Tribal Sovereignty and Environmental Law: Tools for Tribes Using … · 2016-10-02 · Tribal...
Transcript of Tribal Sovereignty and Environmental Law: Tools for Tribes Using … · 2016-10-02 · Tribal...
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Tribal Sovereignty and Environmental Law: Tools for Tribes Using the Clean Water Act to Protect Tribal
Waters
EPA Region 5/Tribal Water Workshop, Oct. 4-6, 2016FireKeepers Casino Hotel, Fulton, MI
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OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
Broad Overview of CWA
Developing Tribal WQS “Treatment as a State” Federal Approval of WQS
Enforcement of Tribal WQS NPDES Permits CWA 401 Certifications Treaty rights
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CLEAN WATER ACT BASICS
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PURPOSES OF CLEAN WATER ACT
CWA § 101(a): Eliminate discharges of pollutants into navigable waters Protect fish, shellfish, and wildlife Protect recreation in and on the water
CWA regulates point source discharges into surface water
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SCOPE OF CLEAN WATER ACT
CWA § 502 – CWA applies to discharges into “navigable waters,” defined as “waters of the U.S.”
Significant nexus to waters of the U.S. is required Rapanos v. U.S., 547 U.S. 715 (2006) EPA/ACE rule, 80 Fed. Reg. 37054 (6/29/15), which is currently being
challenged in federal court
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CWA § 404 PERMITS
CWA § 404 permits for discharges of dredged and fill material
Joint administration by EPA and Army Corps of Engineers Permits issued by ACE
Mitigation procedures 33 CFR Part 332
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NONPOINT SOURCE PROVISIONS
CWA § 319 Nonpoint Source Management Nonpoint source pollution assessment report Nonpoint source management plans Not a regulatory program
CWA § 303(d) - Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) List of impaired waters TMDLs to meet WQS TAS rule, 81 Fed. Reg. 65901 (Sept. 26, 2016)
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TRIBAL WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
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ELEMENTS OF WQS
CWA § 303 and 40 CFR Part 131
Designating water uses for each water body or segment
Setting narrative and numeric water quality criteria necessary to protect the designated uses
Protecting existing water quality and uses through anti-degradation provisions
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AUTHORITIES FOR ISSUING WQS
Tribal Authorities Inherent Authority Tribal Laws
“Treatment as a State” and Federal Approval under the CWA
ANPRM for Federal Baseline WQS for Reservations 81 Fed. Reg. 66900 (Sept. 29, 2016)
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STRINGENCY OF TRIBAL WQS
For Federal Approval At least as stringent as federal requirements and criteria
Can be more stringent Scope can be broader Criteria can be more stringent Additional designated uses Albuquerque v. Browner, 97 F.3d 415 (10th Cir. 1996)
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BENEFITS OF TAS & FEDERAL APPROVAL
Federal enforcement, through NPDES permits
Apply to upstream NPDES permits
Greater protection for tribal waters
Greater assertion of tribal sovereignty
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Formal Reservation
TrustAllotmentFee
Downstream
Upstream Point Source
State
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“TREATMENT AS A STATE”
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ELEMENTS OF TAS APPLICATION
CWA § 518(e) Federally recognized tribe Functioning tribal government Jurisdiction over the water resources sought to be regulated Capability to carry out program
Specifies provisions for which TAS is available Includes CWA §§ 106, 303, 319, 401, 402, 404
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JURISDICTION
Within “Reservation” CWA § 518(e)(2)
Over Non-IndiansMontana Test, Montana v. U.S., 450 U.S. 544, 565-66 (1981) EPA Reinterpretation 81 Fed. Reg. 30183 (May 16, 2016)
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APPROVAL PROCESS
TAS Application Can submit in advance of request for federal approval of WQS EPA notifies governmental entities within 30 days of receipt of complete application 30-day comment period No deadline for EPA decision
WQS Approval EPA review for compliance with federal requirements EPA consultation with Fish & Wildlife Service under Endangered Species Act Notice to neighboring governments of proposed approval and public comment
period Final federal action to approve within 60 days, disapprove within 90 days after
process complete
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ENFORCING TRIBAL WQS
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NPDES PERMITS/CERTIFICATION
CWA § 402 NPDES permit for point sources discharging pollutants
CWA § 401 Certification Federally issued Permits Federally approved WQS Applies to both CWA § 404 dredge and fill permits and CWA § 402 NPDES
permits Can be part of WQS TAS application
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TREATY RIGHTS
Subsistence fishing rights Human health criteria exposure based on fish consumption rate Aquatic life criteria Minimum flow requirements
Incorporation into Tribal WQS
Effect on State WQS
EPA 2016 Consultation Policy on Tribal Treaty Rights
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WQS AS CLEANUP STANDARDS
For Tribal Cleanups
For Remedial Actions under CERCLA 121(d) Tribal WQS can be considered as “ARARs” Standard must be: Promulgated More stringent than federal standard Identified in timely fashion in the CERCLA process
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CONCLUSION
Opportunities under CWA to Protect Tribal Water Quality Enacting Tribal WQS Obtaining TAS and federal approval of WQS Implementing other CWA programs Asserting Tribal treaty rights
Taking these actions also is an assertion of tribal sovereignty over tribal resources
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