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DECIDUOUS TREESAdvanced Master Gardener Training 2009

Mike MaddoxH i l Ed

Deciduous trees

Horticulture EducatorRock County UW-ExtensionDirector of EducationRotary Botanical GardensISA Certified Arborist

http://rock.uwex.edu/hortpassword: tree

Overview

What is “stress”?General overview

Acute vs chronicPrimary vs secondaryBiotic vs abiotic

Specific problemsAcerBetulaFraxinusMalusPMajor stresses

Soil and site problemsPhysiological disordersPhysical / mechanical injuryArchitectural problemsInsectsDiseases

PrunusQuercusTiliaUlmus

Society of Municipal Arborists- Tree of the Year

Average Tree Age per Site

150

100

120

140

160

7

32

60

0

20

40

60

80

100

downtown avg. city site best city site rural site

What is stress?

StressCondition in which a tree is not in good healthFactors promoting plant health are out of balance

Light, Air, Water, Nutrients, etc.g

Types of stress

Acute stressDisorder that occurs suddenly or over a short period of time

Chronic stressDisorder occurring over a long period of time

Nutritional imbalance, Examples: pesticide sprays, frosts or freezes, mechanical injury, etc.

improper soil pH, long term weather changes, incorrect light intensity, etc.

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Types of stress

Biotic stressDisorder that occurs from a living organism

Examples: insect feeding,

Abiotic stressDisorder occurring from a non-living source

Examples: Nutritional disease infestation, animal damage

imbalance, frost damage, flooding, etc.

Types of stress

Primary (inciting) stressUsually a chronic factor effecting the plant’s overall health

Secondary stressUsually a biotic factor that compounds the stress

Examples: nutrient imbalance, improper soil pH, construction damage, weather, etc.

Disease or insect pest

Soil and site problemsPhysiological disorders

General Examples of Stress

Physical and mechanical injuriesInsects and other pestsDiseases

Soil and Site Problems

Root related problems difficult to diagnose WHY?Symptoms typically appear on trunk and canopyTypically abiotic, chronic, primary stress

Compacted soilCompacted soilSalt usageSoil pHSoil water holding capacityGrade changes and soil layering

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Soil and Site Problems

Soil compaction is extremely difficult, expensive, and often impractical to correct once it has occurredAvoid grade changes and soil compaction in the Critical Root Zone (CRZ) or Radius (CRZ)( ) ( )

DBH x 1.5 = __ft of radius

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Physiological Disorders

Non-infectious disordersTypically abiotic, chronic, primary stress

Insufficient waterGirdling rootsGirdling rootsNutrient imbalance

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Research Summary

Gary Watson, Morton Arboretum Unfertilized (at recommended turf rates)

Fertilized(over recommended turf rates)

Low root density

TurfLow root density

Normal carbohydrate storage

Low root density

Low carbohydrate storage

MulchHigh root density

Normal carbohydrate storage

High root density

Low carbohydrate storage

Physiological Disorders

Insufficient water~1” of water per week

Girdling rootsProper plantingProper planting

Nutrient imbalanceProper fertility regime‘Right Tree, Right Place’

Physical and Mechanical Injury

Typically acute stressFull extent of damage cannot be immediately assessed

Fire injuryFire injuryAnimal feedingLightningLawn mower damageVandalism (or stupid stuff)

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Physical and Mechanical Injury

Fire injuryUse appropriate controlled-burn strategies

Animal feedingUse tree wrap and fencing to protectp g pMay be associated with other stress

ie. Woodpeckers & borers

LightningInstall lightning protection in trees on special trees

Vandalism (and stupid stuff) Lawn mower damage

Mulch trees and educate the person with the weed-whip!

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Architectural Problems

Improper pruningDouble leadersIncluded bark

ed. Restart your

Proper Pruning Cut

3 Point CutUndercutStub cutCut at branch collar

Best in dormant season

“Flush Cut”“Flush Cut”

“Stub Cut”“Stub Cut”

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Family A’s Tree -Not Pruned When Young

Family B’s Tree

At Planting 3-4 Yrs. 5-7 Yrs. 15 Years later

Family B s Tree -Pruned When Young

Insects

Many insects, harmful or not, may live on plantDifferent life stages may be harmful to plantMost insect damage is result of feeding activityBi ti d t i ll d tBiotic and typically secondary stress

Leaf feeding insects vs Wood boring insects

ARD

C

Scars the Scars the xylem tissuexylem tissue on the on the surface of the sapwoodsurface of the sapwood

Feeds on Feeds on phloem tissuephloem tissue just just under the barkunder the bark

Cour

tesy

of

D.

Her

ms,

OSU

/ O

A

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Insects

Develop IPM strategy for insect controlResistant varieties

i.e. don’t plant ash trees?

Scouting and monitoringScouting and monitoringPreventative measures

Systemic insecticide, inspect incoming stock, etc.

Curative measures

Diseases

Susceptible host, pathogen, and favorable environment must be present for infection to formMost pathogens are host specificPart of tree affected indicates severity of diseasePart of tree affected indicates severity of disease

Leaves, stems, trunks, roots, flowersCosmetic vs. fatal

Biotic, chronic or acute, typically secondary

Diseases

Develop IPM strategy for disease controlResistant varietiesScouting and monitoringP t ti Preventative measures

Preventative pesticide applications, pruning, disinfect tools, sanitation, etc.

Curative measures?

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Reducing Plant Stress

“Right Plant, Right Place”Proper watering and nutritionProper maintenance (planting, pruning)IPM tiIPM, scoutingResources

Woody ornamental pest management in Wisconsin, (A3597) www.isa-arbor.com , www.treecareindustry.org

AcerB l

Species Specific Issues

QuercusBetulaFraxinusMalusPrunus

TiliaUlmusGleditsia

Tree Selection

For a healthy urban forest…No more than 10% of any single tree species.No more than 20% of any tree genus.No more than 30% of any tree family.N 30% y y

(Frank Santamour, Jr. 1990. METRIA 7)

Acer sp. (Maple)

Family AceraceaeAbout 110-120 species of trees & shrubsAcer (maple)Dipteronia- occurs only in China

Mostly N. HemisphereM y N pLeaves

opposite, simple and palmatelyveined or palmately or pinnately compound.

Fruitsamara

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Acer sp. (Maple)

InsectsAphids**Cottony maple scale*Erinium gall miteFall cankerworm**Leafhopper*

DiseasesAnthracnose*Bacterial wetwood*Basal cankerLeaf scorchSeptoria leaf spot*Leafhopper

Lecanium scaleMaple bladder gall mite**Maple petiole disorderObliquebanded leafrollerOystershell scaleSpring cankerworm**Tussock mothYellowknecked cateripillar

Septoria leaf spotTar spot*Verticillium wilt**

Acer sp. (Maple)

Sugar- upland species, poor urban toleranceNorway maple- OVERPLANTED, shade, invasiveSilver maple- weak wood, messy, weedyBox elder- weak wood, messy, weedy, y, yAmur maple- invasiveRed maple- soil pH issuesJapanese- cold hardinessFreeman maple (hybrid)- adaptable, overplanted?

Autumn Blaze- 2003 Urban Tree of the Year by The Society of Municipal Arborists

Betula sp. (Birch)

Family Betulaceae6 genera of about 120-170 speciesBetula (birches)Alnus (alder)( )Corylus (hazelnut)Carpinus (musclewood)

Cool temperate environments of N. HemisphereOften associated with lakes and streams

Betula sp. (Birch)

Shrubs or treesLeaves

Alternate, simple

InflorescenceInflorescenceCatkin

FruitSamara

Betula sp. (Birch)

InsectsAphids**Leafminer*Birch leaf skeletonizer*Bronze birch borer*

DiseasesCanker**Leaf rust*Leaf spot

Dusky birch sawfly*Fall webworm**Gypsy moth**LeafhopperLecanium scaleYellownecked caterpillarTussock moth

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Betula sp. (Birch)

Paper- heat hardiness, moistureWhitespire- must be clonally propagatedRiver- adaptable, Japanese beetle, overplanted?

Betula nigra Heritage™ 2002 Urban Tree of the Year Betula nigra Heritage™ 2002 Urban Tree of the Year by The Society of Municipal Arborists

Fraxinus sp. (Ash)

Family Oleaceae (Olive family)24-30 genera, herbs, shrubs, woody vines, treesFraxinus (ash)Chionanthus (fringetree)C ( g )Forsythia (forsythia)Ligustrum (privet)Syringa (lilac)

Fraxinus sp. (Ash)

Mostly temperate regions of N. HemisphereLeaves

opposite, odd-pinnately compound, leaflets serrate to entire

FruitSamara

Fraxinus sp. (Ash)

InsectsAphids**Ash flower gall miteAsh borer/lilac borer

DiseasesAnthracnose**Leafspots*Cankers*/

Emerald Ash BorerFall webworm**Plantbugs**Oystershell scale

Verticillium wilt**

Fraxinus sp. (Ash)

Green- very adaptable, “green trash”, leaf loss, susceptible to many problems, OVERPLANTEDWhite- more ornamental than green, cleaner, overplantedpBlue- square stems, not as adaptable as others

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Fraxinus sp. (Ash)

Emerald Ash Borer (EAB)Attacks ALL Fraxinus!

Malus sp. (Crabapples)

Family Rosaceae (Rose) 97-100 genera, 3000 speciesWorld-wide distributionVery diverse: herbs to small treesV y v

Rosa (rose)Rubus (blackberry, raspberry)Fragaria (strawberry)Pyrus (pear)

Prunus (almond, apricot, cherry, peach, plum)SpireaePotentillaCratageus (hawthorn)Sorbus (Mtn. Ash)

Malus sp. (Crabapples)

According to Michael Dirr…400 to 600 typesTend to freely hybridize

Malus sp. (Crabapples)

LeavesAlternate, simple

FlowersSingle flower with 5 petals born in umbels or racemesSingle flower with 5 petals, born in umbels or racemes

FruitPome

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Malus sp. (Crabapples)

Red/pink budsWhite flowers

Pink/magenta flowersLeaves tinged red

White Bloom Rosy Bloom

Leaves greenFall color yellow/orangeFruits red or yellow (turning orange)

gFall color burgundyFruits always red

Malus sp. (Crabapples)

InsectsAphids**Eastern tent caterpillar**Fall cankerworm

DiseasesFireblightRustScab

Fall webwormGypsy mothJapanese beetleScaleShothole borerSpider mites

Powdery mildew

Malus sp. (Crabapples)

Native varieties often lack disease/insect resistance (M. ioensis)Breeding for disease resistance, flower color, fruit size & persistencepSuckers and watersprouts

Prunus sp. (Plum, cherry…)

Also Rosaceae familyAccording to Dirr…

Over 400 species of Prunus many difficult to distinguishMany insect and disease problemsMany insect and disease problemsDo not look upon as long-term garden investments

Prunus sp. (Plum, cherry…)

LeavesAlternate, simple, serrated

FlowersFive-petalled showyFive-petalled, showy

Fruit1 seeded drupe of various shapes, stone fruit often enclosed

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Prunus sp. (Plum, cherry…)

InsectsAphids**

Eastern tent caterpillar**

European red mite*

Fall cankerworm**

More InsectsLesser peachtree borer*

Obliquebanded leafroller

Oystershell scale*

Peachtree borerFall cankerworm

Fall webworm**

Gypsy moth**

Japanese beetle**

Lecanium scale

Peachtree borer

Pear slug sawfly*

San Jose scale*

Spring cankerworm**

Spider mite*

Yellownecked caterpillar

Prunus sp. (Plum, cherry…)

DiseasesBacterial leafspot & cankerBlack knotPowdery mildew

Prunus sp. (Plum, cherry…)

Purple leaf sand cherry (P. x cistena)-OVERPLANTED, JB, BKAmerican red plum (P. americana)- roadside waste land, BK,

Quercus sp. (Oak)

Family Fagaceae (Beech)7 genera, 800-1000 speciesTemperate and tropical N. HemisphereCastanea (chestnut)C ( )Fagus (beech)

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Quercus sp. (Oak)

LeavesAlternate, simple, usually pinnately veined

FruitNutNut

Quercus sp. (Oak)

InsectsAphids**Fall cankerworm**Fall webworm**

More InsectsOak leaf skeletonizerSpider mitesSpring cankerworm

Galls*LacebugLecanium scaleOakleaf miner

p gTwig prunerTwo-lined chestnut borerYellownecked caterpillar

Quercus sp. (Oak)

DiseasesAnthracnose*Leaf spots**Oak wilt**

Misc.Alkaline soil induced chlorosis

Root and butt rot

Quercus sp. (Oak)

Rounded leaves1 year to bear acorn

Pointed leaves2 years to bear acorns

White Oak Group Red Oak Group

yPhysiologically resistant to oak wilt

yVery susceptible to oak wilt

Quercus sp. (Oak)

White (Q. alba)- difficult to produce and transplant, slow growing; subject to decline with urbanizationSwamp white (Q. bicolor)- moist bottomland species, chlorotic

1998 Urban Tree of the Year by The Society of Municipal Arborists

Bur (Q. macrocarpa) highly variable leaf description, “more tolerant of urban conditions than most oaks” (M. Dirr)Red (Q. rubra)- can be adaptable to urban areas, high pH intolerantPin (Q. palustris or Q. ellipsoidalis)- prefers moist soils, high pH intolerant, can be questionable for northern climates.

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Tilia sp. (Linden)

Family Tiliaceae (Linden)50 genera, 450 species of trees, shrubs, herbs world-wideOf family members in N. America, only Tilia is arborescent

Tilia sp. (Linden)

LeavesAlternate, simple

FruitCapsule (berry-like)Capsule (berry-like)

Tilia sp. (Linden)

InsectsAphids**Fall cankerworm**Fall webworm

Insects (more)Japanese beetle**Lecanium scaleLinden borer*

Gypsy moth**Introduced basswood thrips*

San Jose scaleSpring cankerworm**Tussock mothYellownecked caterpillar

Tilia sp. (Linden)

American (T. americana) – native species, soil adaptable but not tolerant to pollution; European selections more ornamental and adaptable, “best left in the woods”, included bark

Redmond (T. americana x T. xeuchlora) -

Little leaf (T. cordata) - easy to transplant, urban tolerant, numerous cultivars, included bark

Ulmus sp. (Elm)

Family Ulmaceae (Elm)18 genera, 150 trees and shrubs, world wideCeltis (hackberry)

Dirr…“Why are elms treated like royalty when they are so fallible?”

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Ulmus sp. (Elm)

LeavesAlternate, pinnately veined, often inequilateral at base

FruitSamara (elm) drupe (hackberry)Samara (elm), drupe (hackberry)

Ulmus sp. (Elm)

InsectsAphids**Elm leaf beetleElm sawfly

Insects (more)Lecanium scaleSpider mitesSpiny elm caterpillary

Fall cankerwormFall webwormGypsy moth**Leafhopper

p y pSpring cankerwormWooly apple aphidYellownecked caterpillar

Ulmus sp. (Elm)

DiseasesBacterial wetwood (slime flux)Dutch elm disease*Verticillium wilt*Canker*Leaf blister*Leaf spots*

Ulmus sp. (Elm)

American (U. americana)- very adaptable, overused, DEDChinese or lacebark (U. parviflora)- durable and ornamental, DED resistant, underused?Siberian (U. pumila)- adaptable but little ornamental ( p ) pvalue, DED resistant, “a tree that does not deserve to be planted anywhere!” DirrAsiatic hybrids- DED resistant, form?

AccoladeTM (‘Morton’) U. japonica x U. wilsoniana‘Patriot’, ‘Urban’ x selection of U. wilsonianaMANY others – need to question adult form.

Gleditsia sp. (Honeylocust)

Family Fabaceae (legume)Third largest family of flowering plants with 690-800 genera, 14,000 to 20,000 species of herbs, shrubs, trees, woody vines, world-wide.Cercis (red bud)Gymnocladus (Ky coffeetree)Robinia (locust)Cladrastis (yellowwood)

Gleditsia sp. (Honeylocust)

LeavesAlternate, 1- to 2-pinnately compound

FruitElongated compressed indehiscent legume (pod)Elongated, compressed, indehiscent legume (pod)

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Gleditsia sp. (Honeylocust)

InsectsAphids**Cottony maple scaleHoneylocust spider

i *

DiseasesCanker**

mite*Honeylocust plantbug*Honeylocust pod gall midgeLeafhoppersLecanium scale

Gleditsia sp. (Honeylocust)

Thornless honeysuckle (G. triacanthos var inermis)-TOUGH urban tree, tends Y-branch, OVERPLANTED

Society of Municipal ArboristsTree of the Year Program

Tree Recommendations

Tree of the Year Program

2010-Tree of the Year

Redbud

Cerciscanadensis

2009-Tree of the Year

Chinkapin oak

Quercusmuhlenbergii

2008-Tree of the Year

Black Tupelo

Nyssa sylvatica

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2007-Tree of the Year

Baldcypress

Taxodiumdistichum

2006-Tree of the Year

Kentucky Coffeetree

Gymnocladusdioicus

2005-Tree of the Year

'Chanticleer' Pear

Pyruscalleryana'Chanticleer'Chanticleer

2004-Tree of the Year

'Autumn Blaze' Maple

Acer x freemanii

2003-Tree of the Year

'Allee' Lacebark Elm

Ulmusparvifolia‘Emer II’ Emer II

2002-Tree of the Year

'Heritage' River Birch

Betula nigra‘Heritage’

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2001-Tree of the Year

Bur Oak

Quercusmacrocarpa

2000-Tree of the Year

'Redmond' Linden

1999-Tree of the Year

'Skyline' Honeylocust

1998-Tree of the Year

Swamp White Oak

Quercusbicolor

1997-Tree of the Year

'Ivory Silk' Lilac

Syringareticulata

1996-Tree of the Year

'Princeton Sentry' Ginkgo

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Thank you.

Questions?