Transportation-focused Environmental Impact Assessment of ... · Transportation-focused...
Transcript of Transportation-focused Environmental Impact Assessment of ... · Transportation-focused...
Gokhan Egilmez Asst. Prof. of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
North Dakota State University
IERC ’14, Montreal, Canada June 2nd, 2014
Transportation-focused Environmental Impact Assessment of U.S. Manufacturing: A Life Cycle Analysis
Co-authors: Murat Kucukvar, Postdoctoral Researcher, University of Central Florida
Yong Shin Park, Graduate Research Assistant, North Dakota State University
Manufacturing and Transportation Nexus
• Manufacturing Transportation Consumption
• The U.S., manufacturing accounts for 44.8% of the commodity flow in the U.S. (RITA - U.S. DOT, 2012).
• U.S. freight transportation is responsible for approximately 35% of the total GHG emissions in transportation activities (EPA, 2003; Horvath, 2006)
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Environmental impacts of U.S. manufacturing
• 20% of total GHG emissions in the U.S.
• The third largest industry after transportation and electric power industries (EPA, 2012)
GHG
• The third leading sector in energy usage with a share of 20% (with a usage of 20 quadrillion BTU) Energy
• Power Generation and Farming industries account for 41% of total water withdrawals in U.S (Blackhurst et al., 2010). Water
• Metal Mining, Food, Beverage, Tobacco, Primary Metals and Chemical Manufacturing sectors account for approximately 71% of all toxic releases (EPA, 2010)
Toxic Release
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Sustainable Manufacturing and Life Cycle Assessment
• “The creation of manufactured products that use processes that are non-polluting, conserve energy and natural resources, and are economically sound and safe for employees, communities and consumers” (Dept. of Commerce, 2012)
Sustainable Manufacturing
• A well-known and widely used approach to assessing the potential environmental impacts and resources used throughout a product’s life cycle, including raw material acquisition, production, distribution, use, and end-of-life phases (Finnveden et al., 2009)
Life Cycle Assessment
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Life Cycle Assessment
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Raw Material
Extraction Manufacturing Use Disposal
Toxics Carbon Solid Waste By Products
Re-use Recycling
Basic Life Cycle Assessment Methodology
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Goal & Scope Definition
Life Cycle Inventory
Impact Assessment
Interpretation & Policy Making
Life Cycle Assessment Models
*TBL-LCA
(UCF)
Eco-LCA
(OSU)
EIO-LCA
(CMU)
P-LCA
(U.S. EPA)
*Kucukvar, M., & Tatari, O. (2013). Towards a triple bottom-line sustainability assessment of the US construction industry. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 1-15. *Egilmez, G., Kucukvar, M., & Tatari, O. (2014).“Supply chain sustainability assessment of the U.S. food manufacturing sectors: A life cycle-based frontier approach”, Resources Conservation and Recycling, Elsevier, Volume 82, January 2014, 8–20 7
Need for a single eco-efficiency score
• Well known mantra in business world: “What get’s measured gets managed”
• Environmental pressures with different
– Units of measurement
– Scale
• Non-subjective benchmarking
– No subjective weight assignment
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Summary of Research Methodology
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• Transportation-focused Sustainability Assessment of U.S. Manufacturing Sectors: An Economic Input Output-based Frontier Approach
Focus
• Transportation-focused Sustainability assessment of nations manufacturing sectors with EIO-LCA EIO-LCA
• Deriving the transportation sustainability score for each sector with Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)
Eco-efficiency
($/Environmental Impact)
Goal and Method
Goal
• To develop an analytical approach that can be used to analyze and compare the sustainability performance of 53 U.S. manufacturing sectors’ transportation impacts
Method
• The synergistic use of EIO-LCA and DEA would enhance the interpretation of LCA results
• by aggregating different environmental pressures and economic value added into a single sustainability performance score
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Economic Input Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA)
Transportation Activities
All Other Sectors
Iron and Steel Mills
Motor Vehicle
Parts Mfg.
Automobile Mfg.
input economicUnit
output talenvironmenUnit Input $
output economicUnit
output talenvironmenUnit Output $
• Carbon Footprint • Energy Use • Water Footprint • Solid Waste • Toxic Releases • Land Use
Public Datasets
Economic Input-Output
Matrix
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Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)
• Input-oriented DEA multiplier model proposed by Charnes et al. (1978):
• Notation
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Life Cycle Inventory
• Carbon emissions, energy and water consumption of each mfg. sector that is associated with transportation sectors (both truck, air, water and rail modes).
• 276 sub-sectors
• 53 major mfg. sectors
ID Manufacturing Sector Carbon FP Energy FP Water FP
1 Food manufacturing 34,253,538.0 484,826.5 2,588,785.2
2 Beverage manufacturing 3,503,109.0 49,386.5 236,078.5
3 Tobacco manufacturing 711,638.2 9,967.6 44,949.1
4 Textile mills 2,076,271.3 29,152.2 120,119.7
5 Textile product mills 1,439,865.6 20,121.6 79,645.6
6 Apparel manufacturing 1,240,575.7 17,304.2 65,380.8
7 Leather and allied product
manufacturing 347,727.2 4,855.1 19,677.0
8 Wood product manufacturing 4,885,223.0 68,302.2 267,268.5
9 Pulp, paper, and paperboard
mills 2,645,146.3 37,445.8 167,973.2
10 Converted paper product
manufacturing 4,750,228.8 67,194.6 321,973.0
11 Printing and related support
activities 2,033,716.4 28,989.0 93,809.6
12 Petroleum and coal products
manufacturing 9,156,350.7 130,884.2 798,857.6
13 Basic chemical manufacturing 2,192,424.5 31,448.7 166,128.1
14 Resin, rubber, and artificial
fibers manufacturing 4,952,136.1 70,915.1 344,328.6
15 Agricultural chemical
manufacturing 1,423,408.6 19,818.1 88,739.1
16 Pharmaceutical and medicine
manufacturing 2,360,607.4 33,826.0 192,419.4
17 Paint, coating, and adhesive
manufacturing 1,436,880.8 20,407.1 99,596.1
18 Soap, cleaning compound, and
toiletry manufacturing 921,271.5 13,131.2 63,099.9
19 Other chemical product and
preparation manufacturing 1,614,892.6 23,243.1 121,915.0
20 Plastics and rubber products
manufacturing 7,225,530.9 102,821.2 423,948.4
21 Nonmetallic mineral product
manufacturing 6,395,383.1 89,806.2 383,534.2
22 Foundries 745,267.5 10,644.2 50,674.3
23 Forging and stamping 1,198,057.5 17,031.5 75,535.8
24 Cutlery and handtool
manufacturing 369,473.4 5,232.7 22,736.0
25 Architectural and structural
metals manufacturing 1,402,897.5 19,948.4 86,543.1
26 Boiler, tank, and shipping
container manufacturing 1,421,599.6 20,160.6 87,910.1
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Agriculture, construction, and
mining machinery
manufacturing
1,868,681.5 26,355.1 102,082.8
28 Industrial machinery
manufacturing 762,740.8 10,749.2 42,705.6
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Commercial and service
industry machinery
manufacturing
531,221.1 7,521.7 29,082.7
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HVAC and commercial
refrigeration equipment
manufacturing
612,835.0 8,654.1 35,832.7
31 Metalworking machinery
manufacturing 1,290,599.2 18,208.4 74,812.9
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Engine, turbine, and power
transmission equipment
manufacturing
516,319.8 7,264.5 29,071.8
33 Other general purpose
machinery manufacturing 2,049,401.1 28,871.6 112,584.6
34 Computer and peripheral
equipment manufacturing 1,229,779.9 17,516.0 77,419.5
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Semiconductor and other
electronic component
manufacturing
2,739,028.3 38,873.1 182,149.1
36 Electronic instrument
manufacturing 2,086,149.7 29,793.9 127,022.6
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Manufacturing and
reproducing magnetic and
optical media
283,606.3 4,043.9 17,683.9
38 Electric lighting equipment
manufacturing 124,255.6 1,751.9 7,418.9
39 Household appliance
manufacturing 935,140.2 13,173.8 55,086.1
40 Electrical equipment
manufacturing 443,421.5 6,267.4 28,092.7
41 Other electrical equipment and
component manufacturing 1,886,795.3 26,682.8 123,271.2
42 Motor vehicle manufacturing 3,640,962.2 51,099.2 206,095.6
43 Aerospace product and parts
manufacturing 8,892,436.0 125,544.3 483,924.8
44 Furniture and related product
manufacturing 2,732,032.7 38,387.5 149,628.6
45 Medical equipment and
supplies manufacturing 1,498,320.2 21,051.9 77,605.9
46 Other miscellaneous
manufacturing 2,629,135.4 36,711.6 143,424.6
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Iron and steel mills and
manufacturing from purchased
steel
2,874,571.7 40,774.8 191,806.9
48 Nonferrous metal production
and processing 3,392,137.9 49,588.4 247,435.7
49 Ordnance and accessories
manufacturing 342,407.7 4,822.4 20,548.6
50 Other fabricated metal product
manufacturing 3,667,399.6 52,027.9 215,586.3
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Audio, video, and
communications equipment
manufacturing
1,698,673.7 24,234.7 101,142.1
52 Motor vehicle body, trailer, and
parts manufacturing 5,793,684.1 81,766.0 347,315.9
53 Other transportation
equipment manufacturing 1,543,484.8 21,386.1 90,090.2
Total Impact of U.S.
Manufacturing 156,768,442.8 2,219,985.9 10,330,548.2
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LCI by GHG Emissions (ton CO2-eqv.)
0.0% 5.0%10.0% 15.0% 20.0%
25.0%
Other fabricated metal product manufacturing
Converted paper product manufacturing
Wood product manufacturing
Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers manufacturing
Motor vehicle body, trailer, and parts manufacturing
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
Food manufacturing
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LCI by Energy Use (Tera-joules)
Other fabricated metal product manufacturing
Converted paper product manufacturing
Wood product manufacturing
Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers manufacturing
Motor vehicle body, trailer, and parts manufacturing
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
Food manufacturing
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LCI by Water Consumption (kgals)
Nonferrous metal production and processing
Wood product manufacturing
Converted paper product manufacturing
Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers manufacturing
Motor vehicle body, trailer, and parts manufacturing
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
Food manufacturing
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Descriptives about Transportation / Supply Chain Impacts
Descriptives GHG
Emissions Energy Use
Water
Withdrawals
Mean %17.41 %16.53 %0.07
Min %4.85 %4.65 %0.01
Max %31.71 %29.73 %0.11
Std. Dev. %6.00 %5.55 %0.02
Median %17.39 %16.93 %0.07
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Eco-efficiency (EE) Results
• Avg. eco-efficiency ~ 0.5
• Tobacco Mfg. (1.00 ~ Max-EE)
• Iron and steel mills and mfg. from purchased still (0.22 ~ Min-EE)
0.22 0.25
0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.34 0.35 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37
0.43 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.58 0.59 0.60 0.62 0.63 0.63 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.78 0.78
0.86 0.94 0.97
1.00
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Iron and steel mills and manufacturing from…
Food manufacturing
Paint, coating, and adhesive manufacturing
Nonferrous metal production and processing
Agricultural chemical manufacturing
Wood product manufacturing
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills
Forging and stamping
Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers manufacturing
Converted paper product manufacturing
Other chemical product and preparation…
Architectural and structural metals manufacturing
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing
Beverage manufacturing
Boiler, tank, and shipping container…
Textile product mills
Textile mills
Furniture and related product manufacturing
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing
Foundries
Basic chemical manufacturing
Other miscellaneous manufacturing
Agriculture, construction, and mining…
U.S. Average
Household appliance manufacturing
Leather and allied product manufacturing
Other fabricated metal product manufacturing
HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment…
Motor vehicle manufacturing
Soap, cleaning compound, and toiletry…
Motor vehicle body, trailer, and parts…
Other electrical equipment and component…
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
Electrical equipment manufacturing
Cutlery and handtool manufacturing
Industrial machinery manufacturing
Other general purpose machinery manufacturing
Other transportation equipment manufacturing
Metalworking machinery manufacturing
Apparel manufacturing
Semiconductor and other electronic component…
Engine, turbine, and power transmission…
Audio, video, and communications equipment…
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and…
Commercial and service industry machinery…
Computer and peripheral equipment…
Electric lighting equipment manufacturing
Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing
Electronic instrument manufacturing
Printing and related support activities
Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing
Ordnance and accessories manufacturing
Tobacco manufacturing
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Comparison with Egilmez et al. (2013)
• Following sectors have significantly higher supply-chain linked eco-efficiency compared to transportation focused eco-efficiency
– Food mfg.
– Leather and allied mfg.
– Motor vehicle mfg.
– Petroleum and coal products mfg.
0.06
1.00
0.20
0.11
0.12
0.26
0.05
0.20
0.08
0.07
0.18
0.20
0.08
0.21
0.22
0.21
0.15
0.25
0.48
0.17
0.13
0.25
0.29
0.32
0.89
0.32
0.33
1.00
0.11
0.39
0.69
0.26
1.00
0.37
0.47
0.36
0.28
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.41
0.34
0.47
0.75
0.81
0.43
0.54
0.52
0.38
0.41
1.00
0.67
1.00
0.45
0.22
0.25
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.32
0.32
0.34
0.35
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.43
0.44
0.44
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.49
0.52
0.52
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.54
0.54
0.55
0.55
0.58
0.59
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.63
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.69
0.70
0.70
0.72
0.73
0.75
0.77
0.78
0.78
0.86
0.94
0.97
1.00
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Iron and steel mills and manufacturing from purchased steel
Food manufacturing
Paint, coating, and adhesive manufacturing
Nonferrous metal production and processing
Agricultural chemical manufacturing
Wood product manufacturing
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills
Forging and stamping
Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers manufacturing
Converted paper product manufacturing
Other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
Architectural and structural metals manufacturing
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing
Beverage manufacturing
Boiler, tank, and shipping container manufacturing
Textile product mills
Textile mills
Furniture and related product manufacturing
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing
Foundries
Basic chemical manufacturing
Other miscellaneous manufacturing
Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery manufacturing
Household appliance manufacturing
Leather and allied product manufacturing
Other fabricated metal product manufacturing
HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment manufacturing
Motor vehicle manufacturing
Soap, cleaning compound, and toiletry manufacturing
U.S. Average
Motor vehicle body, trailer, and parts manufacturing
Other electrical equipment and component manufacturing
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
Electrical equipment manufacturing
Cutlery and handtool manufacturing
Industrial machinery manufacturing
Other general purpose machinery manufacturing
Other transportation equipment manufacturing
Metalworking machinery manufacturing
Apparel manufacturing
Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing
Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing
Audio, video, and communications equipment manufacturing
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media
Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing
Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing
Electric lighting equipment manufacturing
Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing
Electronic instrument manufacturing
Printing and related support activities
Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing
Ordnance and accessories manufacturing
Tobacco manufacturing
Transportation Impacts Focused Eco-efficiency Overall Supply Chain-linked Eco-Efficiency
Overall Eco-
efficiency (Egilmez
et al., 2013)
Transportation-
focused Eco-
efficiency
Eco-efficiency
Scores
(Egilmez et al., 2013
Pearson Correlation 1 .536**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 53 53 Transportation
Focused Eco-
efficiency
Pearson Correlation .536** 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 53 53 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
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Summary and Conclusion
• Transportation-focused life cycle inventory of U.S. manufacturing sectors is quantified for GHG emissions, energy and water use.
• Integrated EIO-LCA and DEA method is applied.
• Comparison with previous work (Egilmez et al., 2013) is provided.
• Results indicated that food manufacturing is a driver sector for transportation related impacts
– Food supply chain in the U.S. need to be shortened/optimized • Practical policies that force food industry to localize the production and discribution
– Options such as mode switch, environmentally friendly transportation can be implemented toward reducing the overall impact
– Food consumption and waste need to be re-visited and connected with current supply chain linked assessment works (e.g. Egilmez et al. , 2014)
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More (Future) Work?
• Mode specific assessments and optimal intermodal scenarios
– (truck, air, rail, water)
• Life cycle impact assessment – (e.g. ozon depletion, global warming potential, eco-toxicity,
euthrophication, etc. )
• Structural path analysis – Thru supply chain nodes
• Dynamic macro-level life cycle assessment – System dynamics plus EIO-LCA
– Agent-based models plus EIO-LCA
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Eco-efficient subsectors
• Eco-efficient subsectors
Tobacco product manufacturing
Ammunition manufacturing
Support activities for printing
Biological product (except diagnostic) manufacturing
Electricity and signal testing instruments manufacturing
Industrial process furnace and oven manufacturing
Carbon black manufacturing
Pharmaceutical preparation manufacturing
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References
• Egilmez, Gokhan, Kucukvar, M., & Tatari, O. (2013). Sustainability assessment of U.S. manufacturing sectors: an economic input output-based frontier approach. Journal of Cleaner Production. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.03.037
• Egilmez, Gokhan, Kucukvar, M., Tatari, O., & Bhutta, M. K. S. (2014). Supply chain sustainability assessment of the U.S. food manufacturing sectors: A life cycle-based frontier approach. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 82, 8–20.
• Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA) - U.S. Department of Transportation (US DOT). (2012). Shipment Characteristics by Industry for the United States: 2007 | Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 2007 Commodity Flow Survey United States. Retrieved from http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/commodity_flow_survey/final_tables_december_2009/html/table_05.html
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