TRB 11-2016 Subway Evasion 003.ppt - lexciestuff.net Area Picture Measuring & Controlling Subway...

Control AreaPicture

Measuring &

Controlling

Subway Fare

Evasion:

Improving

NYCT’s Safety

T R A N S I T

Photo: NYC Transit DRAW

TRB Paper #11-2016New York City Transit Slide 1

PictureNYCT’s Safety

and SecurityAlla Reddy, Jacqueline Kuhls,

and Alex Lu

Operations PlanningOffice of Management & BudgetNew York City Transit Authority

Presented at the 90th Annual Meeting of the

Transportation Research BoardWashington D.C. (2011)

Notice: Opinions expressed in this presentation are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of Metropolitan Transportation Authority or MTA New York City Transit.

New York City Transit

• Fare evasion measured by station agents since early 1990s

• Reduced from 6.9% to supposedly about 0.2% because of:– New AFC system

Background


– Graffiti control

– Police patrols

– Civil penalties

– General crime reduction

• Renewed concerns:– Booth destaffing program

– Fare increases

– ‘Panic bars’ on exit gatesPhoto: NYC Transit DRAW

Fare Collection Hardware

Booth(Full Time & Part Time) HEETs

Photos: NYC Transit DRAW


(Full Time & Part Time) HEETs

HXT(Not surveyed)

Painted HXT(Not surveyed)

Fare Tariff & Defining Evasion

• Official methods:– Children under 44”

• Must crawl under turnstile• Not allowed alone

– Passengers with bulk items, school field trips• Request agent assistance• Enter through gate

– ‘Block’ or half-fare tickets


– ‘Block’ or half-fare tickets• Surrender paper ticket• Enter through special entry turnstile

• Unofficially:– Riders open gates for paid

passengers with bulk items– Children squeeze through

high-wheels with paid adults– Flash passes, uniforms,

contractors go through gates

Turnstile Fare Evasion MethodsUnder Bump


Over Backcock

Photos: NYC Transit PID Camera Footage

Opportunistic

Gate Fare Evasion Methods

1 2

Photos: NYC Transit PID Camera FootageDeliberate


Gate Left Open Questionable

Backcocks, then use panic bar to open gate Catches gate to enter after others exit

Opens unlocked gate to enter, or gate ajar Police opens gate for stroller, bystander enters

1 2

Observation Methodology

Evasions Questionable Legal Entries

Traditional Turnstile

• Under (over 44”)

• Jump

• Backcock

• Bump(a) Low TS(b) HEET

Tracked

• School Group

• Police/Fire/Court:(a) Badge(b) Uniform

• Flash Pass

• Open Gate with Key:

• Normal Turnstile Entry

• Normal HEET Entry

• Child under 44”, with fare-paying adult

• Paper Ticket

• Bulk Item


Gate (Panic Bar)

• Opportunistic

• Deliberate

• Gate Left Open

(a) TA key(b) Emergency key

• “Other”

Not Tracked

• Selling ‘Swipes’

• MetroCard passback

• Bulk Item

• Discreet observations in half-hour periods divided into six-minute blocks; stratified sample (income and throughput); capture unusual activity only. Entries recorded in one of 19 categories.

Data Collection Forms

TRB Paper #11-2016New York City Transit Slide 8TRB Paper #11-2016New York City Transit

Subway Fare Evasion Trends

• Systemwide: 1.3%

• By time period:– Peak periods: ~0.9%

• more evasions per hour

• but lower rates per passenger

– Midday and nights: 1.3%~1.9%• high evasion rates

Weekday Evasion by Hour

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0

Hour of Day

Fare Eva

sion Rate (per Psg

r)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

Sys

tem Entry Rate (Psg

r/Hour)

Ev asion per Psgr

Entries per Hour

Sample size = 124,069 entries

Weekday Evasion by System Entries*6.0% 9.0


• high evasion rates

• but not many evaders

– School hour: almost 3.0%• highest evasions per psgr

• By system entry rate:– Busy stations: ~0.5%

• low per-passenger rates

• high per-hour rates (8.0 /hr)

– Quiet stations: up to 5.5%• high per-passenger rates

• low per-hour rates (<1.0 /hr)

Weekday Evasion by System Entries*

0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

6.0%

0.02

(0.

01~0

.02)

0.04

(0.

03~0

.04)

0.06

(0.

05~0

.07)

0.09

(0.

08~0

.10)

0.12

(0.

11~0

.13)

0.16

(0.

14~0

.18)

0.21

(0.

19~0

.22)

0.26

(0.

23~0

.27)

0.31

(0.

28~0

.33)

0.39

(0.

34~0

.42)

0.48

(0.

43~0

.52)

0.61

(0.

53~0

.69)

0.84

(0.

70~1

.00)

1.66

(1.

01~5

.56)

Avg & Range, System Entries per Hour (Thousands)

Fare Eva

sion Rate (per Psg

r)

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

Fare Eva

sion Rate (per Hour)

Ev asion per Psgr

Ev asion per Hour

* Ex cludes afternoon school

discharge hour (15:00-15:59)


Qui

et s

tatio

ns

Bus

y st

atio

ns

Seasonality of Fare Evasion2.0% 8.0

Evasion Trends: Income & Season

• By median income

– Higher evasions observed in stations where adjacent census tract median income < $30k

– No effect when income > $30k

Weekday Evasion by Median Income

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

6~18

18~2

4

24~2

8

28~3

2

32~3

6

36~4

2

42~4

8

48~6

2

62~7

0

70~8

6

86~1

76

Station Median Income Range ($ Thousands)

Fare Eva

sion Rate (per Psg

r)

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

Fare Eva


Ev asion per Psgr

Ev asion per Hour

* Ex cludes afternoon school

discharge hour (15:00-15:59)



Seasonality of Fare Evasion

0.0%

0.2%

0.4%

0.6%

0.8%

1.0%

1.2%

1.4%

1.6%

1.8%

2.0%

09/0

4~09

/06

09/0

5~09

/07

09/0

6~09

/08

09/0

7~09

/09

09/0

8~09

/10

09/0

9~09

/11

09/1

0~09

/12

09/1

1~10

/01

09/1

2~10

/02

10/0

1~10

/03

10/0

2~10

/04

10/0

3~10

/05

10/0

4~10

/06

10/0

5~10

/07

10/0

6~10

/08

Reporting Period (Rolling Average)

Fare Eva

sion Rate (per Psg

r)

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

Fare Eva


Ev asion per Psgr

Ev asion per Hour

Sample size = 37,269 entries per period

• Seasonality– Evasion is more prevalent

during warm summer months

• Summer = ~1.7%Winter = ~0.9%

• Consistent with literature on general crime trends

• Seasonal ridership impacts (trip purpose)

Combating Fare Evasion

• Properly locking service access gates at all times

• Improve communication of child height restrictions

• Fare control configuration and staff presence don’t seem to have much effect– Gate evasion rates:

0.9% unstaffed, 1.0% staffed


0.9% unstaffed, 1.0% staffed

– High-wheel evasion rates: 1.2% unstaffed, 1.0% staffed

• Tackling organized fare abuse operations (swipers)– Vending machine vandalism

costs repair expenses

– Swiping impacts revenue

– Work with NYPD Transit Bureau and community courts

– Use video evidence if availablePhoto: NYC Transit DRAW

Fare Enforcement Issues

• Legal framework– New York’s rules were well

established by the 1980s

– Important clarifications:• arrest versus summons

• undercover enforcement permissible?

• arresting powers


• arresting powers

• dispute/appeals process

– Expected fines versus fares• New York’s fine = $100

• progressive?

• “street economics”

• “Surge” enforcement

• Video recording cameras– Shared use for anti-terrorism

Conclusions & Future Work

• Multi-pronged approach is required to manage evasion– AFC security & audit features

– Legal enforcement framework

– Data collection & analysis to identify ‘hot spots’

– Task-force based approach

– Comprehensive press strategy

• Information sharing is key


• Information sharing is key– Crime of opportunity

– Controls are necessary

• Future work– Measurable benefits of fare

enforcement

– Evader-criminal correlation

– Countermeasure effectiveness

– Socio-demographic patternsPhoto: NYC Transit DRAW

Acknowledgements

• Ben Lonner, Kishor Sharma, Justin Serina

– MTA Audit Services

• Raymond Diaz, Edward O’Brien, Jim Donovan

– NYPD Transit Bureau

• NYCT Colleagues in


• NYCT Colleagues in

– System Data & Research

– Automated Fare Collection

– Office of Management & Budget

• TRB AP030 Committee’s Anonymous Reviewers

Notice: Opinions expressed in this presentation are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of Metropolitan Transportation Authority or MTA New York City Transit.

New York City Transit

Photo: Amanda Marsh

TRB 11-2016 Subway Evasion 003.ppt - lexciestuff.net Area Picture Measuring & Controlling Subway...

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