TRMT 396

Lecture #3

Dan McDonald

Community-based tourism as growth ‘within’ context

Control not just involvementTourism as complimentary

not substitutiveInternal rather than

external drivers ( or dual)Participatory stakeholders

not just beneficiariesLong-term communal

enterprise requires long-term commitment by all

Notzke, 2006Notzke, 2006

1. Totally owned and managed by community

2. Family or group initiatives in community

3. Joint venture with outside business partner

Is there an implied hierarchy based upon ‘control’?

Is do we assess solely on benefit? Wood (2002) in Notzke

Connecting to market an issue – rural/remote ↓ access to tools of tourism communication

Unequal distribution of opportunity & benefits

Vulnerability to external shocks, shifting trends

Dependence on continued external funding with limited local capital source

CommunityEmpowerment

CommunityEconomic

Development

CommunityWellness

CommunityLearning

Colton & Whitney-Squire (2010)

Community Stewardship

CECommunity Ownership & InputLeadership & GovernanceLegal FoundationsRelationships

CEDCommunity/family entrepreneurshipAboriginal owned/operatedIncome generation & economic diversityInvestment in Culture/PeoplePartnerships/strategic planning invest

CWPhysical & Social BenefitsOrganizational benefitsSupport for Traditional CultureCommunity Cohesion

CLRenew/strengthen cultureAboriginal informed mgmt practicesBuild capacity (experience/skills)Cross-Cultural learningValue & role of TourismCS

Environmental Stewardship & Culturally Informed Management

Moving forward can’t be based on dependency

History of colonization led to dislocation from community history and weakened its bond

Revitalizing community often a process of remembering and re-membering

Going forward depends on strengthening relationships within & without

Wholeness with DiversityShared Culture based on

known traditionOpen CommunicationRespect & TrustGroup maintenance &

prideParticipatory & Consensus

based decision makingYouth empoweredExtensive positive social,

political & economic relationships with other communities Alfred (2009)

Improved LivelihoodsLocal Economic DevelopmentCommercial ViabilityCollective Benefits (social projects,

infrastructure)

Social Capital & Empowerment (equity, decision making, local leadership, low impact)

Sense of Place (pride, revitalization, heritage)

EducationConservation & Environment

(sustainable use, monitoring, protection)

Tourism ( ↑experience, awareness)

Other (investment, sufficient time, replication)

Goodwin & Santilli (2009)

“Growth is pro=poor if it enables poor people to realize the value of their asset base, which includes their culture”

Assets/Capital include:FinancialHumanNaturalPhysicalSocial

Goodwin, 2007

Direct employmentSupplying goods &

servicesDirect sales to tourists

Often informal

Tourism micro-enterprisesTaxes/levies on tourism

revenuesVoluntary giving by

tourists and/or enterprises $, goods, time, etc

Investment in infrastructure

Goodwin, 2007

“Sustaining economic development in Aboriginal communities requires a nation building approach rather than a jobs and income approach” (Colton & Harris, 2007)

Links to the Harvard Project notion of the importance of sovereignty

Ultimate measure of success

Quw’utsun Cultural & Conference Centre

Nuyumbalees Cultural Centre

U’Mista Cultural Centre

Squamish Lil’wat Cultural Centre

Nk’Mip Cultural Centre

Alfred, T. (2009). Peace, Power and Righteousness: An Indigenous Manifesto. 2nd ed. Toronto, ON: Oxford University Press.