Trends in global nutrition and health: Local fruits and their
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Trends in global nutrition and health:
Local fruits and theirpotential importance for
nutrition and healthJessica Fanzo PhD
Senior Scientist, Nutrition and DiversityBioversity International
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One billion are hungry and 200 million children are stunted
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South Atlantic Ocean South Pacific Ocean
Indian Ocean
Arctic Ocean
Arctic Ocean
North Pacific Ocean
Over a billion are overweight or obese<10% 10-20%
21-30% 31-40% 41-50% >51%
Source: The World is Fat (Penguin, Dec 2008)
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Main driver of undernutriton is…
POVERTY
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Main driver of overnutrition…not poverty alone
• Global shifts in the diet– Energy dense foods–High in fat and sugar– Low in micronutrients
• Decline in physical activity– Sedentary nature of work–Modes of transportation– Increased urbanization
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The Double Burden of Poor Nutrition
Urbanization + Economic Growth
Slow mortality decline
• increased fat, sugar, processed foods
• shift in technology ofwork and leisure
accelerated life expectancy,shift to increased DR-NCD,increased disability period
MCH deficiencies, weaning disease,stunting
• starchy, low variety, low fat,high fiber
• labor-intensive work/leisure
obesity emerges,bone density problems
Source: Popkin, Barry M. ( 2002) Public Health Nutrition 5:93-103.
Receding Famine
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One alarming trend
Children who are born of low birth weight followed by exposure to high fat, nutrient dense foods ---- are more at risk of becoming obese and susceptible to non-communicable diseases
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Children under two who are undernourished in Russia
Zohoori, Gleiter, and Popkin 2001
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Adults ages 18 to 29 who are overweight in Russia
Zohoori, Gleiter, and Popkin 2001
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Adults ages 30 to 59 who are overweight in Russia
Zohoori, Gleiter, and Popkin 2001
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Adults over 60 who are overweight in Russia
Zohoori, Gleiter, and Popkin 2001
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Summary of Russia’s nutritional status
• Low birth weight babies: 7% (EU is 4 to 7)• Stunting in children under 2: 8-15%• Overweight or obese adults: over 50%• Emphasis on high meat, high protein, high
calorie diet• The “double burden” in Russia is due to a lack
of micronutrients essential for growth followed by weight gain during infancy
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What is being done globally to address the global burden?
• The interventions being currently scaled are:– Good child feeding and hygiene practices– Micronutrient supplementation– Food fortification– Ready to use therapeutic foods to treat acute malnutrition
• What is not addressed in these interventions?– Diet diversity– Overnutrition– Agriculture’s role
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Agriculture, for the most part, hasforgotten about nutrition
Agriculture research, programs and policy have not focus on maximizing nutrition output from farming systems
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Agricultural Biodiversity
• Agricultural Biodiversity is POTENTIALLY important:– As a coping mechanism against hunger– For environmental sustainability– For food security resilience– For strengthening of local food systems– As a rich source of nutrients for improved diet diversity and quality
• Deriving direct benefits from agricultural biodiversity is an incentive to conserve that diversity
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Diet Diversity
– Good predictor of dietary quality– Associated with stunting– Associated with longevity– Associated with decreases in some
cancers and heart disease risk
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Fruits and vegetables contribute to diet diversity
• Important for diet diversity by providing micronutrients and non-nutrients
• Botanical diversity of fruits and vegetables plays a role in the biological effect of antioxidant phytochemicals
• Consumption of fruit and vegetables has many health benefits:– Lowers blood pressure – reduces risk of heart disease, stroke, and some cancers– lowers risk of eye and digestive problems – keeps blood sugar levels more level
SO WHY DON’T PEOPLE CONSUME MORE???
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The Berry Collection and its importance in health and nutrition
• In Northern territories with cold climates, berries play a critical role in diets and are highly adopted to local conditions (Finland, Russia, NE USA, Canada, Greenland)
• Large diversity of Ribes (currants), Rubus (blackberries), Lonicera (honeyberries), Sorbus (moutain ash), Vitis (grape) should be harnessed!
• Beyond just essential vitamins and minerals essential for nutrition, phytochemicals are critical important
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Importance of Genetic Diversity to Diet diversity for Russia
• Traditional foods have been replaced with cheaper calorie-rich, nutrient-deficient staples like bread and potatoes
• "We are losing our culinary traditions,“ -Gennady Onishchenko, head of the Federal Consumer Protection Service
• Conservation and characterization of genetic diversity of local Russian crops is the FIRST and most critical step in preserving those culinary traditions – and gaining ACCESS to agricultural biodiversity and dietary diversity
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Vitamin deficiencies amongst children and adults in Moscow
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Linking genetic resource conservation with wellbeing: The importance of this collaboration: VIR, BI, and CRPGL
• New collaboration platforms: partnerships between nutritionists and gene bank scientists are rare
• New links: linking the importance of local genetic resources to better nutrition and health is a new area of work
• New research: Research on the nutrient and health factors of local varieties assessed from gene banks, grown in different environmental and geographical conditions is innovative
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Critical Future Questions
• What is the impact of the nutrient and phytochemical values of these foods on human health and nutrition?
• How much is needed to consume to get the protective effects of phytochemicals? And its bioavailability?
• How widespread are these foods consumed in Russia? • If critically important to human health, how can the
collection be best managed and how can improvements in production of important varieties be scaled?
• How should the value of these foods be promoted and to whom in Russia? Does industry play a role?
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One warning: The “Super” foods…ensuring the messages are right
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Our challenge: How can our work influence the food industry to ensure locally sourced nutritious
foods are a part of programs?
• Goal of the program: To instill a basic understanding of nutritional culture among children, parents and teachers, and provide practical experience
• Target reach: 31 regions of Russia, with 3 more regions planned in 2011. Annually, over 350,000 children in 5,000 schools are involved in the programme, and in total has helped 3 million children from 30,000 schools to learn about good nutrition
“Good Nutrition Programme” for schools - Nestlé Russia
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Thank you!
• Thank you to VIR – Sergey, Tatjana, Artem• The Centre de Recherche Public Gabriel
Lippmann – Jean Francois and Isabelle• The Global Crop Diversity Trust – Luigi Guarino• The Peoples of the Russian Federation• And to Sergey, our translator!