Trees, Water and Wellness Trees Forever... · 2017-12-08 · Urban Forests for Human Health: A...
Transcript of Trees, Water and Wellness Trees Forever... · 2017-12-08 · Urban Forests for Human Health: A...
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Trees, Water and Wellness :: Green Infrastructure & Human Health Co-Benefits
Kathleen Wolf, Ph.D.Research Social Scientist
University of Washington (Seattle)School of Environmental and Forest Sciences
Trees ForeverOur Woodland Legacy SymposiumCedar Rapids :: 7 December 2017
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Outline
stormwater mitigationthe evolution (trees as example)
green infrastructure spaces & placeshuman health - performanceco-design exampleseconomic value
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credit: EPA: Stormwater to Street Trees
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credit:newgenerationplantations.net
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measure the canopy of a city
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credit: Middle Fork Crow River Watershed District
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credit: Shane Carpani, LinkedIn
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credit: Raise the Balloon
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credit: georgetownclimate.org
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credit: Low Impact Development: A Design Manual for Urban Areas, 2010
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green infrastructure tools & strategies
= mini parks?
credit: Seattle Public Utilities
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credit: Cliff Mass
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Green Stormwater Infrastructure :: Hermosillo, Mexico (6 inch rainfall)
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SYSTEMS THINKING
AIRQUALITYSTORMWATER
WASTEWATER
SOLIDWASTE
CULTURALHERITAGE
BIOTA
EXERCISE&FITNESS
ACTIVEMOBILITY
CARBON
ENERGY
HEATISLAND
CONNECTVITY
SOCIALCAPITALALLERGENS
BMP’S
COMMUNITYIDENTITY
PUBLICART
NOISE
credit: American Planning Association
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stormwater retention
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Harding Middle School
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stormwater management
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credit: SvR | MIGWinslow, Bainbridge Island, Washingtonretail district green stormwater infrastructure
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management for co-benefits - retail
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credit: SvR | MIG Winslow Way, Bainbridge Island, WA
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Thornton Creek Water Quality Channel (Seattle, SvR Design)1 hectare, treats runoff from 275 hectares (1 hectare = 2.47 acres)
Stormwater Management
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Clear Creek Basin, 2 acre stormwater detention lake, 17 acres of greenspace & parks amenities
Historic Fourth Ward, Atlanta
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Outline
trees & stormwater attenuationthe evolution
precipitation patternssingle treesgreen stormwater infrastructurenovel ecosystemsplace and identity
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Outline
stormwater mitigationthe evolution (trees as example)
green infrastructure spaces & placeshuman health - performanceco-design exampleseconomic value
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WHO Health Definition
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
and not merely the absenceof disease or infirmity (1946)
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Determinants of Health
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Sponsors: USDA Forest Service, U&CF ProgramUniversity of WashingtonNGO partners
Thanks! to U of WA students:Katrina FloraMary Ann RozanceSarah Krueger
www.greenhealth.washington.edu
Research Reviews & Summaries
Green Cities: Good Health
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design:
co-author
co-author & printing:
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Hartig, T., R. Mitchell, S. de Vries, and H. Frumkin. 2014. Nature and Health. Annual Review of Public Health 35, 1: 207-228.
strength of evidence; causal mechanisms?
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Landscape
Community
Gardencredit: Ignacio Bunster-Ossa
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Frumkin, Bratman, Breslow, Cochran, Kahn, Lawler, Levin, Tandon, Varanasi, Wolf, Wood. 2017. Nature contact and human health: A research agenda. Environmental Health Perspectives 125, 7, 075001.
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Outline
stormwater mitigationthe evolution (trees as example)
green infrastructure spaces & placeshuman health - performanceco-design exampleseconomic value
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co-benefit design opportunities
Stormwater Report, online April 2014 (search health)
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place making: vertical + horizontal surfaces
design concept
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design concept
bring people in!
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design concept
orient seating to nature!
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enablebiodiversity &soft fascination
design concept
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TKF Foundation :: Nature Sacred initiative
spatial linkages:the city becomes a park
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Outline
trees & stormwater attenuationthe evolution
green infrastructure spaces & placeshuman health - performanceco-design exampleseconomic value
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What are the economic values of nature and human health benefits?
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source.wisegeek.com
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• What are the benefits?• Who are the beneficiaries?• What is the green condition or situation that
provides benefits?• Scale of value question (i.e., community,
province/state, nation)• What are the costs/income gained/lost
associated with these benefits?
Elements of Economic Valuation
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• scale of individual to community
screen for benefits
• urban forestry, parks, gardens, etc.
green condition • market &
non-market
valuation strategy
Analysis Process
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process #1: screen for benefits
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10% increase in tree-canopy coverwithin 50m of a house
= lower number of low weight births (1.42 per 1000 births)
Donovan et al., Health & Place 2011; Hystad et al., Env Health Perspectives 2014
Urban Forests and Newbornsthe natural environment may affect pregnancy outcomes . . .
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Hygiene Hypothesis
55
presence of soil bacteria in body, Mycobacterium vaccae = increased seratoninboost immune functionmay alleviate depression (dirt or Prozac?)
Lowry et al. 2007. Neuroscience
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ADHD and nature contact• 17 children aged 7-12 with
diagnosed ADHD• 20-minute guided
walks• Park• Neighborhood• Downtown
• Pre-walk puzzles• Post-walk cognitive test
Faber Taylor & Kuo. 2009. Journal of Attention Disorders
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America’s State of Mind, Medco Health Solutions, Inc
% of Americans Ages 20-44 on ADHD Meds
2001 - 2010
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parks, active living, active transit 58
CDC moderate activity recommendations
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Parks Prescription
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Parks Prescription
Dr. Robert Zarr ‘walk with a doc’
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Shinrin yoku (forest bathing)
• extensive research
• restorative experiences
• workers retirees
• networkedsystem, 52 bases in Japan
complexity - productivity
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20 adults with major depression walk in a park setting and an urban setting
50-minute walks one week apartbefore-after testing:
Mood: Positive and Negative Affect (PANAS)Cognition: Backward Digit Span (BDS)
Improving Depression Berman et al. 2012. Journal of Affective Disorders
cognitive and affective improvements after walking in a nature setting
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America’s State of Mind, Medco Health Solutions, Inc
% of U.S. Population Using Mental Health Medications
2001 vs 2010
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Alzheimer’s Disease & DementiaProvide wander gardens & horticulture therapy
10.5% reduction in amount of medications used in dementia facility30% fewer falls, accompanied by a reduction in fall severity
Detweiler et al. 2009. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias
www.rph.org/eden.html
Tim Lynch Associates
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process #2: understand green condition
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Diversity in Metro Nature
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Prison Inmates :: nature videossolitary confinement, video room/exercise option
Nadkarni et al. 2017. Impacts of nature imagery on people in severely nature-deprived environments. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment.
• felt significantly calmer, less irritable, more empathetic
• committed 26% fewer violent infractions
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process #3: apply valuation strategy
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• factor income• avoided or replacement cost• burden of illness• hedonic pricing• stated preference/contingent valuation• revealed preference (e.g., travel cost)• quality adjusted life years• benefit/cost
Valuation StrategiesBenefits Transfer approaches
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What is the Value?
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• scale of individual to community
screen for benefits
• urban forestry, parks, gardens, etc.
green condition • market &
non-market
valuation strategy
Analysis Process
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Millions of U.S. Dollars (2012)
Wolf, K.L., M.K. Measells, S.C. Grado, A.S.T. Robbins. 2015. Economic values of metro nature health benefits: A life course approach. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening.
Summary Table
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design:
author:
printing:
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contributing analysts: Dr. Stephen Grado & Marcus Measells, MSU; Dr. Alicia Robbins, Weyerhaueser
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Summary• trees as a green infrastructure element
• co-design for co-benefits
• eco + human health performance
• health outcomes evidence
• economic consequences, return on investment
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Urban Forests for Human Health:A Focused Economic Valuation
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www.naturewithin.info