Tree Service Canada #17 Spring 2011

BY PAT K E R R

After the Emerald ash borer was discovered in 2002, it was decided that regulating the movement of ash material had the potential to slow the spread of this invasive species. Municipalities, not professional tree service workers, requested that the quarantine areas be kept small, when possible. Their attitude seemed to express the concept that areas where trapping proved EAB was present were “infested” while the neighbouring regions were “uncontaminated.” This non-scientific approach created a complex maze for any-one working on the clean-up.

American researchers also criticized the idea of our ‘small’ regulated areas. They said it would confuse the public, making it difficult to gain compliance. Knowing the challenges in trapping and locating EAB, they also predicted the policy would result in the pub-lic losing confidence in the program since it would appear EAB was breaching the containment with each new find.

Finally on March 25, 2011, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) announced the amalgamation of many of these small regu-

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Continued on page 4

he mountain pine beetle is on the move not just from one tree to another, but across

tree species. Researchers have conclusive evidence that the mountain pine beetle is now invad-ing jack pine. The usual host for the mountain pine beetle is the lodgepole pine, and now that the beetle has crossed over to another host, it is poised to move east across the boreal forest. (Tom, I left the 3 repetitions of “mountain pine beetle” in this paragraph because I think it adds emphasis rather than annoyance.)

It has long been suspected that the beetle was invading hybrid tree species, but using newly developed DNA genotyping and location data, the University of Alberta team found that pure jack pine are now being attacked by the beetle and the blue-stain fungi it injects into the tree.

The discovery was largely due to the work of U of A molecular ecologist Catherine Culling-ham, first author of a paper published online in the journal ‘Molecular Ecology’. “Tracking the pine

Mountain pine beetle jumps tree speciesJack pine, mainstay of the boreal forest, now attacked.

It has long been suspected that the mountain pine beetle was invading hybrid tree species,

but using newly developed DNA genotyp-ing and location data, a University of Alberta team found that pure jack pine are now being

attacked by the beetle

Continued on page 4

T

EAB regulated areas amalgamatedChange long overdue

BY S H I R L E Y BY E R S

Until somebody figures out a way to add more hours to the day Canadian arborists are about as busy as it’s possible to be.

That’s probably why it’s difficult to find one who’s into social networking. Nobody twitters, nobody’s linked in and nobody friends nobody—at least not for their tree service business.

Admittedly, my survey was small and unscientific. I phoned. On the rare occasions when I caught someone in the office I asked if they used social media to promote their business. They didn’t. More often I got voice mail and I left a message. Very few called back.

Now, arborists are usually very conscientious about return-ing calls. They’ve called back to talk about Dutch Elm Dis-

No twitter, no Facebook, no need

For busy tree service companies, social media offers no obvious benefits

Continued on page 3

see

pag

e 11

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ease, they’ve called back to talk about HST, about storms and safety issues and how to know when you’re ready to start your own business but no one had much to say about social networking.

Why? Because when it comes to their business—no one, or at least no one that I talked to, seems to use social media.

Why not? Darin Barritt of Vertical Limits Tree Care in Red Deer AB, said yes, he could see that it might bring in more business, “But at the moment I’m as busy as I need to be.”

Darin wouldn’t mind taking on more jobs. The demand is there. But it comes back to the old problem—good employees are hard to find. “I have a FaceBook account. I’ve gone on it once. I have an email account but I forgot the password. I’ve wanted to do more but because of being so busy, being just one guy, I don’t have that much time. I’m running around, quoting, collecting, doing all of it…. if my son gets involved in the business and I can found another trustworthy person I want to move into more of a management role. I do want to expand. That is my intention.”

It’s the same story for Mike Burge at Arbor Man Tree Care in Sherwood Park, AB. FaceBook and Twitter take time - adding info, checking messages, responding. “This would be a way of generating more business but we already have enough business,” he said.

Lisette Parkin at Prairie Roots in Bulyea SK doesn’t have the time to keep up with social networking for her company either. And again, there’s no need. With the logo on the truck and neighbours seeing her at work, her business stays busy.

No twitter, no Facebook, no need continued from cover

“I have a FaceBook

account. I’ve gone on it

once. I have an email

account but I forgot the

password. . . “

New technology helps measure forest height, bio-massLaser-generated map can also assess suitability of specific species

The tallest forest canopies in the world are located in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and parts of Southeast Asia. This is shown on a new map scientists have created that displays the height of forests around the planet.

The tallest forests populated with Douglas fir, western hemlock, redwoods and sequoias reach over 130 feet—almost double that of spruce, fir, pine and larch canopies which are usually less than 66 feet.

Height was measured using laser technology which records the time taken for light to bounce back from the top of the canopy and compares it to how long it takes for light to bounce back from the ground.

The data will serve many uses, one of which will be to help scientists calculate the amount of carbon that is currently “locked up” in forests, and how quickly that carbon cycles through the ecosystem.

Of the 7 billion tons of carbon that humans produce annually, it is estimated that 28% is absorbed, and subsequently stored by forests.

In addition to tracking carbon, the map will also aid in producing models that predict the behaviour of forest fires, as well as helping biologists understand the suitability of specific species to specific kinds of forests.

The data for the map, which was obtained by NASA satellites, was collected by Michael Lefsky of Colorado State University.

~SB

In addition to tracking carbon, the satellite-generated map will also aid in produc-ing models that predict the behaviour of forest fires, as well as helping biologists understand the suitability of specific species to specific kinds of forests.

Height was measured using

laser technology which

records the time taken for

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lated areas. In southern Ontario the regulated area is now inclusive of Hamilton, Toronto, the Regional Municipalities of Chatham-Kent, Durham, York, Peel, Halton, Niagara and Waterloo and the counties of Brant (including the city of Brantford), Elgin, Essex, Haldimand, Huron, Lambton, Middlesex, Norfolk, Oxford, Perth and Wellington. The Ottawa and Gatineau regulated area now includes the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville and all of Ottawa.

Regulated areas that are unchanged are: Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario and in Quebec the Municipalities of Carignan, Chambly, Richelieu, Saint-Basile-le-Grand and Saint-Mathias-sur-Richelieu. Mireille Marcotte, Forest Specialist with CFIA said there were no new finds of EAB during the winter of 2010/11. The new boundaries will make it easier for municipalities and workers to handle the potentially infested materials.

Although trapping and detection are improving, it is still challenging to locate the insect in the early stages of infestation. In the summer of 2011, CFIA will be monitoring for ash die back and using the green traps for EAB from sea to sea. Areas of concentrated interest continue in Ontario and Quebec near camp grounds, saw mills and along major highways. CFIA emphasizes human assisted movement is the high risk pathway for EAB movement. Tree service company workers are asked to report any new sightings and to help in ensuring the materials from the genus Fraxinus, ash including logs, bark, chips and saplings are not moved out of the regulated areas. (Mountain ash is not at risk.)

Areas of concentrated interest for EAB infestation continue in Ontario and Quebec near camp grounds, saw mills and along major highways.

EAB regulated areas amalgamated CONTINUED FROM COVER

American researchers also

criticized the idea of our

‘small’ regulated areas.

They said it would confuse

the public making it difficult

to gain compliance.

beetle’s progression and telling jack pine from the hybrid species took a lot of work,” said Culling-ham. “It was tricky, but our research team used molecular markers to conclusively show that the latest pine species to be attacked are indeed jack pine.”

U of A Researcher Janice Cooke points out that “jack pine is the dominant pine species in Canada’s boreal forest. Its range extends east from Alberta all the way to the Maritime Prov-inces.” The infected area of north-central Alberta is a gateway area into the boreal forest. The paper also suggests that apart from the new host species opening up a new range for the beetle to attack, the risk could be made worse by future climate change.

“Forest Managers now have to recognize the fact that before there was a barrier as the beetle occurred only in lodgepole pine, but now it is occurring into the boreal so it can continue spreading. Forest Managers in Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Ontario are going to have to be cognizant of this potential and the potential impact on their forests.” said Cullingham.

The current mountain pine beetle outbreak has affected over 14 million hectares of forest land in Western Canada. It is the largest outbreak doc-umented since record taking began 125 years ago.

The research is published online in the journal Molecular Ecology. This research is being con-ducted by the Tria project and is funded by the Government of Alberta through Genome Alberta, Genome British Columbia, and Genome Canada.

Mountain pine beetle jumps tree species CONTINUED FROM COVER


BY PAT K E R R

The emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis, (EAB) was discovered in the US in 2002. It is thought it was chewing away, killing ash trees for five to ten years before it was identified. Soon after, Canada, alerted to the potential threat, discovered EAB in Windsor, Ontario. Currently, USDA Forest Service researcher, Dr. Kathleen Knight is monitoring riparian areas in Ohio for changes due to the alien invasive EAB. She is following 254 plots in 80 forest stands. The plots span a range of stages in EAB infestation: open canopy after the EAB has caused the ash to die back, the canopy is in the process of dying back and there is a high expectation of canopy die back in the near future.

Some of these areas were previously American elm dominated but the presence of Dutch elm disease converted them to ash dominant. Now, with tens of millions of ash dying in Michigan alone there are holes in the canopy allowing increased sunlight. This change in light is thought to have potential to allow increased growth of invasive plants. Changes to the soil are also probable as ash is a calcium accumulator.

Frequently encountered invasive species in Ohio include amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii), garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata)and multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora). In Michigan, frequently encountered species include multiflora rose, autumn olive (Eleagnus umbellata), glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus), and morrow’s honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii).

They(Could this be more specific? Who is they? are trying to understand the best timing for planting—before, during, or after ash mortality. The spe-cies to be planted include the American elm (Ulmus americana), sycamore (Platanus occi-dentalis) and pin oak (Quercus palustris). These species all grow well in floodplains, and will diversify these ecosystems to make them more resilient to future disturbance. The restora-tion experiment plots at the Toledo Metroparks, Cleveland Metroparks, and Mohican State Forest, will be planted during spring and fall 2011.

Essex County, Ontario now has less than eight percent forest coverage, the lowest in all of Ontario. It was estimated that within the 10 years following the EAB infesta-tion, the region lost around 20 percent of its tree cover or approximately one mil-lion trees. They responded with their “Million Trees” planting campaign.

Essex county did not respond to calls regarding the status of this program but Taylor Scarr of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources said, “The Ontario Ministry of Natu-ral Resources is not doing any direct replanting of riparian zones affected by emerald ash borer. So far, almost all the sites where EAB has killed trees are on non-Crown owned land, including private land, municipal land, and Conservation Authority land.”

OMNR provided $650,000 to Essex Region Conservation Authority (ERCA) to re-green areas affected by EAB. ERCA has integrated these funds into existing planting programs. I wasn’t sure if these last two sentences were a continuation of Scarr’s quote so thought it might be safer to assume they weren’t.

For other regions Scarr said, “MNR’s 50-million tree program can also be accessed by individuals or municipalities or conservation areas to provide support for planting trees in areas affected by EAB.”

Scarr continued, “Rehabilitation and restoration are important components of an inva-sive species response strategy. Restoration and rehabilitation not only help to mitigate the effects of the invasive species on the natural resources and the ecosystems, they also foster public support for reporting, eradicating, containing or managing invasive species.”

“For EAB specifically, we know that since 2004, over 34,000 ha of woodlots, ripar-ian areas, and forested areas in southwestern Ontario have had all or most of the ash trees killed by EAB. The impacts of these losses on the associated ecosystems are being researched by the Canadian Forest Service with funding from the MNR. This study will determine the impacts on stream health of losing ash, forest succession, understory veg-etation, and songbirds.”

“Whether or not areas should be replanted after EAB moves in and kills the ash trees depends very much on the specific situation and the management objectives for that loca-tion. Where those trees were providing a valuable service, such as urban trees that con-tribute to healthy urban living, aesthetic values, reduced air conditioning needs and so on, or where the trees are in riparian zones that contribute to stream health, then replanting can be used to ensure the resulting forest continues to provide those services. Managing EAB or replanting to replace ash trees in another situation, e.g., in a sugar bush where ash is a minor component and contribute less to the management objectives, there may be less need to replant even though the ash trees were providing some benefits.”

AF TE RMATH

Restoration of EAB ravaged areas

Rehabilitation & restoration are important components of an invasive species response strategy

Whether or not areas should be replanted after EAB moves in and kills the ash trees depends very much on the specific situation and the management objectives for that location.

It was estimated that within the 10 years following the EAB

infestation, the region lost around 20 per-

cent of its tree cover-age or approximately

one million trees.

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BY PAT K E R R

The USDA Forest Service is confidently moving ahead reintroducing elm to their wild places even as the public rediscovers elm but there are con-cerns to be addressed. Dr. Jim Slavicek, research biologist, says there isn’t true resistance in any of the cultivars; however, DED tolerant cultivars exist that can withstand the disease.

His research is of interest to Canadians con-cerned about DED recovery.

Slavicek says some of the cultivars show signs of flagging when exposed to one of the fungal pathogens, Ophiostoma ulmi or Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. (The latter, is more aggressive in causing disease.)

The DED fungus was f irst introduced to the U.S. on diseased elm logs from Europe prior to 1930. It is thought novo-ulmi became established in North America as early as the 1940s-1950s and is likely the cause of the devastating mortality through

the1970s.) When some of the cultivars are exposed to Dutch elm disease, the fungus invades the tree and plugs the vascular system. The crown dies back. The disease is walled off but the next year the tree is symptom-free. These trees are tolerant, not resistant.

The second problem is most of the cultivars can’t pollinate the female flower of the same cultivator cultivar or the pol-lination rate is low. Thus Valley Forge doesn’t pollinate Val-ley Forge so the new cultivars, planted as street trees, survive but they don’t regenerate. “This is not a problem in for-ested areas. In forested areas other elms are present so seed production is normal, and in our plantings the cultivars we use do cross pollinate so seed produc-tion is normal. However, if a street contains only one cultivar and there are no other American elm cultivars nearby, seed will not be produced.”

Thirdly, although there are a number of DED tolerant elms now available, Princeton, sold widely by a big box store, because it has good characteristics, is a wonderful tree. Consequently, it is now the majority elm in municipalities. If the disease is able to overcome Princeton’s tol-erance we will lose them all again. We need to use more cultivars.

Starting in 2007, in response to concerns about elm reintroduction, Slavicek began replanting the cultivators cultivars in blocks. Blocks include five or six of each of the following: R182, Valley Forge, Dela-ware 2, New Harmony, Princeton and Jefferson. These are known to cross pollinate. The young trees are now surviving and reproducing. In addition, as more DED tolerant selections become available, they will be added to the restoration sites with the goal of having at least 25 dif-ferent cultivars present.

Slavicek is not content with crossing cultivars. The goal is to reintroduce the elm to all its native areas. This requires elms adapted to specific regions and sites and many more distinctive crosses.

They (Who?) did surveys looking for elm- thirty inches in diam-eter, with no disease symptoms- surviving in the wild, at different sites. In one region, they found eighteen trees and these were clonally propa-gated. These will be planted with the cultivators cultivars introducing genetic regional variations and the concept will be repeated from region to region.

Studies planned for 2011 include planting at a site with air tem-perature lows of minus 35 Celsius.(or F?) Previous cold studies showed some of the progeny trees died back to the snow level, however some were hardy.

Too much hope placed on a single cultivar of

elm could lead to a repeat disaster.

Reliance on a single cultivar likely to lead to more devastation

Variety likely to improve success in elm reintroduction

If the disease is able to overcome Princeton’s toler-ance we will lose them all again. We need to use more cultivars.


ACCIDENT REPORTS

Winter 2010/2011

Falling branches, blow-downs cause mishaps BY PAT K E R R

The Ontario Ministry of Labour reported in 2010 that there were eight events involving the tree service industry including one fatality, five critical injuries and two non-critical injuries.

March 14 2011 in Ontario, a worker’s left index finger was cut when a chain-saw was used to cut a limb off a tree. The worker was taken to hospital as stitches were expected.

March 2 2011 in Ontario workers were cutting a tree when a branch fell and struck one worker. The worker was taken to hospital for a facial cut and sore shoulder.

February 2 2011 in Ontario, while a worker was cutting blown down trees, a poplar tree, loaded by pressure from the blow-down, sprang back striking the worker. Emergency personnel thought the worker’s left leg was broken.

Saskatchewan Workers Compensation Board reported six tree-related inci-dents including two that required lost time in the winter of 2010. In October a worker was cutting for an oil and gas line when a branch came in between hard hat and visor, poking him in the eye

Also in October in Saskatchewan, a worker was hand-falling a tree, which fell, striking the worker in the head and face then onto the worker’s shoulder and down the left side of the body. Worker lost time from work due to the injuries that included wounds to left arm and shoulder, sprained right ankle, broken left ankle, and broken/chipped teeth.

In December, a worker was picking up branches when a branch came loose from 15 feet above and fell on worker’s back.

Make sure your safety training programs are up to date! William Lin of the Ontario Ministry of Labour warns that during the months of May through August 2011, the Ministry of Labour will be conducting a safety blitz focusing on new and young work-ers. They will be targeting the rural logging sector amongst other industries but urban tree companies may also have the privilege of reviewing their safety programs with a government inspector.

Safety inspection

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R e s T R I C T e D

Red palm weevilInsect has potential to damage nursery businessThe United States has restricted importation, from all countries, of all plants affected by the red palm weevil.Thislarge insect is notoriously difficult to detect in its early stages and has, to date, evaded all attempts at control. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier is from South East Asia and is estimated to have the potential to infest about 25% of the US.

The weevil is presently spreading through the Caribbean, the Persian Gulf States and Europe. Spread is linked to the nursery trade. The date palm and other economic species are affected but all palms are at risk.

There is a small but vigorous trade in selling palms in Canada.The date palm is a favorite food of Muslims during their holy month of Ramadan. It

is also a vital part of the ecology of arid and desert areas of the world providing protection to under-crops besides, preventing erosion and reducing damage from sand storms. More information is at http://www.rpwrc-ksu.org/index.php?page_id=103

~ Pat Kerr


In my column in the last issue of Tree Service Canada I discussed issues of roots causing damage to property and the notion of self-help to abate nuisance caused by encroaching roots. In this column, I am going to discuss a related matter—the flooding damage roots can cause when they create blockages in storm drains and sewer lines.

Some species of trees are well known to have roots that readily create pipe blockages. These include, for example, all poplar species, willows, elm, ash, birch, and silver maple. When any of these species are planted close to buildings it can reasonably be expected that there will be fine roots gaining access to drainage pipes and in some cases, getting into storm water or sew-age pipes through the pipe joins. Once inside, the roots develop a plug of fine roots that eventually block the pipe leading to backup of fluids and flooding.

If the tree is located on private property and affects only the pipes on the same private property, then the prob-lem is entirely one belonging to the property owner. But, when the tree roots are on city or local government land and extend onto private property, then there may be a case for action against the owner of the trees.

However, local governments are responsible for thou-sands and thousands of pipelines connecting from indi-vidual properties into the municipal storm water and sewer lines. The case of Fletcher v. Rylands was noted in part 1 and says in essence, that a person who lawfully creates or brings onto his land something that by itself is harmless, but would cause damage if it escaped beyond the property, has an absolute duty of care. In other words, they will be held responsible if the escape of this ‘something’ causes damage to adjacent lands.

While the principle applies generally, provincial law also exists that may supersede the general principle with more stringent tests. The principle that roots growing across a property line can constitute a nuisance has been accepted in Canadian Courts.

In the case of Craxton v. The District of North Van-couver (British Columbia) the Craxtons sued the district for damages arising from a sewer pipe plugged by tree roots. At trial the court examined two issues: nuisance and negligence. Under the British Columbia Local Govern-ment Act (1996) nuisance is noted and the act states:

A municipality, council, regional district, board or improvement district, or a greater board, is not liable in any action based on nuisance or on the rule in the Rylands v. Fletcher case if the damages arise, directly or indirectly, out of the breakdown or malfunction of(a) a sewer system,(b) a water or drainage facility or system, or(c) a dike or a road.

In the Craxton case, the court had to determine if there had been a breakdown or malfunction. Reviewing other case law the court concluded “The purpose of the Storm Service Connection was to take storm service water from the Craxtons’ residence to the District’s sewer system. The roots in the Storm Service Connection prevented that purpose from being fulfilled in a normal and satisfactory manner. That amounts to a malfunction.”

The district produced a written policy concerning maintenance and repair of storm service connections. In the policy, three methods for the maintenance and repair

of storm service connections were identified—rodding, flushing and excavation. The court found that the pro-cess used by the district to monitor blockages and repair blocked pipes was reasonable. The district had noted the complaint, had rodded the sewer, and for a while had not received additional complaints. On that basis, the next blockage that occurred was not deemed to be readily fore-seeable. As a result negligence was not established and the claim was dismissed.

What emerges from these and similar cases is that many municipalities now have better defined policies and procedures to deal with what is a quite common problem. If you or your client feels that tree roots may have partly or wholly blocked a sewer line then the first step is to notify the local municipality, find out what policies and proce-dures exist, and who is likely to be responsible for what.

Taking action early on is always prudent and saves expensive flooding and restoration costs at a later date.Julian Dunster is not a lawyer and the above should not be construed as legal advice. If you have an issue requiring legal advice please consult a lawyer. Additional case law can be found in the book Arboriculture and the Law in Canada. Cop-ies are available from Julian Dunster.

Getting to the root of the matter (part 2) Who is responsible when roots block storm drains & sewers?

The principle that roots growing across a property line can constitute a nuisance has been accepted in Cana-dian Courts.

When any of these species are planted close to buildings, it can reasonably be expected that there will be fine roots gaining access to drainage pipes, and in some cases, getting into storm water or sewage pipes through the pipe joins.

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If you are a company that is owed money for goods or services delivered, these 10 steps will be of assis-tance in ensuring that your account is paid.

Act quickly!

Creditor’s rights lawyers and collection profes-sionals agree in the importance of acting quickly to legally collect aged receivables. This may be the most direct and effective measure that any company can implement to increase the success of its accounts receivable collections.

The old adage that “the squeaky wheel gets the grease” has significant truth to it. Debtors priori-tize. The most persistent and progressively insistent creditors tend to get paid first. Forbearance and flex-ibility are sometimes appreciated but are more often taken as a sign of weakness. Hence the general rule is: Act first and get paid!

Implement a collections protocol and follow it!

Your business must have a clear writ-ten protocol in place for collecting over-due accounts. Typi-cally these protocols include one to three overdue collection let-ters demanding that payment or suitable payment arrangements be made. The consequences of failure to meet the terms of these demand letters, and/or any payment arrangement flowing there from, should be immediate and decisive action commen-surate with the terms set out in the progressively aggressive letters.

If suitable payment arrangements cannot be achieved by one to three pointed letters, the account should then be referred immediately to legal coun-sel. A lawyer’s letter is often all that is required to illicit payment. However, there is usually little mar-

ginal benefit to your lawyer sending more than one demand letter. The lawyer’s demand letter should clearly state the day upon which legal proceedings will be formally commenced. Further, the letter should set out the costs consequences to the debtor in the event that legal proceedings must be com-menced.

One of the keys to the success of any commercial collections protocol is that threats are followed by

action. Obviously there must be some flexibility in any col-lections regime, but this flexibility must be exercised judi-ciously and sparingly for the system to function optimally. If,

for example, forbearance is given for a period of time due to the debtor’s “short-term cash flow problems”, the period of the forbearance should be made clear and should be agreed upon. Also, the “new” conse-quences of a failure to make payment as promised must be made clear. Flexibility need not mean weak-ness.

Jon-David Giacomelli is a Partner in Cambridge LLP and Chair of the f irm’s International Legal Services Group. For more information, visit www.cambridgellp.com

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In some cases trees are hung or snagged because they have been uprooted. In these situations determining where the loads are concentrated can be difficult, and often the root plate is a stronger force to be considered than the hung tree itself. Gravity is always acting on mass and never takes a day off.

This uncertain circumstance presents challenges that must be considered when attempting to cut the tree free from obstacles. The main focus of this cut and the cuts I have described in my past two articles (mis-match cut and controlled hinge release) is to allow the cutter to be at a safe distance when the final cut is released and the tree falls and is cleared from its snagged position.

The use of a rope and mechanical advan-tage allows cuts to be released in a controlled manner and the tree to be pulled from a safe working distance while trying to free it. For safety’s sake always plan, prepare and use an escape route. Avoid cutting and releasing a snagged tree while standing next to it by creating a barrier using distance and rope. The further away you are from the snagged tree--the better (within

reason), but a good rule of thumb is to be a distance away that is equal to the height of the snagged tree.

The key notch is a technique for freeing a hung or snagged tree that releases all holding wood while main-taining control until a pull force is applied. It takes some time to cut and works well on trees that are hung and snagged where the compression and tension forces are very difficult to identify, such as with uprooted trees.

First evaluate and determine the zones most likely under compression and tension. In the case of an uprooted tree, the compression and tension zones can be exactly opposite that of a tree in the same hung or snagged posi-tion that is not uprooted. The techniques of the key notch will work the same for either situation. This is why it works well for trees where it is difficult to determine how much force the root plate is applying.

The key notch is made by making five cuts into the trunk; the first three cuts utilize the bore cut technique, cutting through the trunk and forming a tongue and groove—or “key”. The tongue and side of the groove should be of equal size or thickness. This is determined by dividing the trunk diameter into three equal parts. In order

to properly form the key notch, it is necessary that the trunk be at least three times the diameter of your chainsaw bar width.

Before making the final two cuts wedges are installed to prevent saw bind and pinch. The wedges are placed under the tongue on both sides of the trunk and wedges can also be inserted into the sides of the key as well. This may require several wedges, but a minimum of two will often work. The fourth cut is made in the compression zone and the final cut should be placed in the area of the trunk that is determined to be under tension. By releasing a load in tension the kerf should open and allow the key notch to be completed without any bar pinching.

Once the cuts are completed the worker should retreat to a safe working distance and pull the snagged tree out of the key, using a pre-installed pull line. Pulling the tree

out of the key may require more force than one person can apply and that is where mechanical advantage is incorpo-rated into the pull.

It is my intention in writing these articles and sharing techniques, to add tools and techniques to the mental tool-boxes of workers who use chainsaws to cut trees that are hung and snagged during or after storm events. I realize there are many different tools and techniques and I always encourage workers to stick with those that have worked well for you. I equally encourage everyone to keep an open mind and give new techniques a chance and a try. See if they work for you, and when they do you have another tool for the toolbox! Dwayne Neustaeter is President of Arboriculture Canada Training & Education Ltd.

Understanding the key notchAnother technique for freeing a hung or snagged tree

The key notch is a technique for freeing a hung or snagged tree that releases all holding wood while maintaining control until a pull force is applied.

Dwayne Neustaeter with a numbered example of the key notch. The key notch is made by making five cuts into the trunk; the first three cuts utilize the bore cut technique, cutting through the trunk and forming a tongue and groove—or “key”.


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(above and right) Before making the final two cuts wedges are installed to prevent saw bind and pinch. The wedges are placed under the tongue on both sides of the trunk and wedges can also be inserted into the sides of the key as well.

Once the cuts are completed the worker should retreat to a safe working distance and pull the snagged tree out of the key, using a pre-installed pull line. Pulling the tree out of the key may require more force than one person can apply and that is where mechanical advantage is incorporated into the pull.


PL A N N I NG

BY S H I R L E Y BY E R S

Whether your tree service business needs a check-in, a tune-up or a make-over, SWOT could be the tool to do the job. SWOT is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or a business. It was developed in the nineteen-sixties by Albert S. Humphrey.

Proponents of SWOT say it’s an effective tech-nique to analyze and evaluate a business strategy—to first identify and then classify and prioritize issues.

Business owners can do the assessment on their own but more input can be helpful. Gather together several people with interests in the business. Have each individual look at the business and describe it under the SWOT headings—strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Don’t be modest but do try to be realistic and completely honest.

Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors. Opportunities and threats are external. Here’s how a SWOT analysis might look for a mythical business, Shirley’s Tree Surgery in Ideal Town Saskatchewan, about 20 minutes outside of Saskatoon.

s T R e n g T h s

• a well trained staff of fully qualified arborists• a favourable location close to a sizable population

• strong relationships among employees and between owner and employees

• a life subscription to Tree Service Canada.

W e a k n e s s e s

• a new business with no proven track record• a lack of one or two pieces of equipment—a bigger

truck and a chipper—that could speed things up at the job site

O p p O R T u n I T I e s

• a boost in the provincial economy• the chance to bid on a big, new job

T h R e aT s

• an influx of un-trained arborists who offer tree services at almost below-cost rates

Could your business benefit from

Easy-to-use strategy identifies priorities

It’s important to remember that SWOT is one of many tools that can be used to

examine a business.

SWOT

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When the exercise is completed, have everyone share their results. Then develop an action plan. An action plan for Shirley’s Tree Sur-gery might look like this:Strengths: Make sure potential customers are aware of what the company has to offer. Figure out where to get the best value in advertising. Increase visibility in the community by offering free presentations on tree health at schools, garden clubs and com-munity centres. Make sure staff reads each issue of TSC from cover to cover.Weaknesses: Work out exactly in labour hours what the lack of a bigger truck and a chipper is costing the company. Explore ways of financing one or both purchases. Opportunities: Bid on the job. If successful try to finance purchase of bigger truck or chipperThreats: Work on educating the public on immediate and long-term benefits of hiring qualified tree service professionals.

It’s important to remember that SWOT is one of many tools that can be used to exam-ine a business. An advantage of SWOT is that it’s simple and the only cost is the time it takes to do it. It can clarify and summarize the key issues which a business faces and it can help generate ideas to maximize strengths and opportunities while dealing with weaknesses and threats.

A disadvantage of SWOT would be that its list approach might result in items not being ranked in order of priority. A long list of strengths might appear to cancel out a short list of weaknesses but in fact the weak-nesses might be of far greater significance than the strengths. A well thought out action plan can mitigate this risk.

THE VOICE OF CANADA'S TREE SERVICES INDUSTRY

It’s the only magazine focused exclusively on Canada’s tree service industry. It provides essential news and information tree service businesses need to operate successfully and profitably. Each issue is packed with articles on a variety of topics, including:

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HOW TO ENTER: Simply complete the form below and fax it back to us at 1-250-478-3979. (You may want to photocopy the page first to avoid

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New engine option for JarraffIncreased horsepower improves grade climbing abilitiesJarraff Industries recently unveiled a new engine option for its Jarraff All-Terrain Tree Trimmer. The new Jarraff will now be available with a Tier III Cummins liquid cooled, 130 horsepower electronic controlled engine. The increased horse-power will improve the unit’s grade climbing abilities and current emissions rating. The Tier III engine option is available in the 4x4 wheeled Jarraff con-figuration only. A Tier II engine option 97 HP Deutz diesel, is still available in both wheeled and track configurations. A track Jarraff with a Cummins engine will be available later this summer.

The Jarraff All-Terrain Tree Trimmer provides ROW maintenance contractors a dynamic field of operation, offering a 360-degree range of motion, 40-degree lateral tilt and 75-foot cutting height. Two four-way joysticks and fingertip controls offer optimal precision.www.jarraff.com The new Jarraff will now be available with a Tier III Cummins liquid

cooled, 130 horsepower electronic controlled engine.

Altec goes greenTries hybrid engines in fleetAltec Industries and US-based Lucas Tree Experts have announced a joint environmental strategy to promote Green Fleet technology for diesel fleet consumers. Two Altec Green Fleet trucks have been integrated into the Lucas Tree service fleet to increase awareness of sustainable practices in the tree care industry.

Lucas Tree Expert Company has 450 employees and a fleet of 275 tree care trucks, serving its cus-tomers throughout New England, the Carolinas and six Canadian provinces.

“This partnership with Lucas Tree is a reflection of our continued commitment to create sustainabil-ity solutions for our customers,” said Lee Styslinger III, Chairman and CEO of Altec. “The development and implementation of Green Fleet technology has become increasingly important to our customers in the markets we serve and Altec is proud to be partnering with Lucas Tree in an effort to further promote hybrid vehicle use in the tree care industry.”


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To help keep Alberta Dutch elm disease (DED) free, the Society to Prevent Dutch Elm Disease (STOPDED) encourages everyone to pay attention to the Provincial elm pruning ban between April 1st and September 30th.

To help eliminate beetle habitat, it is important to properly prune all dead wood out of elms and dispose of all pruned elm wood and elm firewood by burning, burying or chipping by March 31st. Stored elm wood can harbor the elm bark beetles that can carry DED.

Elm bark beetles, responsible for spreading the deadly DED fungus, feed on healthy elms and breed in dead and dying elm trees. If elm trees are pruned during the pruning ban period, these beetles which are active at this time can be attracted to the scent of the fresh wound and possibly infect otherwise healthy elm with DED. Once an elm tree is infected with DED it will die within that year.

Having trees pruned properly is important. Many trees are killed or ruined annually from improper pruning. Pruning like any other skill requires knowledge and should be done by a profes-sional certified arborist who can determine what

type of pruning is necessary to maintain or improve the health, appearance and safety of your trees.

Topping or removing an excessive amount of live wood is not recommended on any variety of trees and will weaken the tree’s structure.

For more information on pruning, certified ISA arborists and DED visit either http://www.isaprai-rie.com/ or www.stopded.org.

~Janet Feddes-Calpas

Alberta’s elm pruning ban underway

If elm trees are pruned dur-ing the pruning ban period, these beetles which are active at this time can be attracted to the scent of the fresh wound and possibly infect otherwise healthy elm with DED

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Tree Service Canada #17 Spring 2011

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