-003-S001-003Title: Solar path finderComments:

Slide #: 004 Author ID: 4 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-004-S001-004Title: Section solar collectorComments:

Slide #: 005 Author ID: 5 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-005-S001-005Title: Graph solar spectrumComments:

Slide #: 006 Author ID: 6 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-006-S001-006Title: S.S.F. Graph trombe wall assembliesComments:

Slide #: 007 Author ID: 7 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-007-S001-007Title: Infrared thermographyComments:


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Slide #: 008 Author ID: 8 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-008-S001-008Title: Sunspace additionComments:



Slide #: 011 Author ID: 11 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-011-S001-011Title: Trombe wall construction w/selective surfaceComments:





Slide #: 016 Author ID: 16 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-016-S001-016Title: Solar staircaseComments:

Slide #: 017 Author ID: 17 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-017-S001-017Title: Solar staircaseComments:

Slide #: 018 Author ID: 18 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-018-S001-018Title: Passive solar houseComments:

Slide #: 019 Author ID: 19 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-019-S001-019Title: First insulate than insolateComments:

Slide #: 020 Author ID: 20 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-020-S001-020Title: Davis waterfallComments:

Slide #: 021 Author ID: 21 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-021-S001-021Title: Bead wallComments:

Slide #: 022 Author ID: 22 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-022-S001-022Title: Bead wallComments:


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Slide #: 023 Author ID: 23 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-023-S001-023Title: SkylidComments:

Slide #: 024 Author ID: 24 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-024-S001-024Title: SkylidComments:

Slide #: 025 Author ID: 25 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-025-S001-025Title: ShutterComments:

Slide #: 026 Author ID: 26 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-026-S001-026Title: Register divertorComments:

Slide #: 027 Author ID: 27 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-027-S001-027Title: Skylight shutterComments:

Slide #: 028 Author ID: 28 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-028-S001-028Title: Skylight shutterComments:

Slide #: 029 Author ID: 29 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-029-S001-029Title: �Clearview� collectorComments:

Slide #: 030 Author ID: 30 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-030-S001-030Title: Clerestory shutterComments:

Slide #: Author ID: 31 SBSE Slide ID: NOSLIDETitle: Window shutterComments:

Slide #: Author ID: 32 SBSE Slide ID: NOSLIDETitle: Shutter sectionComments:

Slide #: Author ID: 33 SBSE Slide ID: NOSLIDETitle: Net window heat loss and gainComments:

Slide #: Author ID: 34 SBSE Slide ID: NOSLIDETitle: Penthouse shadeComments:

Slide #: Author ID: 35 SBSE Slide ID: NOSLIDETitle: Penthouse shadeComments:

Slide #: Author ID: 36 SBSE Slide ID: NOSLIDETitle: Davis skylight shutterComments:



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Slide #: Author ID: 40 SBSE Slide ID: NOSLIDETitle: �Thermocell� blindComments:

Solar Hemi-Cycle - High MuseumFatih RifkiSBSESlides 31-50

Slide #: 031 Author ID: 1 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-031-S002-001Title: High MuseumComments:







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Solar Hemi-Cycle - Blue Cross Blue Shield of BostonFatih RifkiSBSESlides 51-57

Slide #: 051 Author ID: 1 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-051-S003-001Title: Blue Cross-Blue Shield of BostonComments:








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Oak Alley Plantation: The Heavy Mass Plantation HouseSusan UbbelohdeSBSESlides 58-76

Note: See text of author�s paper �Oak Alley Plantation: The Heavy Mass Plantation House� at end of this section.

Slide #: 058 Author ID: 2 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-058-S004-001Title: Oak Alley: From northComments:

Slide #: 059 Author ID: 3 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-059-S004-002Title: Oak Alley: 1st floor planComments:

Slide #: 060 Author ID: 4 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-060-S004-003Title: Oak Alley: From north 2Comments:

Slide #: 061 Author ID: 5 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-061-S004-004Title: Oak Alley: Site planComments:

Slide #: 062 Author ID: 6 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-062-S004-005Title: Oak Alley: The alleeComments:

Slide #: 063 Author ID: 7 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-063-S004-006Title: Oak Alley: Cross ventComments:

Slide #: 064 Author ID: 8 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-064-S004-007Title: Oak Alley: Living roomComments:

Slide #: 065 Author ID: 9 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-065-S004-008Title: Oak Alley: Stack ventComments:

Slide #: 066 Author ID: 10 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-066-S004-009Title: Oak Alley: West façadeComments:

Slide #: 067 Author ID: 11 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-067-S004-010Title: Oak Alley: South façadeComments:

Slide #: 068 Author ID: 12 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-068-S004-011Title: Oak Alley: South galleryComments:

Slide #: 069 Author ID: 13 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-069-S004-012Title: Oak Alley: West galleryComments:

Slide #: 070 Author ID: 14 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-070-S004-013Title: Oak Alley: Shuttered doorComments:


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Slide #: 071 Author ID: 15 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-071-S004-014Title: Oak Alley: Attic exhaustComments:

Slide #: 072 Author ID: 16 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-072-S004-015Title: Oak Alley: DormersComments:

Slide #: 073 Author ID: 17 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-073-S004-016Title: Oak Alley: Thermal zonesComments:

Slide #: 074 Author ID: 18 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-074-S004-017Title: Oak Alley: View to alleeComments:

Slide #: 075 Author ID: 19 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-075-S004-018Title: Oak Alley: Lake Charles ClimateComments:

Slide #: 076 Author ID: 20 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-076-S004-019Title: Oak Alley: Open doorComments:


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OAK ALLEY: THE HEAVY MASS PLANTATION HOUSE

M. Susan UbbelohdeSchool of Architecture

University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, Minnesota

55455 USA

ABSTRACT

Oak Alley, a southern Louisiana plantation house was constructed in the 1830�s. The climate responsive strate-gies employed in the house and site design have been identified and documented through field tests, modelanalysis and occupant interviews by Brian Andrews and Brian Spencer, working with Dr. Eugene Cizek andProfessor Susan Ubbelohde. This paper discusses the background of �bioclimatic design� strategies developedfor the Gulf Coast climate of the U.S. Three major factors in the success of Oak Alley�s response to climate areexamined: the dynamic heavy-mass envelope, the migration of the occupants, and the contribution of ritual,contrast, and synesthesia to thermal comfort. Conclusions address the value of studying historic examples andthe complexity of a truly responsive and comfortable design.

1. INTRODUCTION

In comparison to the rest of the continental U.S., the Southeast, and especially the swamps and bayous of Loui-siana have epitomized the relative tropics. A world of palm trees and Spanish moss, dripping with humidity andcrawling with insects, the South is home to the passions of William Faulkner and Tennessee Williams.

Understanding the South�s nearly mythic role as our representative hot humid climate clarifies the ease withwhich we have assumed that tropical architectural strategies might be appropriate. Thus the �low heat capacitywalls and roof, maximum shade, maximum ventilation� described by Fitch and Branch for the tropical rainforest in their seminal article1 have crept into our general consciousness as somehow applicable design strate-gies in the Deep South.

2. BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN GUIDELINES

As we became better at both describing the climate and understanding implications for architectural response,2

we also began to look at 19th century architectural precedents.


(Figure 1 � Oak Alley Plantation, Vacherie, Louisiana)

This search was ostensibly for clues, but functioned primarily as confirmation of the newly developed guide-lines.3 For the northern U.S. and the Southwest, passive designs could provide comfort for most of the year.The basic architectural strategies suggested for orientation, aperture, and envelope and mass characteristicstended, in general, to work through the annual patterns of seasonal change. However, in the Southeast, oursophisticated analysis brought us a difficult position, a set of conflicting guidelines.


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In Regional Guidelines for Building Passive Energy Conserving Homes (1980), the potential of passive strate-gies for providing thermal comfort was addressed. Chapter 11 for the Gulf Coast distinguished the �primarydesign condition� as �too hot for comfort� (52% of the year). The recommendations were: 1. Allow wind toventilate and cool; 2. Protect from the sun; 3. Flatten day-to-night temperature swings; 4. Avoid creatingadditional humidity. The �secondary design condition�, �too cool for comfort�, occurs a substantial 36% of theyear. However, the recommendations of 1. Letting the sun in and 2. Avoiding infiltration are, along with #3and 4 above, �less important and should only be considered if greater detail and operational control is pos-sible�.4 This relieves the designer of resolving the more difficult of the contradictory guidelines. For example,should the architect design with high ceilings or minimize the volume to be heated or refrigerated? Is it better toprovide many large operable windows, or do you minimize glazing to reduce infiltration, winter heat loss andsummer solar gain? The difficult question of the appropriate use of thermal mass versus a lightweight insulatedframe is not clearly answered.

Watson�s analysis and guidelines (1981)5 assume people will use air conditioning when conditions are unre-lieved by passive means. However, he also looks at percentages of occurrence to determine design strategies forthis climate:

minimize infiltration 71%minimize conductive heat flow 56%passive solar gain 42%minimize external air flow 42%minimize solar gain 43%promote ventilation 19%promote radiant cooling 5%promote evaporate cooling 4%

Examining Watson�s recommendations in relation to the AIA guidelines is even more perplexing: the statisticstell you clearly that if you want to have the option of air conditioning, you must build a thermos bottle whichcan admit and block solar gain on an equal basis.

What becomes clear is that choosing bioclimate design strategies via percentage of occurrence is akin to design-ing for an average daily temperature of 50 degrees F. It is possible that the climate described consists of 90degree days and 10 degree nights. Being comfortable part of the time, even if it is more than 50%, is not asatisfactory solution. It is important to find new ways to define the problem.

In the Gulf Coast, one needs to design a building that can be both an open parasol and a protective enclave,recognizing the differences between the winter and summer, spring and fall and the accompanying sun positionand wind shifts. In effect, a truly climate-responsive house would need to be a complex integrated set of passivesystems; a chameleon of many talents. Herein lies the value of examining historical precedents. Many of thesehouses, including Oak Alley, respond in a sophisticated fashion to the complex demands of the Gulf Coastclimate.

Slide #: 058 Author ID: 2 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-058-S004-001Title: Oak Alley: From northComments:

(Slide 2 � Oak Alley: from north)


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3. OAK ALLEY PLANTATION HOUSE

Oak Alley was built in the 1830�s facing the Mississippi River to the north at the end of an existing allJe oftwenty-eight oak trees. The house was placed on the site of a previous cottage and constructed with bricks ofMississippi River mud, molded and fired on site.


(Slide 3 � Oak Alley: 1st floor plan)


(Slide 4 � Oak Alley � from north 2)

Slide #: 061 Author ID: 5 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-061-S004-004Title: Oak Alley: Site planComments:

(Slide 5 � Oak Alley � site plan)

Slide #: 062 Author ID: 6 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-062-S004-005Title: Oak Alley: The alleeComments:

(Slide 6 � Oak Alley � the allJe)

Completed in 1839, the house has two floors of living areas, each with an eleven foot central hall running northand south. Square in plan, the house is surrounded with an eleven foot deep gallery and a total of twenty-eightoak trees which form the allJe. The 16� walls are of masonry, finished with painted stucco on the exterior andpainted plaster on the interior. Originally there were four dormers, one on each side of the hipped roof. The fullcomplement of out-buildings typically associated with a working plantation (kitchen, garconnieres, shed,stables, slave quarters, etc.) are also on the grounds to the east and south of the house.

The house was altered by the architects Koch and Armstrong during restoration in the 1920�s after fifty years ofabandonment. The original kitchen building still stands opposite the formal garden to the east; however, thekitchen was brought into the house in the southeast corner of the ground floor. The dormers were increased tothree on each side of the house for a total of nine. The stairway has also been moved from the southwest cornerto the center hall, explaining the absence of fireplaces in the southwest rooms. Finally, the original black andwhite marble floors were replaced with wooden floors.


(Figure 3 � Ground floor plan)

(Figure 4 � Upper floor plan - No Slide Supplied)


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4. THE DYNAMIC ENVELOPE

Oak Alley recognizes the demands of the exterior climate by providing an envelope which can function as eitheran open parasol or a thermal enclave. Each living area, including the central hall which functioned as a secondparlor, has French doors giving onto two orientations. These can open the rooms dramatically to the outsidebreeze and temperature. The interior doors to the hall and through the service rooms support additional crossventilation, while the fifteen foot ceilings allow hot air to rise above head height.

Slide #: 063 Author ID: 7 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-063-S004-006Title: Oak Alley: Cross ventComments:

(Slide 7 � Oak Alley � cross vent)

Slide #: 064 Author ID: 8 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-064-S004-007Title: Oak Alley: Living roomComments:

(Slide 8 � Oak Alley � living room)

Coupling the hatch door on the roof�s belvedere and the operable dormers with the vertical opening created bythe move of the stair, the house has an effective stack ventilating system. This supplements the potential forcross ventilation during those periods of minimal and uncertain wind speed and direction, generally the monthsof July and August.6


(Slide 9 � Oak Alley � stack vent)


(Slide 10 � Oak Alley � west façade)

(Figure 5 � North elevation - No Slide Supplied)

4.1 Shade

In conjunction with ventilation, shade is still required for comfort during those overheated period not yet severeenough to require an enclave (March, April, May and October).7 This is provided on the north or front galleriesnearly all year. The east walls and glazing are shaded after 10 a.m. in March and September and from 9:00 a.m.on June 21st. The southern walls are shaded throughout the day from early March to early October. The westwall is the mirror of the east, lacking shade in the afternoons from March to September (Figure 7). A secondlayer of operable sun controls, the wooden shutters on each French door, can be used during those periods whenthe overhangs do not provide the necessary shade.

Slide #: 067 Author ID: 11 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-067-S004-010Title: Oak Alley: South façadeComments:

(Slide 11 � Oak Alley � south façade)


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(Slide 12 � Oak Alley � south gallery)

Slide #: 069 Author ID: 13 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-069-S004-012Title: Oak Alley: West galleryComments:

(Slide 13 � West gallery)

Slide #: 070 Author ID: 14 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-070-S004-013Title: Oak Alley: Shuttered doorComments:

(Slide 14 � Shuttered doors)


(Figure 6 - Section showing stack ventilation)

4.2 Closing the Envelope

As much as 305 of the year may bring conditions of severe overheating with high humidity.8 During these times,the house can be �closed� to the outside extremes and remain shaded from solar gain as described above. Thetwo living floors are closed and the dormers are opened to exhaust any heat built up beneath the roof. In the1930�s, an exhaust fan was placed in one of the dormers with considerable effect. A second strategy now avail-able with the invention of air conditioning is the ability to close and condition only one or two rooms within theoverall house.

Slide #: 071 Author ID: 15 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-071-S004-014Title: Oak Alley: Attic exhaustComments:

(Slide 15 � Attic exhaust)

Slide #: 072 Author ID: 16 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-072-S004-015Title: Oak Alley: DormersComments:

(Slide 16 � Oak Alley � dormers)


(Figure 7(a) � West elevation, late afternoon March 21st)

(Figure 7(b) - Solar transit plot from west gallery - No Slide Supplied)

Both of these closed strategies work in conjunction with the substantial thermal mass in both interior and exte-rior walls. The masonry walls are coupled to a continually available sink; the 65 degree F. groundwater. OakAlley�s brick walls, like the masonry walls in the French Quarter of New Orleans, have their foundations let intothe high water table. This causes a condition in which the water is wicked up into the wall. Thus the walls arekept cooler than summer air temperatures, although they suffer from peeling paint. The interior relative humid-ity is, unfortunately, increased. When the room is closed, the discomfort must be balanced by the cooler mean


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radiant temperature of the room or the dehumidifying action of the air conditioner. Due to the presence of a heatsink independent of daily cycling, the occupants can utilize both ventilation and the cool mass without compro-mising the effectiveness of either. It is this combination which allowed the central hall to be a favorite room inhot periods.

4.3 The Winter Enclave

The need for a winter enclave is a critical fact of life in Louisiana, where heating bills often run as high ascooling due to lack of insulation and infiltration control. Each of Oak Alley�s rooms may be closed to infiltra-tion using the doors and shutters.

Slide #: 073 Author ID: 17 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-073-S004-016Title: Oak Alley: Thermal zonesComments:

(Slide 17 � Oak Alley � Thermal zones)

Local heating may be accomplished with the fireplace or by allowing the sun to enter. The mass walls providean envelope which resists infiltration more successfully than the typical Louisiana frame house, while simulta-neously allowing delayed transfer of radiant heat. The mass walls provide an envelope which resists infiltrationmore successfully than the typical Louisiana frame house, while simultaneously allowing delayed transfer ofradiant heat.

5. THE DYNAMIC OCCUPANTS

Perhaps it is in our nature as architects or researchers to concentrate on those aspects of the building design overwhich we know the designer exercises control (e.g.: the U value, the nature of the aperture). There may be amention of a �sun space� or a �shaded porch which accepts breezes� in the published guidelines, but on thewhole we have left unrecognized and unexploited the most powerful ally of the dynamic envelope: the redun-dant living space. The ability of those living in the house to move up and down, in and out, and around thehouse on the galleries make this house truly responsive to climate.

Slide #: 074 Author ID: 18 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-074-S004-017Title: Oak Alley: View to alleeComments:

(Slide 18 � Oak Alley � view to alleJ)

Oak Alley�s galleries, ground floor paved arcades and center halls are areas which may be occupied at any pointwhen they offer improved thermal comfort. Because they were initially conceived as living spaces, rather thanas �hallways� and �overhangs�, their eleven foot widths accommodate a variety of activities with ease. Thenortheast corner of the second floor gallery has shade and breeze on a hot afternoon. The dark center hall offerscool walls on an August day. The mid-day sun of the southern gallery warms a space blocked from northeastNovember winds.

In fact, migration through these �redundant living spaces� provides the most immediate response to the range ofdiurnal patterns typical of this climate. Previous research has identified three daily comfort patterns whichtogether account for 97% of the year: (1) days which begin cold, move into the modified comfort zone, andthen turn cold again �C-MCZ-C�; (2) days which are within the modified comfort zone all day �MCZ�; and (3)days which begin in the modified comfort zone, become hot, and then return to the modified comfort zone


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�MCZ-H-McZ�. Conditions coded bot hC and H require a closed building and either cooling or heating. Con-ditions coded MCZ can be comfortable with an open building if the right amount of wind or sun is provided.9 InOak Alley, one can move in and out of a �closed� space onto a gallery, and then seek the sun and wind condi-tions appropriate by moving around the galleries until comfortable.


(Slide 19 � Lake Charles � climate)


(Figure 9 � Typical annual distribution of diurnal comfort patterns, Lake Charles, Louisiana)


(Figure 10 � South gallery, 11 a.m., March 21st)

6. THE OASIS AND THE ROCKING CHAIR

Lisa Heschong has argued the importance of recognizing and designing thermal environments which includeritual, variability, contrast, and the stimulation of senses such as sight, sound and touch.10 For example, shedescribes the necessity of a summer enclave not in terms of temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation,but as follows: �When we are overheated�the heat makes us lethargic and slow-witted. Any action requiredtoo much effort�A hot day�can also be stressful because it overstimulates. The sun can be too bright, glintingoff of every surface. The antidote then is not something that moves and sparkles but a deep, quiet coolness, aplace to retreat from the sun and rest in peace.�11

Oak Alley�s success as a climate-responsive house, as well as the deep attraction it holds, lies only partially inthe thermal performance of the envelope and the range of actions available to the occupants. The design pro-vides the psychological and sensual counterparts of thermal comfort.

Slide #: 076 Author ID: 20 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-076-S004-019Title: Oak Alley: Open doorComments:

(Slide 20 � Open door)

The house, although square, is oriented by function and glazing to the alley. This alley is, ironically, good atchanneling the cold north winds of winter directly to the house. However, the same space more than compen-sates by providing a visual and aural �oasis� during the hottest days of summer. All major rooms and gallerieshave a framed view of a deep shaded room, three hundred feet long, leading to the river. The contrast of a hotbright sun with the green of the alley only emphasizes the pleasures of the coolness provided. This alley washistorically the formal entrance for those coming from the river or along River Road, framing the house andestablishing a powerful spatial and thermal experience as preamble to the house itself. The interior hallway, aformal extension of the alley, also extends the coolness offered on a hot day. The dimmer shade and cool ma-sonry walls protect you while the visual connection to river, green grass and breezes is maintained.


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The French doors, the shutters and the mosquito netting hung on the galleries not only provide thermal comfort,but do so in a visible and variable manner. Their visibility and obvious connection with comfort allows them tobecome objects of �affection�, which broadens our appreciation and care for the place.12 Similarly the twenty-eight round columns act as sun-dials, casting shadows which move daily and seasonally, placing the house intime. On overcast days, the curves of the column shaft model the soft light, always distinguishing the protectedzone of the galleries from the outside environment through light and shade.

7. CONCLUSION

Heschong reminds us that �the association of comfort with people and place are reinforced by the ritualized useof a place. It establishes, in time and behavior, a definition of the place as strong as any architectural spatialdefinition.�13 Oak Alley provides a magnificent architectural set upon which these rituals can develop. Thenorthwest corner of the upper gallery was used each summer evening for sitting after dinner in a rocking chair,feeling the breeze pick up around the corner of the house, watching the coolness come as the sun set. Theseasonal ritual of taking up the rugs to bare the marble floors and hanging the mosquito netting on the galleriesdefines the summer house in time as well as place.

These �psychological� aspects of thermal comfort, which cannot be �measure� on site or modeled in the lab arethose which ultimately make the envelope performance and migration patterns worth examining. It is not onlythat the alley is cool or that the galleries catch the sun which makes them worthwhile. The sophisticated ther-mal performance of Oak Alley is made significant spatially and architecturally, and the house graciously ac-knowledges and welcomes the actions of the occupants as part of the whole. Here, in Oak Alley, we have morethan a collection of climate response design strategies, we have an example of climate responsive architecture.

8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Brian Andrews and Brian Spencer, former students at Tulane University School of Architecture, were the majorresearchers for this paper and provided all drawn illustrations. They put in long hours of site tests, physicalmodeling, computer modeling, and contributed exquisite graphics and careful insights. My dependence on theirwork cannot be overstated. Both Brian�s and I owe much to my co-teacher, Dr. Eugene Cizek, and the ZebMayeaux, the owner of Oak Alley, who enthusiastically allowed us full access to the house and site.

9. REFERENCE

1. Fitch, J.M. and D.P. Branch. �Primitive Architecture,� Scientific American, vol. 203 (April 1960), p.137

2. Brown, G.Z. and B.J. Novitsky. �A Design Methodology Based on Climate Characteristics,� Proceed-ings of the 6th National Passive Solar Conference, Portland, OR. September 1981, pp. 372-376.

3. AIA Research Corporation. Regional Guidelines for Building Passive Energy July 1980

4. AIA, p. 232.

5. Watson, Donald. �Bioclimatic Analysis and Design Methods,� Passive Cooling, International Passiveand Hybrid Cooling Conference, Miami Beach, FL. November 1981. pp. 597-611


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6. U.S. Department of Commerce. Climatic Atlas of the United States, 1968.

7. NOAA, Local Climatological Date for New Orleans, Louisiana.

8. Watson, p. 599.

9. Ubbelohde, M. Susan. �The New Orleans Shotgun: Design Strategy for Variable Climate Response.�Progress in Passive Solar Energy Systems, 1982, pp. 939-944.

10. Heschong, Lisa. Thermal Delight in Architecture. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1979).

11. Heschong, p. 17.




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Passive Cooling - Cairo Wind ScreenG. Z. BrownSBSESlides 77-91

Slide #: 077 Author ID: GZB 4 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-077-S005-001Title: Cairo - wd screenComments:




Slide #: 081 Author ID: GZB 8 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-081-S005-005Title: Cairo - stone screenComments:



Slide #: Author ID: GZB 5 SBSE Slide ID: NOSLIDETitle: Cairo - wd screenComments:

Slide #: 084 Author ID: GZB 12 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-084-S005-008Title: Cairo - Muhammed Ali MosqueComments: Interior

Slide #: 085 Author ID: GZB 11 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-085-S005-009Title: CairoComments:

Slide #: 086 Author ID: GZB 10 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-086-S005-010Title: Cairo - Muhammed Ali MosqueComments:

Slide #: 087 Author ID: GZB 9 SBSE Slide ID: CD008-087-S005-011Title: Cairo - stone screenComments:




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Unknown Misc. SlidesUnknown AuthorSBSESlides 92-95

Trombe Wall, Solar Staircase, Collector Section, Water Wall, Etc

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