TREND ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL INDICATORS ON FOOD SECURITY:

MALAYSIA

Regional Training Workshop on Food Security Statistics Derived from the Food Consumption Data Collected in

National Household Surveys (NHS)

Bangkok, Thailand25-29 November 2013

Dimensions of Food Security

1. Access2. Availability3. Utilization4. Vulnerability

AccessDETERMINANTS•Analysis of physical access•Analysis of economic accessOUTPUT•Prevalence of undernourishment•Depth of food deficit

Analysis of Physical Accessper 100 km of land area (possibility of access to

markets)

AccessDeterminant

Analysis of Economic Accesscomparison of food PPP over general PPP

Access Determinant

Prevalence of Undernourishment

probability that an individual consumes insufficient calories to cover energy requirements

• Less than 5% between 1990 to 2010• It is not a serious issue in Malaysia.

AccessOutput

Depth of Food Deficit, kcal/caput/day

how many calories needed to lift the undernourished

AccessOutput

Availability

Analysis of dietary energy supplyAnalysis of food adequacy (percentage of DES over average energy requirement)Analysis of the share of protein in total diet

Dietary Energy SupplyNational average calories per caput per day

Availability

Analysis of Food Adequacy DES as percentage of ADERAvailability

Average Protein SupplyAvailability

Utilization

DETERMINANT•Access to safe water or sanitationOUTPUT•Stunting (chronic)•Underweight (chronic/acute, MDG1)

Access to Water & Sanitation% of population

Utilization

Chronic Stunting: Percentage of Children under 5

Utilization

Underweight: Percentage of Children Under 5Utilization

Vulnerability

EXPOSURECereal Import Dependency RatioPercent of Arable Land Equipped for IrrigationValue of Food Imports in Total Merchandise ExportsSHOCKFood price volatilityFood production volatilityPolitical stability

Cereal Import Dependency Ratio

cereal imports over total supply

Vulnerability

Percent of Arable Land Equipped for IrrigationVulnerability

Value of Food Imports in Total Merchandise ExportsVulnerability

Food Price VolatilityVulnerability

Food Production VolatilityVulnerability

Political StabilityVulnerability

PRESENTATION OF THE SURVEY AND LIMITATIONS

OF THE FOOD CONSUMPTION DATA

• 1st conducted:– Peninsular Malaysia (1957/58)

-household budget survey of the federation of Malaysia

– Sarawak (1967/68) – Sabah (1968/69)

• Malaysian level (1973)

• Since 1993 onwards-HES was carried out concurrently nation wide at an interval of five years

• Four (4) surveys were conducted that is in 1993/94, 1998/99, 2004/2005 and the most recent 2009/10

Household Expenditure Survey (HES)Introduction

Family budget survey

• Direct personal interview

- Visits to the selected household every alternate day

- Each household was given a daily record book to record all expenses made on goods and services for a period of one month

- Covered for the reference period of 12 months

- Every round consisted of approximately 2,000 households who were interviewed over a period of 1 month

Method of data collection

Household Expenditure Survey (HES)

Method of data collection (cont.d)Household Expenditure Survey (HES)

frequency – every 5 years

recent survey– HES 2009/2010: April 2009 until March 2010

Coverage – all states in Malaysia (urban & rural)- household staying in

private living quarters

Household Expenditure Survey (HES)

Number of food items (6 digits) = 451 items

LIMITATIONS

Different units used in the items collected –e.g. pieces, gm, kg

Quantity data was collected but was not published due to data inaccuracies.

Expenditure group Total Urban Rural

Food and non-alcoholic beverages

20.3 18.1 27.4

Restaurant and hotel 10.9 11.5 8.8

Composition of household expenditure by strata, Malaysia, 2009/10, percentage

Food and non-alcoholic Beverages

Food Away from Home %

THANK YOU