TransportationTransportationInto the Next MillenniumInto the Next Millennium

Dennis StrongDennis Strong

Strong ConceptsStrong Concepts

Brief History of RoadBrief History of Road

TransportationTransportation

Tools, Innovations &Tools, Innovations &

Lessons LearnedLessons Learned

What the Future HoldsWhat the Future Holds

HISTORICAL REVIEWHISTORICAL REVIEW

First RoadsFirst Roads First Wheeled VehiclesFirst Wheeled Vehicles Roman RoadsRoman Roads Improved Road SurfacesImproved Road Surfaces Powered VehiclesPowered Vehicles Internal Combustion & AutomobilesInternal Combustion & Automobiles

HISTORICAL REVIEW (cont)HISTORICAL REVIEW (cont)

Traffic CongestionTraffic Congestion Traffic Signs & Pavement MarkingsTraffic Signs & Pavement Markings Traffic SignalsTraffic Signals Evolution of Traffic EngineeringEvolution of Traffic Engineering Central Management of RoadsCentral Management of Roads

Time LineTime Line5000 4000 3000 10002000 0 1000 2000

1880 1900 1920 19601940 1980 2000 2020

B.C. A.D.

A.D. A.D.

manufacturedroad

engineeredroad

wheeledvehicles

romanroads

hot-rolledasphalt

concrete

animalpaths

automobile

bicyclespopular

Model T

trafficengineering

trafficsignal

trafficresearch

computers personalcomputers

HCM HCM2000

interstates ITS

hypersonicplanes

spaceplanes

simulationsimulation

virtualreality

TEAPAC

First RoadsFirst Roads

First roads (ways) were animal paths.First roads (ways) were animal paths. First manufactured road 4000 B.C.First manufactured road 4000 B.C.

– Middle East and England, stone pavingMiddle East and England, stone paving First engineered construction 2000 First engineered construction 2000

B.C.B.C.– Crete, no improvements 2000 yearsCrete, no improvements 2000 years

First road builders 1100 B.C.First road builders 1100 B.C.– Assyrian King’s Engineer Pioneer CorpsAssyrian King’s Engineer Pioneer Corps

First Wheeled VehiclesFirst Wheeled Vehicles

First wheeled vehiclesFirst wheeled vehicles– Russia, 3000 B.C.Russia, 3000 B.C.

Road damage from increased loadsRoad damage from increased loads

and concentrating loadand concentrating load Evolved toEvolved to

truckle carttruckle cart

Roman Roads 300 B.C.Roman Roads 300 B.C.

Military & economic purposesMilitary & economic purposes First to add gravel to mortarFirst to add gravel to mortar Quality material, drainage & Quality material, drainage &

workmanshipworkmanship Not improved upon for 2000 yearsNot improved upon for 2000 years

Extent of Roman RoadsExtent of Roman Roads

Improved Road SurfacesImproved Road Surfaces

Centralized towns created needCentralized towns created need Wheel tracks and rails, England 1767Wheel tracks and rails, England 1767 McAdam innovation, USA 1810McAdam innovation, USA 1810

– small stone base & compactionsmall stone base & compaction Speed now first limited by vehicleSpeed now first limited by vehicle 1900 hot-rolled asphalt1900 hot-rolled asphalt 1930 portland cement concrete1930 portland cement concrete

McAdam’s Innovative McAdam’s Innovative DesignDesign

Powered VehiclesPowered Vehicles

Most history has been animal powerMost history has been animal power– personal travel 1 day’s walkpersonal travel 1 day’s walk

1 horse per 4 Americans by 19001 horse per 4 Americans by 1900– expensive, problems, needed changeexpensive, problems, needed change

Steam vehicles as early as 1801Steam vehicles as early as 1801 Bicycles popular around 1860Bicycles popular around 1860

– contributed to automobile technologycontributed to automobile technology

Internal CombustionInternal Combustionand Automobilesand Automobiles

1885 Daimler & Benz develop IC engine1885 Daimler & Benz develop IC engine– first cars following yearfirst cars following year

1893 H. Ford builds first IC quadricycle1893 H. Ford builds first IC quadricycle 1893 Duryea brothers build 1st US car1893 Duryea brothers build 1st US car 1900 US Production - 4,192 cars1900 US Production - 4,192 cars

– 1,681 steam1,681 steam– 1,575 electric1,575 electric– 936 gasoline IC936 gasoline IC

First Cars by Daimler & First Cars by Daimler & BenzBenz

Mass Production of CarsMass Production of Cars

Ford Motor Company, 1903Ford Motor Company, 1903– 1908 Model T - 10,000 per year1908 Model T - 10,000 per year– 15 million over next 18 years15 million over next 18 years– always the same, but inexpensivealways the same, but inexpensive

General Motors offered different modelsGeneral Motors offered different models– changed look every yearchanged look every year

IC trucks huge increase hauling capac.IC trucks huge increase hauling capac. Car provides affordable travel freedomCar provides affordable travel freedom

Henry Ford’s Model THenry Ford’s Model T

Traffic CongestionTraffic Congestion

700 B.C. Assyrian700 B.C. Assyrian– parking restrictionsparking restrictions

45 B.C. Rome congestion measues45 B.C. Rome congestion measues– one-way streetsone-way streets– vehicle restrictions 6 A.M. to 4 P.M.vehicle restrictions 6 A.M. to 4 P.M.

1868 London pedestrian signal1868 London pedestrian signal 1920 New York walking was faster1920 New York walking was faster 1924 Chicago congestion serious1924 Chicago congestion serious

1868 Pedestrian Signal1868 Pedestrian Signal

Traffic Signs &Traffic Signs &Pavement MarkingsPavement Markings

Signs used sinceSigns used since

prehistoric timesprehistoric times Romans used raised centerlinesRomans used raised centerlines 1600 centerline in Mexico1600 centerline in Mexico 1890 cycle clubs first modern signs1890 cycle clubs first modern signs 1907 first speed bump1907 first speed bump 1918 Speed limits first needed1918 Speed limits first needed

Traffic SignalsTraffic Signals

1912 first modern signal1912 first modern signal– Salt Lake CitySalt Lake City

1917 first coordinated signals1917 first coordinated signals– Salt Lake CitySalt Lake City

1920 first 4-direction signal display1920 first 4-direction signal display– DetroitDetroit

1928 first actuated signal1928 first actuated signal– BaltimoreBaltimore

Evolution of Traffic Evolution of Traffic EngineeringEngineering

1920 Highway Research Board1920 Highway Research Board 1924 first city traffic engineer1924 first city traffic engineer

– Burton Marsh, PittsburghBurton Marsh, Pittsburgh 1930 design speed concept evolved1930 design speed concept evolved 1935 Greenshields uses spot-speed 1935 Greenshields uses spot-speed

studies and photogrammetrystudies and photogrammetry 1940 O.K. Normann empirical studies1940 O.K. Normann empirical studies

Traffic Engineering GuidesTraffic Engineering Guides

1935 first Manual on Uniform Traffic 1935 first Manual on Uniform Traffic Control DevicesControl Devices

1950 first Highway Capacity Manual1950 first Highway Capacity Manual– O.K. Normann chair of HRB committeeO.K. Normann chair of HRB committee

1958 Webster’s “Traffic Signal 1958 Webster’s “Traffic Signal Settings”Settings”

1965 second Highway Capacity Manual1965 second Highway Capacity Manual Numerous technical specs sinceNumerous technical specs since

Early HCM’s and Webster Early HCM’s and Webster

Central ManagementCentral Managementof Roadsof Roads

Early road maintenance by ChurchEarly road maintenance by Church Toll roads in India, 320 B.C. Toll roads in India, 320 B.C. 1900 bicycle clubs urged central control1900 bicycle clubs urged central control 1918 Bureau of Public Roads1918 Bureau of Public Roads 1921 Federal Aid Highway Act1921 Federal Aid Highway Act

– 50 percent matching funds50 percent matching funds Now 10% national funds is typicalNow 10% national funds is typical

National Road SystemsNational Road Systems

1802 U.S. National Road1802 U.S. National Road 1933 First superhighway1933 First superhighway

– Autobahn to unify fragmented countryAutobahn to unify fragmented country 1940 first U.S. freeways1940 first U.S. freeways

– Los Angeles to Pasadena, 4 miles urbanLos Angeles to Pasadena, 4 miles urban– Pennsylvania Turnpike, 170 miles ruralPennsylvania Turnpike, 170 miles rural

1956 U.S. National System of 1956 U.S. National System of Interstate and Defense HighwaysInterstate and Defense Highways

TOOLS, INNOVATIONS & TOOLS, INNOVATIONS & LESSONS LEARNEDLESSONS LEARNED

Design StandardsDesign Standards Traffic ManagementTraffic Management Traffic CalmingTraffic Calming ComputersComputers SoftwareSoftware

Design StandardsDesign Standards

Road DesignRoad Design– wheel loadswheel loads– drainagedrainage– good materialsgood materials

Design GuidesDesign Guides– AASHTOAASHTO– MUTCDMUTCD– HCMHCM

Traffic ManagementTraffic Management

Capacity improvements (TOPICS)Capacity improvements (TOPICS) Traffic impact studiesTraffic impact studies Signal timing studiesSignal timing studies Priority to high-occupancy vehiclesPriority to high-occupancy vehicles Flex timeFlex time Travel demand modeling & Travel demand modeling &

forecastingforecasting

Traffic CalmingTraffic Calming

Neighborhood traffic needsNeighborhood traffic needs Speed bumpsSpeed bumps Speed humpsSpeed humps Small roundaboutsSmall roundabouts Road alignment and widthRoad alignment and width City exists for care and culture of City exists for care and culture of

humankind, not for passage of cars.humankind, not for passage of cars.

Computers and SoftwareComputers and Software

Interactive personal computerInteractive personal computer Analysis softwareAnalysis software Design SoftwareDesign Software Simulation softwareSimulation software Animation softwareAnimation software

WHAT THEWHAT THEFUTURE HOLDSFUTURE HOLDS

Into the 21st CenturyInto the 21st Century Future VehiclesFuture Vehicles ITS and the Information AgeITS and the Information Age Computer SoftwareComputer Software Future TravelFuture Travel

Into the 21st CenturyInto the 21st Century

20th Century: the century of the car.20th Century: the century of the car. Number of cars expected to double in Number of cars expected to double in

next 25 years.next 25 years. Auto/road system can meet demands Auto/road system can meet demands

for unrestricted mobility & accessibility.for unrestricted mobility & accessibility. Increasing demands can be managed Increasing demands can be managed

by controlling and redistributing these by controlling and redistributing these demands.demands.

Future VehiclesFuture Vehicles

ElectricElectric Natural gasNatural gas HydrogenHydrogen SolarSolar Smaller engines allow smaller Smaller engines allow smaller

vehiclevehicle

Solar, Electric & Hydrogen Solar, Electric & Hydrogen CarsCars

Solar

Electric

Hydrogen

ITS and the Information ITS and the Information AgeAge

ITS - electronics and information ITS - electronics and information technologytechnology

automated highway systemsautomated highway systems ramp meteringramp metering intelligent vehiclesintelligent vehicles intelligent roadsintelligent roads smart-card toll collectionsmart-card toll collection road pricingroad pricing

Computer SoftwareComputer Software

engineering designengineering design– best operationbest operation

simulationsimulation– model performancemodel performance– compare alternativescompare alternatives

animationanimation– visualize performancevisualize performance

High-Speed TrainsHigh-Speed Trains

Magnetic levitationMagnetic levitation Bullet trainsBullet trains

– FranceFrance– JapanJapan

Train SpeedsTrain Speeds

Future TravelFuture Travel

TelecommutingTelecommuting

Air TravelAir Travel

Space TravelSpace Travel

Time Travel??Time Travel??

SUMMARYSUMMARY

Widespread gridlock and ever-Widespread gridlock and ever-expanding parking lots are not expanding parking lots are not parts of any rational agenda.parts of any rational agenda.

The future road network will clearly The future road network will clearly be more organized, more be more organized, more systematic, safer, more interactive systematic, safer, more interactive and more efficient.and more efficient.

REFERENCESREFERENCES

– ““Ways of the World”, M.G. Lay, 1992.Ways of the World”, M.G. Lay, 1992.– ““Traffic Devices: Historical Aspects Traffic Devices: Historical Aspects

Thereof”, Gordon M. Sessions, Institute Thereof”, Gordon M. Sessions, Institute of Transportation Engineers, 1971.of Transportation Engineers, 1971.

– ““Transportation Milestones and Transportation Milestones and Breakthroughs”, Richard Steins, 1995.Breakthroughs”, Richard Steins, 1995.

– ““Facing the Future”, Ian Graham, 1993.Facing the Future”, Ian Graham, 1993.– ““Stepping Through History”, Peggy Stepping Through History”, Peggy

Burns and Peter Chrisp, 1995.Burns and Peter Chrisp, 1995.

Dennis W. Strong, P.E.Strong Concepts1249 Shermer Road, Suite 100Northbrook, IL 60062-4540(847) 564-0386 fax: 564-0394dennis@StrongConcepts.comhttp://www.StrongConcepts.com