Trekk av skogreisingens historie i de nordiske land: med utsyn … · 2010-05-25 · Trekk av...
Transcript of Trekk av skogreisingens historie i de nordiske land: med utsyn … · 2010-05-25 · Trekk av...
Trekk av skogreisingens historie i de nordiske land: med utsyn fra
Vestlandet
A brief
history
of
afforestation
in the Nordic countries –
a view from W Norway
Bernt-Håvard ØyenForsker, daglig leder
Norsk institutt for skog og landskapRegionkontoret i Vest-Norge
Content
•
Learning from history?•
Afforestation
in the Nordic countries:
similarities and differences?•
”Push and pull”
factors
•
What is accomplished?•
Revitalization in a changing world
22 000 yrs BPWeichsel maximum
Last ice-age
ended
15 000 years
agoThe land gradually
occupied
by the
present tree
species
First forest
uses: hunting
and gatheringAnimal husbandry: approx
4000 years
ago
In the
17th century, wood
a commercial
product
Mixed
birch-pine
forests→ Calluna
heathland
→ Mixed
birch-pine-spruce
forests
Over the
last 5000 years
forest
area all over NW Europe
are negatively
correlated
with
increased
antropogenic
use
Spread of Norway spruce (Source: Hafsten
m. fl. 1992)
Spontan gran på VestlandetSpontanous Norway spruce stands in West Norway
25-30 populations
Approx. 3000 ha
Source:Gløersen
1874, Hødal
1954, Øyen 2007
Causes of deforestation
•
Overcutting•
Heavy browsing
•
Mining (Cu,Fe,Ag,others)•
Salt production
•
Chalk and potash •
Tar production, Charcoal
•
Shipbuilding •
Fisheries (barrels, boats)
Relative importance
xx
x
x
x
xx
x
x
Local RegionalX forest
fires, X climate, X bog formation
1550-1700
1700-1800
1830
1845
1860
1875
1800
”TimberFrontiers”in theNordic countries
Source: Bunte m.fl
1982
”Skogreising”•
Afforestation: to establish new plantations on sites that have been treeless for hundreds of years (i.e. on abandoned agriculture land, bogs and wetland)
•
Reforestation: to re-establish forests in recent woodlands (incl. tree species change in pastures)
•
Deforestation: long-term conversion of a forest site to a non-forested condition
Afforestation-regions
in the
Nordic countries
IslandFærøyene
Vest-Jylland
BohuslänHalland
Kyst-
og fjordstrøkVestlandet
Kyst og fjordstrøk i Nord-Norge
”Push”-factors
for afforestation
in W Norway, Jylland and SW Sweden
The poverty circle
Population-growth
Lack
of
resources
More agriculture
land
Reduced
forestarea
Over-grazing
Increased
cutting
Emmigration
”Pull” factors (1946-1980)
•
Stimulation of district economy, capital into long term investments, planting, tending, infrastructure and wood based industry
•
Forest research, Education, Managing and planning jobs in forestry
•
Economic stimulation of new alternatives in land use. Restore degraded farmlands.
•
Tax policy, subsidies
Coastal forestry-NorwayMiljø/Environment
Samfunn/Society
Økonomi/Economy
Bærekraftig skogforvaltning
Biodiversitet
Habitater
Vern
C-lager
Bærekraftig økonomi
ArbeidsplasserMuligheterVerdiskapingInntekter
Distriktspolitikk
Inkludering
Rekreasjon
Nær- miljøLikhet
Ressurser
Phases in afforestation
process in Norway
•
Exploitation phase I (1550 -
1860)•
Exploitation phase II (1860 -
1940)
•
Alert phase (1740 -
1930)•
New forest policy phase (1862-1940)
•
Planning phase (1945-1955)•
The great working years (1955-1990)
•
Consolidation phase (1990-2010)•
The new wood age?
Afforestation history
in the
Nordic countries
Time lag:From developing the idea, making the plans
and doing the job …
•
West Norway 1860s →1950s →1960s•
North Norway 1890s →1960s →1970s
•
SW Sweden 1880s →1920s →1930s•
W. Jylland, Denmark,1850s→1920s →1950s
•
Iceland 1899 →1970s → 1980s
Important tree species•
Scots
pine (No, Dk, Sw)
•
Norway
spruce
(No, Dk, Sw)•
Sitka
spruce
(No, Dk, Is, Sw)
•
Bog pine (No, Dk)•
Mountain pine (No, Dk)
•
Lutz spruce, White spruce
(No, Dk, Is)•
Contorta
pine (Is, Dk)
•
Beech
(Dk)•
Oak
(Dk)
•
Birch (Is)•
Larch
(Is, No, Dk, Sw)
•
Douglas Fir (Dk, No)
Source: Eggertson
2009
Birch-forest in IcelandMean forest cover in Europe: 36%
8 years
rotation
Mean
annual
inc.: 44 m3/ha/yr
C-seq.13 tons
C/ha/yr
Eucalyptus saligna – Østkysten av Brasil
Norway
spruce
–
W.Norway
•
60 yrs rotation•
Mean
annual
inc: 15 m3/ha/yr
•
C-seq. 4 tonn C/ha/yr
The time value
of
money
and forestry
•
Investments for whom?•
Financial criterion (magnitude and timing of cash-flows)
Flate 115, Ritland
Prov:Harz
Bonitet: G23
Plantet: 1927
Avvirket: 2004 (80 år)
Stående volum:1250 m3/ha
Skurandel: 90%
Slipandel: 10%
Snittpris: 427 kr/m3
Bruttoverdi: 475 500 kr/ha
Nettoverdi: 365 000 kr/ha
-----------------------------
Investering: 240 kr/ha (1927)
Kapitalverdi: 365 000 kr/ha
Internrente ett omløp: 5,4%
Internrente inkl tilsk: 6,3%
Internal
rate of
return. Spruce
plantations
in Norway
Moberglia (rotation age 47 yrs, G26)Innbetaling•
Tømmersalg: 620 m3
* 380 kr/m3: 235600,-Utbetaling•
Driftskostnad 62 m3
*120 kr/m3: 74400,-•
Adm,etc. 20 kr/m3
*620 m3: 12400,-•
Veiopprusting
(kr/ha): 3650,-•
Netto til eier+skogfond
(kr/ha): 145150,----------------Investering (840 kr/ha i 1960): 858 kr/haKapitalverdi, 47 år: 145150 kr/ha
Internrente ett omløp: 6,2%Internrente: inkl tilskudd: 7,5%
Sortland (rotation age 69 yrs, G14) Innbetaling •
Tømmersalg: 290 m3
* 338 kr/m3: 98020,-Utbetaling•
Driftskostnad 290 m3
*140 kr/m3: 40600,-•
Adm
etc.18 kr/m3
* 290 m3: 5220,-•
Veiopprusting
(kr/ha): 3220,-•
Netto til eier+skogfond
(kr/ha): 48580,------------Investering (200 kr/ha i 1930): 469 kr/ha Kapitalverdi etter 69 år: 48580 kr/ha
Internrente ett omløp: 3,6%Internrente inkl/tilskudd: 4,7%
Economy: summary
of
60 years
of planting in W Norway
•
IRR* in planting of
Norway
spruce
and Sitka spruce: 3.5-8.0%
•
IRR* in planting of
Scots
pine, mountain
pine and contorta
pine: -1.5-3.5%
•
IRR* in planting of
broadleves: -1.5-
3.0%•
17 billions NOK created
in costal
forestry
in 2005
(annual
cut: 2 mill m3).
*IRR=discount
rate which
makes the
net
present value
of
a planting equal
to 0.
*Only
timber
values
included
Spruce plantations in coastal forestry:
Vestlandet: 1,6 mill daa
Trøndelag: 2,5 mill daa
Nord-Norge:1,1 mill daa
Total: 520 000 ha
Norway spruce, Stend, pl. 1919Final felling in 2005Standing
volume: 1120 m3/ha
Saw
timber: 88%Pulpwood: 12%IRR: 4.9%
Sitka spruce, Moberglia, pl. 1932Final felling in 2007Standing
volume
1480 m3/ha
Saw
timber: 78%Pulpwood: 22%IRR: 6.2%
Coastal
forests
–
serving many
needs!
landskap –
kultur –
historie – opplevelse –
bosted -
arbeidssted
Kysten - endring i produktivt skogareal
8,51 11,15
8,5810,46
5,23
9,65
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1955 2005
mill
dek
ar Vestlandet
Trøndelag
Nord-Norge
Kysten. Arealutvikling 1955-2005.Prognose 2006-2060
0
10
20
30
40
50
1955
1961
1967
1973
1979
1985
1991
1997
2003
2009
2015
2021
2027
2033
2039
2045
2051
2057
mill
dek
ar
Kysten. Fordeling av landarealet
0
10
20
30
40
50 150 250 450 750 900
Pros
ent
Vestlandet Trøndelag Nord-Norge
Kysten. Fordeling av skogarealet
05
101520253035
50 150 250 350 450 550 650 750 850
Pros
ent
Vestlandet Trøndelag Nord-Norge
The coastal
areas in Norway: great
changes!
Kysten - endring i stående volum
23,652,3
49,2
81,721
83,3
0
50
100
150
200
250
1955 2005
mill
kbm
Vestlandet
Trøndelag
Nord-Norge
Nasjonale trekk. Utvikling av tilvekst og avvirkning
0
5
10
15
20
25
3019
19
1924
1929
1934
1939
1944
1949
1954
1959
1964
1969
1974
1979
1984
1989
1994
1999
Mill
. m3
u.b.
TilvekstAvvirkning
Rapid increase
in spruce
volumes
in W Norway:
Bruttokvantum i gran, Vestlandet
00,5
11,5
22,5
3
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
2055
2060
År
mill
m3
CO2 bundet i trærnes biomasse, kystskogene
33
118
2340
257
36
13
73
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Vestlandet Trøndelag Nord-Norge
mill
ione
r ton
n CO
2
GranFuruLauv
I trærne: ca. 368 mill t CO2
I annen veg. ca. 23 mill t CO2
I humus og jord: ca. 1500 mill t CO2
Årlig netto C-binding (2007):
9 mill t CO2
To increase
the
storage
of
Carbon in our
coastal
forests
–
a solution?
•
Net stored
in AGB 2007: 9,0 mill t CO2
•
No planting activity, maintain
area: 10,0 mill t CO2
•
Moderate planting: 12,8 mill t
CO2
•
New planting program, Spruce
20% 16,4 mill t CO2
Source: Øyen et al. 2009
Kysten. Relativ fordeling av skogarealet på eiendomsklasser
18,8 %8,7 %
28,8 % 27,9 %
15,8 %
0,0 %5,0 %
10,0 %15,0 %20,0 %25,0 %30,0 %35,0 %
Ukjent eier/
areal...
1 <
100 daa
2 1
00 - 499 daa
3 50
0 - 1999 daa
4 >= 2000 daa
In coastal forestry in Norway: 58 000 forest owners
How will they act the years ahead? Timber prices? Forest roads?
The wood age ?•
55% of the wood world wide applied for energy and industrial processes are cut in plantations*
•
Plantations: 225 mill. ha worldwide, 50 mill. ha in Europe*
•
Only 54% of the world’s original forested area is still covered by tree dominated ecosystems**
•
The growth in population is cont., 8 billions within 2050
*Sourves: FAO, 2007; ** WRI, 2005
Timber- production
Bio- diversity
Recreation
Finding the right balance:
The choices of forest owners, forest managers, society, policy makers
Different priorities in forest policy in different countries?
Biodiversity
Timber-production
Recreation
Sw
No
Fi
Dk
Is
?
T20
T40
T60
T80
A) Small scale activity B) Concentrated activity
The Norwegian
fjord-landscape -
a patchwork
Hardangerfjord
Strengthened focus on landscape and visual effects is needed!
Wind risk management
Trends in W Norway•
More than
90% of
the
forestry
activity
takes
place
in the
spruce
plantations.
•
88% of
the
forest
area is treated
with
no
or low
impact
forestry
management•
About
1/5 of
the
plantation
area is not replanted
•
The market situation
for NS is very
good, SS good, for SP, DB and other
broadleves
not very
good•
New focus
on
better
infrastructure: (road
density
from 8 m/ha up to 15 m/ha)
•
Forest expansion
of
birch
and pine will
continue
•
Problems with
deer
control
Trends in afforestation
in the Nordic countries
•
Norway: Climate
forests?, afforestation areas? Coastal
forestry?
•
Iceland: Increase
forest
area to 4%•
W Jylland: Statsskovene: ”Close
to nature
forestry”: privatskovbruget: small changes•
SW Sweden: No changes
in forest
area,
small changes
in tree
species
Informants: Bruno B. Jurgensen, Olafur
Eggertson, Ulf Johanson
Coastal
landscapes 1880
Coastal
landscapes 2010