Tree pests to watch for in a changing climate

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WELCOMEFirst Detector Seminar

Trees and Drought

Reno, Nevada 26 September 2014

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??Before 1995, 50 Separate States50 Separate Depts of Agriculture

and little communicationWhat’s

Up, Doc?

USDA and States USDA and States began Planningbegan Planning

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Interagency Partnerships

Land Grant Universities

Federal Agencies State Departments of Agriculture

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What is the National Plant Diagnostic What is the National Plant Diagnostic Network?Network?

Founded in 2002 to protect food and agriculture in the United States

Brings together staff and scientists in Federal, State, and University plant diagnostic labs

Provides money for education, training, workshops, salaries, and labs

Forms “the network” for First Detectors through websites and email pest alerts

NPDN Responsibilities• Outbreak detection and identification

• Secure communications system• Information storage and management

• Data analysis• Reporting and alerts

• Training and Education

What Does NPDN Look Like?

Including American Samoa and Guam (WPDN) and Puerto Rico (SPDN)

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Who are First Detectors?Who are First Detectors?

Anyone involved in:Agriculture

Food ProcessingHorticulture

ForestryEcology

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NPDN First Detector Registration

Please print clearly & complete all the information

Confidential!

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is hereby granted

Tom Jeffersonfor completion of core “First Detector” training modules.

September 26, 2014 Reno, NV

Certificate of First Detector Training Completion

This certificate has been approved by Marty Draper, PhD, NPDN Chair and

Rachel McCarthy, MS., Chair of NPDN Training and Education

Training Session Coordinator

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Invasives’ WebsitesInvasives’ Websites

http://www.nappo.org/

http://weblogs.nal.usda.gov/invasivespecies/

http://www.cal-ipc.org/

11http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/

Solve your pestproblems

with UC's best

science

12http://www.wrpmc.ucdavis.edu/index.html

The Western IPM Center promotes the adoption of

integrated pest management practices and funds new

research to solve pest problems in agriculture, communities and

natural lands throughout the West.

http://www.wrpmc.ucdavis.edu/

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http://www.unce.unr.edu/

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Chemistry LaboratoryEntomology

Environmental ServicesExport Certification

Good Agricultural Practices Program (GAP)Noxious Weeds

Nursery ProgramOrganic Program

Pest ControlPlant Pathology

Producer CertificationSeed Certification

Specialty Crop Block Grant Program

Nevada state entomologist (insects)

Jeff [email protected]

775-353-3767Plant Diseases:

Nevada state pathologist (plant diseases)

Dr. Shouhua [email protected]

775-353-3765Noxious Weeds

State Noxious Weed CoordinatorRobert Little

[email protected]

Nevada Pest AlertsNevada Pest Alerts

http://agri.nv.gov/Plant-Industry/

http://agri.nv.gov/ES/

http://agri.nv.gov/Plant/Entomology/Entomology_Home/

http://agri.nv.gov/Plant/Environmental_Services/Environmental_Services_Home/

http://agri.nv.gov/Plant/Export_certification/Export_Certification_Home/

http://agri.nv.gov/GAP/

http://agri.nv.gov/Plant/Noxious_Weeds/Noxious_Weeds_Home/

http://agri.nv.gov/Plant/Nursery/Nursery__Home/

http://agri.nv.gov/Plant/Organic_Certification/Organic_Certification_Home/

http://agri.nv.gov/Pest-Control/

http://agri.nv.gov/Plant/Plant_Pathology/Plant_Pathology_Home/

http://agri.nv.gov/Plant/Producer_Certification/Producer_Certification_Home/

http://agri.nv.gov/Plant/Seed_Certification/Seed_Certification_Home/

http://agri.nv.gov/Plant/SpecialtyCrop/Specialty_Crop_Block_Grant_Program/

mailto:[email protected]



http://agri.nv.gov/Plant/Nursery/Nursery_Alerts

http://agri.nv.gov/Plant/Nursery/Nursery__Home/

http://agri.nv.gov/Plant/Nursery/Nursery_Program_Resources/

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Vancouver

Seattle

Oakland-SF

LA-Longbeach

San Diego

Portland

West Coast Commerce

Nog

ales

16

0

400

800

1200

1600

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Year

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30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Pest

s In

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*1000)

ImportedGoods

ExoticPests

Source: W. Bailey, USDA-APHIS

Migration and the movement of Migration and the movement of humans, plants, and animalshumans, plants, and animals

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Image courtesy of Marius Christensen

Plant Importation Plant Importation

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With the Age of Explorationcame a keen interest in

Botany. Plants were broughtTo Europe from all over theworld. Botanical gardensand private collectors vied

with each other for the largest and most exotic collections.

In 1865 alone, 460 tons of plants were imported into France,and by the 1890’s, the trade had grown to 2,000 tons. In 1875,

50 tons of vines were imported from the US.

Captain Bligh and Breadfruit 1789

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Alexander von Humboldt

Sir Joseph Banks

Louis de BougainvilleCaptain James Cook

Engelbert KaempferAsa Gray and Liberty Hyde Bailey

David Fairchild 1869 - 1954David Fairchild 1869 - 1954

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An American botanist and plant explorer. Fairchild was

responsible for the introduction of more than 200,000 exotic plants and

varieties of established crops into the United States,

including soybeans, mangos, avocados, nectarines, dates,

bamboos, and flowering cherries. Certain varieties of

wheat, cotton, and rice became especially

economically important.

The World Was My Garden (1938)

Gingko bilobaGingko biloba

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Meteor 2017 Wikipedia

Kurt Stueber Wikipedia

Engelbert Kaempfer was the doctor with the Dutch East India embassy to Japan in 1690. In 1691 he discovered Gingko biloba in a Buddhist monastery in Nagasaki. He brought seeds and planted them in the botanical garden in Utrecht. The original tree is still there. The species is approx.270 million years old.

Dawn Redwood Dawn Redwood Metasequoia glyptostroboidesMetasequoia glyptostroboides

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Discovered in China in Modaoxi, Hubei, in 1943, in a temple courtyard,

by Zhan Wang and identified by Wan Chun Cheng

http://arbresvenerables.free.fr

In 1948, the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard sent an expedition to bring back seeds and cuttingsof this “living fossil.” They distributed seeds and cuttings to universities and arboreta.

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The End of Paradise-The End of Paradise-4 Plagues from the New World4 Plagues from the New World

Cartoons courtesy of Annemiek Schilder

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The Little Vixen - IsabellaThe Little Vixen - Isabella

Vitis labrusca x Vitis viniferaDeveloped in South Carolina c. 1816Named for Mrs. Isabella Gibbs in honor of

her great beauty

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Isabella Brings some BaggageIsabella Brings some Baggage

Powdery Mildew 1847Phylloxera 1863Downey Mildew 1878Black Rot 1885In France alone, 6.2 million acres of

grapevines were destroyed

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Summary of NPDN MissionSummary of NPDN Mission

Communicate

Coordinate

Cooperate

Eradication of the Pest

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High Risk Pests

The European Grapevine Moth

High Risk Pests

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Commodore Matthew Perry Pays a Visit:Tokyo 1853

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Pathogen & Pest IntroductionsPathogen & Pest Introductions

Chestnut Blight 1904 Cryphonectria parasitica , a fungus, arrived in

the US from Japan on imported flowering chestnuts By 1940 it had destroyed all the native chestnuts

Chestnut BlightChestnut Blight

http://ctacf.org/page.cfm/ChestnutBlight

Chestnut Blight DestructionChestnut Blight Destruction

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Dutch Elm Disease

Adult of the native elm bark beetle. Brood gallery of native elm bark beetle.

American Elm Tree

Dutch elm disease fungus (Ceratocystis ulmi) growing in a petri dish in the laboratory.

Showing early disease symptoms

Colorado Potato Beetle SpreadColorado Potato Beetle Spread

Map by Fritz Geller-Grimm

Photo: Estonian Institute of Agriculture

The CPB, once it met the potato,began a reproduction frenzy. The

female can lay as many as 800 eggsin her lifetime. The eggs are laidin batches of 30 on the underside

of a leaf. The CPB populations wereso immense, that the beetles

devastated crops, filled houses and buildings. They reached Germany in

1877, but were eradicated. Then…

Buffalo Burr and the CPBBuffalo Burr and the CPB

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Rocky Mountain LocustRocky Mountain LocustMelanoplus spretus Melanoplus spretus Walsh 1866Walsh 1866

1873 to 1877 - now extinct1873 to 1877 - now extinctPhoto by Jim Conrad

Photo courtesy of University Cambridge

The habitat of the species was the high, drylands on the eastern slope of the northern Rocky Mountains. The species occurred at elevations of 2,000 to 10,000 ft. It was unable to

survive in low, moist areas for more than one generation. It was once found in greatest abundance in prairie lands with annual rainfall of less than 25 inches. As settlers moved

into its range during the western migration, they planted mostly grains. The locusts would swarm out of the Rockies and destroy the crops and anything green. They were destroyed when farmers moved into their breeding grounds and destroyed the species by 1902. It is

estimated that one swarm in 1874 covered approx. 198,000 square miles!

Rockies Locust RangeRockies Locust Range

Copyright © 2010 public domain published 1877

Locust is from Latin, locus ustus, meaning "burnt place"

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What fresh Hell is this?

Dorothy Parker

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Drought Symptoms•Loss of rigidity in needles and leaves•Drooping, wilting, yellowing of foliage•Premature leaf or needle drop•Excessive squirrel damage (especially on oaks)•Bark cracks•Twig and branch dieback•Leaf margin scorch and interveinal necrosis on deciduous trees•Browning of needle tips on evergreens•General canopy thinning•Poor growth and stunting

Drought Effects - Death Comes Gradually to Trees

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What Happens in a Drought?A water deficit develops in the tree. Non-woody feeder roots and root hairs are particularly sensitive to drying and are affected first. They shrivel and become non-functional. They lose the ability to absorb water. The roots can no longer provide sufficient water to the top of the tree. The tree is forced to draw upon stored resources for survival. Additionally, many metabolic changes occur which substantially alter the physiology of drought-stressed trees.

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Drought killed up to half a billion trees, Texas Forest Service estimates

2011 - 2013In 2011, Texas experienced an exceptional drought with prolonged high winds and record-setting temperatures. Together, those conditions took a severe toll on trees across the state. Large numbers of trees in both urban communities and rural forests have died or are struggling to survive. The impacts are numerous and widespread.

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The Asian Longhorned BeetleThe Asian Longhorned Beetle

Anoplophora glabripennisMotschulsky, 1853

Coleoptera, Cerambycidae

A.L.B.Call Home!

Photographer: Jennifer Forman Orth

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ALB andBeetle

Life Cycle

Diagram by Michael Bohne, Bugwood.org

The ALB undergoes a

complete metamorphosis.

Its life cycle consists of four

stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult.

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Asian Longhorned BeetleAsian Longhorned Beetle

FemaleMale and Female together

Male

US Forest Service (Photographer: Michael Bohne)


Adult1 to 1 ½ inches in lengthLong antennae banded with black and white (longer than the insect’s body)Shiny jet black body with distinctive white spotsMay have blue color on feet

Larva LeglessSegmented, off white-yellowish colorSclerotized head, reddish-brown, retracted into thorax55 mm (over 2 )″


50Photo courtesy of USDA

Photo by Mike Boehne

Photo by Joe Boggs, Ohio SU

Photo from PA Dept of Forestry

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Favorites speciesMaplesElms

WillowsBirch

Horse Chestnuts (Buckeyes)Sycamores and London Planes

Poplars

Candidates for ReplantsAilanthus – Tree of Heaven

Albizia – Mimosa treeCeltis – Hackberry

ConifersGingko biloba – Maidenhair tree

Liriodendron – Tulip treeSorbus – Mountain Ash

Quercus – OaksTilia – Linden

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Updated 2011

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Color plate illustrating various longhorned beetles of the family Cerambycidae, taxa related to the Asian Longhorned Beetle Anoplophora glabripennis. Taken from a monograph on the genus Anoplophora by Steven W. Lingafelter (USDA) and E. Richard Hoebeke (Cornell).

© K

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orn

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Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) Agrilus planipennis

Emerald Ash Emerald Ash BorerBorer

Adult3/8 – 3/4 long (males ″ ″slightly smaller)Dark metallic emerald green wing coversAbdomen metallic purplish red

photo from Bugguide

Fraxinus spp. - Ash

Emerald Ash Borer

Native to NE China where it is only a minor forest pest. Discovered in June 2002 in Michigan. Probably introduced on wooden shipping

material.

Emerald Ash Borer meets the Ash Emerald Ash Borer meets the Ash TreeTree

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Photo by Jared Spokowsky, New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets, Bugwood.org

EAB Mating

larva

Emerald Ash Borer Life CycleEmerald Ash Borer Life Cycle

Eggs laid on the bark of an ash tree Egg about to hatch into larva

Larvae in galleries in ash trees

Photos courtesy of Ohio State University

Photo Credit: Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources - Forestry Archive, Bugwood.org

EAB DamageEAB Damage

Emerald Ash Borer 2014

2002

CA, NV,& OR Native AshCA, NV,& OR Native Ash

Fraxinus dipetalaFraxinus dipetalaCalifornia AshCalifornia Ash

Fraxinus latifoliaFraxinus latifoliaOregon AshOregon Ash

http://plants.usda.gov/index.htmlhttp://plants.usda.gov/index.html

http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/florahttp://calphotos.berkeley.edu/flora//

University of Wisconsin

Ornamental Ash species Ornamental Ash species

F. americanaF. americana White AshWhite Ash

F. excelsiorF. excelsior European AshEuropean Ash

F. pennsylvanicaF. pennsylvanica Green / Red AshGreen / Red Ash

F. uhdeiF. uhdeiEvergreen AshEvergreen Ash

F. velutinaF. velutina Modesto AshModesto Ash

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Wooden palletsWhat products did they carry?Which insects did they bring?

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Alternative Pallet SolutionsAlternative Pallet Solutions

Recycled Plastic PalletRecycled Plastic Pallet

Compressed Wood PalletCompressed Wood PalletXX Methyl Bromide

Wood Packing RegulationsWood Packing Regulations

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International Standards For Phytosanitary Measures, ISPM 15, requires that all international ocean freight shipments using any species of raw wood packaging must be fumigated or heat treated, prior the international shipping, to kill insects or fungus. All wood-packing materials used in international shipping must be stamped with the approved by IPPC stamp, prior the international shipping. International ocean freight shipments that contain wood-packing materials will be checked in respect of compliance with the ISPM 15 regulations before to be allowed to enter to or crossing through a participating to IPPC country.

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Thousand Cankers Disease of Walnut A Presentation for NPDN First Detectors

Developed by Richard Hoenisch, Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis

Photo by Andrew Graves

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1000 Cankers of Walnut Disease and the genus Juglans

Foto de L.L. Strand.

The Tree The Fungus

The Beetle

The Good

The Bad

The Ugly

The Fungus

The Ugly

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The Walnut Twig BeetleThe Walnut Twig Beetle Pityophthorus juglandis Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman, 1928 Blackman, 1928

Coleoptera (beetle) CurculionidaeColeoptera (beetle) Curculionidae (weavils and woodborers) (weavils and woodborers)

Photo by Ned Tisserat and Whitney Cranshaw

Photo by Steve Seybold

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Expanded Range of the Walnut Twig Beetle

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Geosmithia morbidaGeosmithia morbida in culturein culture

Isolated in Fall, 2008 Isolated in Fall, 2008

Ned Tisserat and Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State

The Fungus

Very small entrance holes in the bark

Signs of the presence of the beetle

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Beginning of the beetle colony

The males colonize initiallyA group of 3 females in the galleries

The males produce a pheromone that attracts the females .

The more beetles there are in a colony, the more beetlesare then attracted to the infested tree

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Photos by Steve Seybold

Many cankers

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The individual cankers merge The individual cankers merge Ned Tisserat and Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State

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Death by 1000 cankersDeath by 1000 cankers

Photo by A.D. Graves.

Photo by Ned Tisserat & Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State

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June 2008

September 2008June 2009

photos by Ned Tisserat & Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State

The progression of decline of Infected black walnut trees

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Distributionof 1000 CankersDisease

In California

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Susceptible Juglans species

J. ailantifoliaJ. australis

J. californica*J. hindsii*J. major

J. mandshuricaJ. mollis

j. nigra (rootstock)J. hindsii x regia (rootstock)

The beetle can colonize:

J. californica*J. hindsii*

J. microcarpaJ. regia ( English Walnut)

The fungus can colonize:

Ned Tisserat, Colorado State University

Ned Tisserat, Colorado State University

English Walnut can be attacked by the beetle and the disease does establish itself, but it

moves very slowly

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Recent Discovery in Solano County CARecent Discovery in Solano County CA

The rootstock Paradox was planted in 2009; the English walnut variety “Tulare” was grafted on in 2010. 1000 Cankers disease was confirmed on the Paradox rootstock in November 2011.

Photos by Carolyn Debuse UCCE

In Hanford, Kings County, CA, the walnut twig beetle attacks the trunk of mature English walnuts. Note the many very small entrance

holes

Photos by Elizabeth Fichtner, UCCE

Entrance holes perforating the marking tapes

Photo by Elizabeth Fichtner, UCCE

Photos by Elizabeth Fichtner, UCCE

TCD Cankers on the trunk of mature English walnuts

TCD Status in California English WalnutsTCD Status in California English Walnuts

Mainly attacks black walnut species, but more infected English walnut and rootstock in 2010, 2011

Confirmed English TCD trees in CAColusa, Fresno, San

Joaquin, San Benito, Solano, Stanislaus, Sutter, Tulare, Yolo, Yuba

Howard inYuba Co.

courtesy: Janine Hasey

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1000 Cankers, a very serious disease1000 Cankers, a very serious diseasefor the native walnut speciesfor the native walnut species

There can be very fast mortality for this native species

A very aggressive fungus A very efficient vector No known resistance Black walnut wood is very

valuable and is moved from area to area

23,000 beetles were found in these two pieces of wood

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Can we contain the 1000 cankers of Can we contain the 1000 cankers of Walnut disease?Walnut disease?

One can buy black walnut woodon the internet. It also moves

with firewood.

For sale!!!!

Photo by Whitney Cranshaw

Laurel Wilt Disease

Akif Eskalen, Ph.D.Asst. Cooperative Extension Specialist / Plant Pathologist

Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology

University of California, Riverside

www.eskalenlab.ucr.edu

Laurel Wilt module courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside

• It is an Ophiostoma fungus, Raffaelea lauricola similar to the Dutch Elm Disease.

Causal agent

Photo by S.W. Fraedrich

Slide courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside

Raffaelea lauricola Harrington & Fraedrich 2008On cyclohexamide-streptomycin malt agar (Fungal

Selective Media CSMA )

Photo by Carrie Lapaire Harmon

Photo by T.S. Schubert

• The fungus is believed to have arrived with an Asian origin redbay ambrosia

beetle Xyleborus glabratus, Eichhoff, 1877 Coleoptera, Curculionidae

1/16 inch-long

Pictures from: Albert E. Mayfield


• The redbay ambrosia beetle likely arrived in solid wood packing material, such as crates or pallets.

Pictures from: Albert E. Mayfield


Slide courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside Source: http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/foresthealth/laurelwilt

The pouches or mycangia (arrows) in the head of a red bay ambrosia beetle, where the wilt fungus is carried

(Photo by Mike Ulyshen).

Source: http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/foresthealth/laurelwilt

Most likely the result of human transport of infested wood, either from Asia as a separate, new introduction or from previously infested areas in the southeastern United States.

Photo by: T. Coleman


Avocado Persea americana

Bay Laurel Laurus nobilis

California Bay Laurel Umbellularia californica

Redbay Persea borbonia

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora

Sassafras Sassafras albidum

Silk bay Persea humilis

Northern Spicebush Lindera benzoin

Lancewood Ocotea coriacea

Swamp bay Persea palustris

Love vine, Devil’s gut Cassytha filiformis

Pepperleaf sweetwood Licaria triandra

Pondspice Litsea aestivalis

http://selectree.calpoly.edu/


Photo from: San Francisco State University Department of Geographyby Alicia Mariscal, student in Geography 316, Fall 2001

It has been shown that the native California bay laurel is susceptible to this disease. Thus, it is highly probable that the disease will establish in California if the beetle spreads into the western United States.


Photo by: A.Eskalen


http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/foresthealth/laurelwiltPicture from: Fraedrich et al. 2008 Slide courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside

Photo by: A.Eskalen


Photos by: A.Eskalen


Dead Row of Sassafras

http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/foresthealth/laurelwilt/dist_map.shtml


Avocado (Persea americana) (Ploetz and Pena, 2007)

http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/foresthealth/laurelwiltSlide courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside

Laurel wilt disease caused by Raffaelea sp. on backyard avocado trees in Florida

Photo by: A.Eskalen Slide courtesy of Akif Eskalen, UC Riverside

February 2009, Savannah/Florida

Laurel wilt disease caused by Raffaelea lauricola on backyard avocado tree in Florida

Photos by: A. Eskalen


If the tree is wilted in a large proportion of its crown, and has black discoloration in the

sapwood, it is likely infected with the laurel wilt fungus. Notify your local county agent for

confirmation

Photos by: A.Eskalen


California Avocado Commission & Avocado growersVirginia McDonaldShannon C. Lynch

Ben FaberGary BenderMary Bianchi

From University of FloridaRandy Ploetz

Jonathan CraneJorge Pena


Tree injury and mortality associated with the polyphagous shot hole borer

in southern California

Tom W. Coleman1 and Steven J. Seybold2

1USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, San Bernardino, CA2USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA

Polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB),Euwallacea sp.

• First detected in California in 2003– Whittier Narrows Recreation Area (LA Co.). This insect/disease complex was not linked

to tree injury and mortality until 2012 in LA Co.

• PSHB in California was believed initially to be the tea shot hole borer, Euwallacea fornicatus, which had been introduced into Florida

• Recent molecular analyses suggest that the CA species of Euwallacea may be a new species (R. Stouthamer Laboratory, UCR)– The same species attacks hardwood trees and shrubs in Israel

CA FL

Polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) and Fusarium dieback (Fusarium euwallacea)

• Polyphagous shot hole borer, Euwallacea sp.– Similar to tea shot hole borer in FL

• Fusarium dieback, Fusarium euwallacea– Same insect-disease complex found in Israel

Current distribution of PSHB in CA

• El Cajon (San Diego Co.): Recent detection of PSHB

Polyphagous shot hole borerAn ambrosia beetle

• Length: Females ~2.6 mm; Males ~ 1.1 mm

• Sex ratio highly skewed toward females

• Sibling mating occurs in galleries

• Males are flightless; rarely leave galleries

• Two to four gen/yr

PSHB entrance/emergence holes

• Attacks found from the root collar to smaller branches

Sycamore

Box elder

Coast live oak Box elder

PSHB injury symptoms

• Dark-colored bark staining, gumming, and sugaring

• Attacks frequently observed on the main stem and larger branches


• White- and tan-colored boring dust

• Can appear as string-like projections from the tree

• Boring dust observed frequently at the base


• Crown dieback and thinning

• Epicormic and basal sprouting


• Branching dark-stained galleries

• Galleries can penetrate to a depth of 8 cm into the xylem

Tree mortality associated with the PSHB

• Observed tree mortality– Box elder– Castor bean– Red willow– California sycamore– English oak– White alder

• Significant branch dieback/failure– English oak– Coast live oak– Avocado

Fungi associated with PSHB

• An new species of Fusarium and Graphium associated with Euwallacea sp.– Eskalen (UCR) is conducting virulence tests with each fungus

• The same Fusarium euwallacea is found in CA and Israel

PSHB hosts-primarily ornamental species1. Box elder, Acer negundo2. Castorbean, Ricinus communis3. Avocado, Persea americana4. English oak, Quercus robur5. Coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia6. California Sycamore, Platanus racemosa7. Big leaf maple, Acer macrophyllum8. Mimosa, Albizia julibrissin9. Coral tree, Erythrina corallodendon10. Titoki, Alectryon excelsus11. Blue palo verde, Parkinsonia florida12. Tortuosa, Salix matsudana13. Weeping willow, Salix babylonica14. Red willow, Salix laevigata15. Trident maple, Acer buergerianum16. Japanese maple, Acer palmatum17. Evergreen maple, Acer paxii18. Chinese holly, Ilex cornuta19. Brea, Cercidium sonorae20. Black bean, Castanospermum australe21. Camellia, Camellia semiserrata22. Cork oak, Quercus suber23. Valley oak, Quercus lobata24. Engelmann oak, Quercus engelmannii25. White alder, Alnus rhombifolia

• Host susceptibility varies

• Will attack numerous hardwood species, but can’t develop in these trees

Why are we concerned about PSHB in CA?

• PSHB attacks avocados

• California produces 90% of the nation’s avocado crop

• ~21,000 ha of avocados planted from San Luis Obispo to San Diego

• Crop valued at $382,000,000/yr

• And, avocados taste good

Native hardwood stands in southern California

PSHB also attacks and kills our native riparian trees

Red willow White alder California sycamore

Summary

• PSHB is already impacting the native hardwood stands of southern California and the urban areas– Loss of hardwood stands can impact wildlife and

threatened and endangered species – Willow flycatcher, bell vireo, Arroyo toad, yellow-

legged frogs, western yellow-billed cuckoo, gray vireo, 3 bat species, and 6 snake species

• Its impact may be more prevalent in lower elevation hardwood stands on California sycamore, castorbean, and willow spp.– All size classes appear to be susceptible

Goldspotted Oak Goldspotted Oak Borer (GSOB)Borer (GSOB)

Agrilus auroguttatusAgrilus auroguttatusColeoptera: BuprestidaeColeoptera: Buprestidae

132

Photo courtesy of UCANR

GSOB First Noticed in 2004GSOB First Noticed in 2004

133

The goldspotted oak borer (GSOB), Agrilus auroguttatus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is a flatheaded borer introduced to San Diego County, California, in the late 1990s or early 2000s and also detected at one site in Riverside County in 2012. It was likely brought into the state on oak firewood collected and transported from the insect’s native range in southeastern Arizona or northern Mexico.

Typical damage associated with GSOB-infested trees includes crown thinning and dieback, bark staining on the main stem, bark injury from woodpecker foraging, and D-shaped emergence holes on the main stem and larger branches of the tree. Following several years of extensive and repeated bouts of injury from larval feeding, tree health declines, and trees eventually die.

As of 2010, GSOB has killed an estimated 21,500 trees covering 1,893 square miles in San Diego County in forests, parks, and residential landscapes.

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Photo courtesy of UNCE

GSOB larva with gallery in the cambium

Photo courtesy of UCR Applied Biocontrol

GSOB pupaeRelative size of GSOB

135Image thanks to RK Design

GSOB DamageGSOB Damage

136Photo courtesy of Center for Invasive Species UCR


137

Photo by Tom Coleman USDAFS

Photos courtesy of Arborwell

GSOB D shaped exit holes

GSOB galleries in the phloem


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Photo by Tom Coleman USDA FS

GSOB Preferred SpeciesGSOB Preferred Species

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The insects attack coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), California black oak (Quercus

kelloggii), interior live oak (Quercus chrysolepis), and in rare cases Engelmann oak (Quercus engelmannii). They have killed over

80,000 native oaks so far.

GSOB Control StrategiesGSOB Control Strategies

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Don’t move fire wood from infested area

Grinding infest wood destroys the larvae

Biocontrol with 2 species of hymenoptera

Woodpeckers

Systemic insecticides

Photo courtesy of Elizabeth Bush, Virginia Tech

Boxwood BlightCylindrocladium

pseudonaviculatumIdentified by: Crous, J.Z., Groenew., & C.F. Hill 2002

A new Ascomycete fungus

White Cylindrocladium sporodochia producing conidia on a boxwood stem

The new disease of boxwood was first observed in 1994 in the UK, and a more severe outbreak occurred in 1997. Although the pathogen is considered to have been recently introduced there, it was already widespread in the UK by 2000. An isolate from New Zealand was determined to be of the same species and closely

related to the strains in the UK. Reports of C. pseudonaviculatum have since come from Belgium, Ireland, Germany, and the Netherlands, Italy, Austria, and

Spain.

Boxwood Blight

Map courtesy of Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora

Native distribution of Buxus sempervirens

in the United Kingdom and Ireland

Boxwood blight first found in Hampshire,

England, in 1994

Origin of boxwood blight

Photos courtesy of the USDA-ARS Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Lab

Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum

Conidia and phialides(spore producing tips)

Conidiophores producing conidia(spores)

The causal fungus

Photo courtesy of Garden World Discussion

The primary way this disease spread throughout Europe was the movement of infected plants and cuttings.

Another significant way this disease spreads is through contaminated tools and workers as well as by movement

of boxwood debris (especially fallen leaves). Human activities such as pruning also contribute to spread. The sticky fungal spores are readily moved on contaminated tools and equipment, on workers and animals that come into contact with infected foliage. The greatest potential

for long distance transport of box blight is the movement ‐of infected plants, cuttings, people and tools.

Disease Spread

Photo courtesy of the Canadian Nursery Certification Institute

Photo by S. M. Weeda and N. L. Dart

New infections are caused when spores move from infected plants in wind-driven rain or water splashed from overhead irrigation. The spores require free water or high humidity to

germinate and cause infection.

Microsclerotia are hard fungal masses that develop in diseased tissue, especially, in fallen leaves. These

structures, in other species of Cylindrocladium, have shown an ability to survive in soil and detritus for 10 years or more. Any method to significantly reduce the viability of these structures is a useful tool to a grower who has had to deal with this pathogen in the field, especially if they intend

to grow boxwoods again.

Epidemiology

Infection by conidia

Microsclerotia production

Photo Provided by Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station

Photo by B. Henricot

The foliage typicallybecomes blighted, causingthe leaves to turn ‘straw’ tolight brown in color. These

leaves will defoliate, makingthe plant unsalable. Often

the stems of blightedboxwoods will remain greenunder the outer bark until a

secondary invader oropportunistic pathogen

attacks this tissue,eventually killing the entire

plant.

Symptoms

Photo by Ruud Morijn

How the fungus arrived in the North America is unclear, but by 2011, it had been found in CT, MA, MD, NC, NY, OR, PA, RI, VA, Ontario, Quebec, and British

Columbia. It was found in three nurseries in Oregon in December 2011. To date boxwood blight is known to

infect all species of boxwood, Buxus spp. and Pachysandra spp. in landscapes, garden centers, and

nurseries.

2011: the fungus arrives in the US

A boxwood nursery in the Netherlands

Photo courtesy of Herrenhausen Garten, Hannover BRD

Control •Inspect new plants and cuttings; only buy from reputable

nurseries.

•Isolate new plants from other boxwoods

for at least one month, longer if

possible.

•Avoid overhead watering.

•Avoid working around wet boxwood.

•Never compost infected material.

Destruction of boxwood hedges by boxwood blight at the Herrenhausen Garden in Hannover, Germany

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A Consortium of Regional Networks

www.npdn.orgwww.wpdn.org

Sample Submission:Sample Submission:Quality and SecurityQuality and Security

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Foliage diseases

Sample Quality: Sample Quality: Diseases may be on any plant partDiseases may be on any plant part

Lesions / Damageon trunk?

Digital DiagnosisDigital Diagnosis

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Take at least 5 photos – close up and at a distance

Sample QualitySample Quality

Avoid dead plants

Dead Plants Tell No Tales!

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►Put your samples in a cold box!►Have Ziploc baggies►Bring several Sharpies

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Sample Quality:Sample Quality:Good PackagingGood Packaging

Dry paper to protect leaves from contact with plastic

bag

Plastic bag to keep soil on roots

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Quality and Secure Sample Submission:Quality and Secure Sample Submission:INSECTSINSECTS

Most insects can be preserved in a vial with 70% isopropyl

alcohol

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Secure Sample SubmissionSecure Sample Submission

Furnish all relevant information to the Ag Commissioner’s office:

►your contact information

►location, name of grower/owner, date found

►extent of damage, incidence and severity data

►more information means faster, better diagnosis

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Rick BostockWPDN Regional Director UCD [email protected]

Carla ThomasWPDN Deputy DirectorUCD [email protected]

Marty DraperNPDN Project [email protected]

Richard HoenischNPDN Education CoordinatorUCD [email protected]

Photo by e_monk

Tree pests to watch for in a changing climate

Environment

Transcript of Tree pests to watch for in a changing climate