Transportation Engineering_Lab Report

8/10/2019 Transportation Engineering_Lab Report

1/14

Practical No-1 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR) TEST

Apparatus Require!1. Loading Machine

2. Cylindrical mould (150 mm diameter,110 mm height, collar 50 mm)

3. Compaction rammer4. Tripod, ial !auge"

O"#ecti$es!

i) To e#aluate the "$elling characteri"tic" o% the gi#en "oil "ample.

ii) To determine the C&' #alue o% the gi#en "oil "ample.

T%eor&!n 12*, Cali%ornia i#i"ion o% high$ay in the +- de#eloped C&' method" %or

pa#ement de"ign. Thi" i" the penetration te"t %or e#aluating the "taility o% "oil "u

grade and other %le/ile pa#ement material". The te"t re"ult" ha#e een correlated

$ith %le/ile pa#ement thicne"" reuirement" %or high$ay" and air%ield". The C&'te"t may e conducted in the laoratory on a prepared "pecimen or in"itu in the%ield.

The laoratory C&' apparatu" con"i"t" o% a mould 150 mm diameter $ith a a"eplate and a collar, a loading %rame $ith cylinder plunger o% 50 mm diameter and the

dial gauge" are %or mea"uring the e/pan"ion on "oaing and the penetration #alue".

The penetration te"t con"i"t" o% cau"ing a cylindrical plunger o% 50 mm diameter topenetrate o% pa#ement component material at 1.25 mmminute. The load" %or 2.5

mm and 5 mm are recorded. Thi" load i" e/pre"" a" o% "tandard load #alue at are"pecti#e de%ormation le#el to otain C&' #alue. The "tandard #alue" are otained

%rom the a#erage o% a large numer o% te"t on cru"hed "tone" are 130 and 2055g(0 and 105 gcm2) re"pecti#ely at 2.5 and 5.0 mm penetration.The "pecimen in the mould i" "u6ected to %our day" "oaing and the "$elling and

$ater a"orption #alue" are noted. The "urcharge $eight i" placed on the top o% the"pecimen in the mould and the a""emly i" placed under the plunger o% the loading

%rame a" "ho$n in the %igure 7.13. The load #alue" are noted corre"ponding to

penetration graph i" plotted a" "ho$n in the %igure 7.14.-lternati#ely the load#alue" may e con#erted to pre""ure #alue" and plotted again"t the penetration

#alue".T$o typical type" o% the cur#e" may e otained a" "ho$n in the %igure. The normal

cur#e" i" $ith con#e/ity up$ard" a" %or "pecimen no. 1 and the load" corre"ponding

to 2.5 and 5.0 mm penetration #alue" are noted. ometime a cur#e $ith initialup$ard conca#ity i" otained, indicating the nece""ity o% correction a" %or "pecimen

no. 2 .n thi" ca"e the corrected origin i" e"tali"hed y dra$ing the tangent -C%rom the "teepe"t point - on the cur#e. The load #alue" corre"ponding to 2.5 and

5.0 mm penetration #alue" %rom the corrected origin C are noted.

The cau"e" %or the initial conca#ity o% the loadpenetration cur#e calling %or the

correction in the origin are due to8

Sudeep Sharma 061BCE125


2/14

1. The ottom "ur%ace o% the plunger or he top "ur%ace o% the "oil "pecimen noteing truly hori9ontal $ith re"ult the plunger "ur%ace not eing in %ull contact $ith

the top o% the "pecimen initially.

2. The top layer o% the "pecimen eing too "o%t or irregular.

The C&' #alue" i" calculated u"ing the relation

For Co'pactio o speci'e!

1. -%ter determination o% optimum moi"ture content (:MC), aout 5 g o% "oil"ample $a" taen thoroughly mi/ed $ith :MC amount.

2. The "pacer dice $a" placed at the ottom o% the mould and the "oil "ample$a" compacted dynamically $ith the 57 lo$" o% "tandard rammer per layer

%or each %i#e layer.

3. Collar $a" remo#ed and "oil at the top $a" trimmed care%ully u"ing a "traight

edge.4. ;eight o% the "ample $ith mould $a" recorded.

Testi* o sa'ple or CBR!1. ample in the mould $a" co#ered $ith %ilter paper and "ample $a" placed in

the $ater %or 24 hour" %or "oaing.

2. ample a""emly $a" placed in compaction machine. The plunger $a"rought in contact $ith the top o% the "ample.

3. eating load 5 g i" applied. ial gauge i" attached %or mea"uring thepenetration and i" "et to 9ero. Load $a" applied "moothly < 2.5mmminute.

4. Load reading $ere recorded at penetration o% di%%erent #alue" o% dial gauge"reading.5. The load $a" relea"ed and the mould $a" remo#ed %rom the loading machine.

- "oil "ample %rom the middle layer $a" collected and $eigh %or moi"turecontent determination.

Proceure!a) 5 g o% "oil "ample pa""ing through 4.5 mm "ie#e $a" taen and mi/ed $ith

3,5, and "o on percentage o% $ater.) =or each o% the $ater content "oil $a" thoroughly mi/ed $ith $ater and

compacted y 57 lo$" o% rammer compacted in %i#e eual layer".

c) The "oil $a" ept %or moi"ture content determination in an o#en %or 24 hour".d) &y the u"e o% moi"ture content and ul den"ity, dry den"ity $a" calculated

and dry den"ity #er"u" moi"ture content $a" plotted and optimum moi"turecontent $a" reduced.

e) -nd "oil "ample $a" taen %or C&' te"t on te"ting machine.

O"ser$atio a Calculatio!

=or :ptimum Moi"ture content and ry en"ity8



3/14

iameter o% mould >150 mm

?eight o% mould >110 mm

@olume o% mould >0.00143 m3

O"ser$atio Ta"le!

Ta"le 1!

.A. o%

$ater

;t. o%

mould $ith"ample(g)

;t. o%

mould(g)

;t. o%

$et"oil(g)

&ul

den"ity(gm3)

'emar"

1 12.215

.55

4.47 201 ;eighto% the

mould i"

di%%erent.

2 12.52 4.475 215

3 11 12.553 4.* 213

4 13 12.7**.0

4.71 20*5 15 12.04 4.734 20*

7 17 12.550 4.4* 202*

Ta"le +!

.

A.

o%

$ater

;t. o%

emptycan(gm)

;t. o% can

B$et"oil(gm)>

/

;t. o% "oil

Bdry "oil(gm)>y

;t. o%

$ater(gm)

>/y>c

;t. o% dry

"oil(gm)>d

Moi"ture

content>cd

()

ry den"ity

'd>'(1Bc)

1 7. 1.5 1*.1 1.31 11.2 11.70 1*0.0*

2 7.1 21 1.*4 3.17 11.4 27.1 17.54

3 11 7.7 1* 17.4 1.53 .* 15.50 1**1.37

4 13 7.1 11.5 10.7 . 4.5 20 13

5 15 7.7 1*.3 17.3 2 .3 21.05 133

7 17 7.4 15.* 13. 1. .5 25.33 171*.1



4/14

For CBR test!

Lea"t Count o% dial gauge" %or penetration >0.001



5/14

1>25.4 mm, 1 pound>0.4535 g

Ta"le ,

.A. e%lection

di#i"ion

e%lection(mm) Load #alue

di#i"ion

Load

@alue(Dg)

1 25 .735 21 .532 50 1.2 27 11.

3 5 1.05 31 14.07

4 100 2.54 35 15.**

5 125 3.14 40 1*.14

7 150 3.* 45 20.41

15 4.445 4* 21.

* 200 5.0* 50 22.7*

225 5.15 55 24.5

10 250 7.35 5 27.*

11 25 7.*5 74 2.03

12 300 .72 77 2.4

13 325 *.255 0 31.5

Ao$ the graph i" plotted et$een load #alue and de%lection. nitially, the cur#e i"conca#e up$ard", "o a "traight tangent line i" dra$n. Thu", modi%ied "cale i"

otained. Load #alue %or 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm penetration are otained taingre%erence o% modi%ied "cale.



6/14

Fro' *rap% o loa .s Peetratio!

-ctual load %or 2.5 mm penetration > 17 g-ctual load %or 5.0 mm penetration >22.5 g

tandard load %or 2.5 mm penetration >130 gtandard load %or 5.0 mm penetration > 2025 g

C&' #alue o% 2.5 mm penetration >(17130)E100>1.1

C&' #alue o% 5.0 mm penetration >(22.52025)E100>1.12

/oisture Cotet ater peetratio!

;eight o% empty can >7.7 g

;eight o% can B $et "ample >1* g;eight o% can B o#en dry "ample >17.4 g;eight o% $ater >1.51 g

;eight o% dry "oil >.* gMoi"ture content >(1.51.*)100>15.3>15.5(appro/)

0iscussio a coclusio!

-" $e no$ that the C&' te"t i" the penetration te"t, $hich i" done %or thatmaterial $hich i" u"ed %or de"igning the %le/ile pa#ement. -nd, thi" proce"" $a"done in laoratory and a" per our reuirement.

Aormally the C&' #alue at 2.5 mm penetration that i" higher than that at 5.0 mm i"reported a" the C&' #alue o% the material. ?o$e#er, i% the C&' #alue" otained %rom

the te"t at 5.0 mm penetration are higher than at 2.5 mm, then the te"t i" to e

reported %or checing. % the chec te"t again gi#e" "imilar re"ult", the higher#alue otained at 5.0 mm penetration i" reported a" the C&' #alue. The a#erage

C&' #alue o% three te"t "pecimen i" reported to the %ir"t decimal place, a" the C&'#alue o% the material. % the #ariation in C&' #alue et$een the three "pecimen" i"

more than the pre"cried limit", te"t "hould e repeated on additional three

"ample" and the a#erage C&' #alue o% "i/ "pecimen" i" accepted.ince, $e ha#e got that the C&' #alue o% 5mm penetration i" greater than that o%

2.5 mm penetration .&ut due cour"e o% time $e ha#e not "u%%icient time to repeatthe te"t up to "i/ "pecimen" and reported that the #alue o% the C&' o% gi#en "oil

"ample $a" *.7 mm penetration.The C&' te"t i" e""ential an aritrary "trength te"t and hence cannot e u"ed to

e#aluate the "oil propertie" lie cohe"ion or angle o% internal %riction or "hearing

re"i"tance. +nle"" the te"t procedure i" "trictly %ollo$ed, dependale re"ult" canFt e



7/14

otained. Gre"ence o% coar"egrained particle" $ould re"ult" in poor reproduciility

o% re"ult". Material pa""ing 20mm "ie#e i" only u"ed in the te"t. The %ield C&' te"t i"carried out u"ing in"itu penetration te"t.

The te"t i" meant %or "oil" and i" al"o carried out on "ua"e and granular a"ecoar"e material". The C&' te"t #alue" are made u"e o% in empirical method o%

%le/ile pa#ement de"ign.

Practical No-+ SPOT SPEE0 ST02!

O"#ecti$es!

i) to e#aluate the "pot characteri"tic" o% the certain "egment o% the

road

ii) to determine 15,*5,5and * percentile "peed o% #ehicleiii) to determine the model "peed, "tandard de#iation

T%eor&!pot "peed i" an in"tantaneou" "peed o% the #ehicle" at a "peci%ied "ection or

location. pot "peed "tudy may e u"e%ul %or geometric de"ign, %or de"igning

e/i"ting high$ay or de"igning the "peed %or ne$ %acilitie", %or tra%%ic control andtra%%ic regulation", %or accident "tudie" %or tra%%ic capacity etc. To determine the

prolem o% conge"tion on road" and relating capacity $ith "peed", accurate "peeddata are u"e%ul.

The "pot "peed" are a%%ected y phy"ical %eature" lie permanent $idth ,cur#e","ight di"tance", gradient, pa#ement" une#enne"", inter"ection" and road "idede#elopment and other a%%ecting %actor" are $eather, #i"iility etc.

- numer o% method" may e adopted to mea"ure the "pot "peed. The "pot "tudymay e otained either y %inding the running "peed o% #ehicle" o#er a "hort

di"tance o% le"" than 50 meter or y %inding the in"tantaneou" "peed $hile cro""ing

a "ection depending on the method u"ed.-nother method i" endo"cope method.

Presetatio o spot spee ata!

i) A$era*e spee o $e%icles!

=rom the "peed data o% the "elected "ample", %reuency di"triution tale" arepre"ented y the arranging the data in group co#ering" the #ariou" "peed range"

and numer #ehicle" in "uch range. The arithmetic mean i" taen a" the "peed.The tale gi#e" the general in%ormation o% the "peed" maintained on the "ection

and al"o regarding the "peed di"triution pattern.



8/14

ii) Cu'ulati$e spee o $e%icles!

- graph i" plotted $ith the a#erage #alue o% each "peed group on the a/i" andthe cumulati#e percentage o% each #ehicle at or elo$ the di%%erent "peed" on the

ya/i". =rom thi" graph, the di%%erent percentile "peed $a" %ound out.

34t%Percetile!

t gi#e" the "peed at or elo$ *5 o% the #ehicle" i" pa""ing the 6oint on thehigh$ay or only 15 o% the #ehicle" e/ceed the "peed at that "pot.

53t%Percetile!

The "peed elo$ $hich * o% all the #ehicle" tra#el i""ued to de"ign "peed"ometime"5thpercentile i" al"o u"ed %or thi" purpo"e.

=or *5thpercentile, the dri#er e/ceeding *5thpercentile are u"ually con"idered to

dri#e %a"ter than the "a%e "peed under e/i"ting condition" and hence thi" "peed i"adopted %or the "a%e "peed limit" at thi" 9one.

14t%Percetile!The 15thpercentile "peed repre"ent" the lo$er limit" i% it i" de"ired to prohiit

"lo$ mo#ing #ehicle" to decrea"e delay and conge"tion, a" *5 o% #ehicle" to

the "tream at "peed higher than thi" #alue and there%ore need o#ertaingopportunitie".

pot "peed can e mea"ured y long the long a"e method". n the long a"emethod, recommended a"e length i" mea"ured a" %ollo$"8

A$era*e spee o traic strea' Base Le*t%

H40 mhr 2 m40 to 70 mhr 54 m

I75 mhr *1 m

iii) /oal a$era*e!- %reuency di"triution cur#e o% "pot "peed i" plotted $ith "peed o% #ehicle" or

a#erage #alue" o% each "peed group" o% #ehicle" on the /a/i" and the

percentage o% the #ehicle" on the ya/i". The cur#e $ill ha#e a de%inite pea#alue o% tra#el "peed acro"" the "ection and thi" "peed i" denoted a" modal

"peed.-ll #ehicle" do not ha#e at the "ame "peed at a location along a road. The

amount o% "peed di"per"ion on the "peed %rom the a#erage "peed a%%ect" othcapacity and "a%ety. =or %ree %lo$ o% #ehicle", the "peed di"triution %ollo$" a

normal di"triution cur#e.



9/14

Proceure! T$o re%erence point" at a di"tance o% 50 m $ere mared on the pa#ement

at a "uitale location. The time $a" recorded %or the %our$heeler #ehicle" tra#eling the di"tance

$ith the help o% "top$atch. Time $a" recorded %or the numer o% #ehicle" a" much a" po""ile.

Care $a" taen "o that there $a" no in%luence on the dri#er reaction a" %ara" po""ile.

=rom the time, re"pecti#e #elocitie" $ere calculated and a normal

di"triution cur#e" $ere plotted.

O"ser$atio a Calculatios!Location8 Dupondole ,n%ront o% ?imalaya ?otel

&a"e length 8 30 meter

ate 8 &ai"ah 2074Time8 (2825J4805) GM

0eter'iatio o spee !

Ta"le 1

.A. Type" o%

#ehicle"

Time

("ec)

i"tance (m) @elocity

(mhr)

'emar"

1 &u" 11 50 17.4

Lar*eSi6eFour7%eel.e

%icle2 &u" 11 50 17.4

3 &u" 12 50 15.0

4 Mini Truc 1* 50 10.05 Truc 1 50 .5

7 &u" 1* 50 10.0

Truc 1* 50 10.0

* &u" 11 50 17.4

&u" 10 50 1*.0

10 &u" 13 50 13.*

11 &u" * 50 22.5

12 &u" 11 50 17.4

13 &u" 12 50 15.0

14 &u" 10 50 1*.0

15 Keep 7 50 32.0

17 car 4 50 45

1 Micro 50 20.0

1* Mini Truc 50 20.0

1 Micro 50 20.0

20 @an * 50 22.5



10/14

/eiu'

Si6eFour

7%eel.e%icle21 Micro 50 20.0

22 Micro 50 20.0

23 @an 7 50 32.0

24 Keep 7 50 32.0

25 Micro 10 50 1*.0

27 Mini @an 4 50 45.0

2 @an 12 50 15.02* Micro 50 25.

2 Micro 50 20.0

30 Gic +p 17

50

11.3

31 Tempo 11 50 17.4

T%ree7%eel.e%ic

le32 car 4 50 45.033 Tempo 12 50 15.0

34 Tempo 14 50 12.

35 Tempo 14 50 12.

37 Tempo 13 50 13.*

3 Tempo 11 50 17.4

3* Tempo 11 50 17.4

3 car 4 50 45.0

40 car 4 50 45.0

41 Ta/i * 50 22.5

S'allSi6eFour7%eel.e%ic

le42 Car 7 50 32.043 Ta/i 11 50 17.4

44 Car 50 20.0

45 Car 50 20.0

47 Ta/i * 50 22.5

4 Ta/i 7 50 32.0

4* Car 50 20.0

4 Ta/i 1* 50 10.0

50 Ta/i

50

20.0

Ta"le +

.A. peed range

(mhr)

Ao. o% #ehicle"

o"er#ed

'emar"

1 010 1 ?ea#ymedium



11/14

2 1020 24 ?ea#ymedium

3 2030 15 Medium "mall

4 3040 5 car"

5 4050 5 car"

Frequec& istri"utio o spot spee ata!

Ta"le ,

.A. peed

range(mhr)

Mid "peed

(mhr)

=reuency

(%)

=reuency

()

Cumulati#e

%reuency()

1 010 5 1 2 2

2 1020 15 24 4* 50

3 2030 25 15 30 *0

4 3040 35 5 10 0

5 4050 45 5 10 100

=rom cumulati#e di"triution cur#e

*5thpercentile "peed> 2mhr (upper "peed limit)15thpercentile "peed> * mhr (lo$er "peed limit)

*thpercentile "peed> 42 mhr (to chec de"ign element)

-l"o a cur#e i" plotted u"ing the mean "peed and percent %reuency #alue" o% theao#e data.



12/14

The modal "peed corre"ponding to the ma/imum #alue o% %reuency i" eual tomhr.

Coclusios!

&y doing "pot "peed at ?arihar &ha$an, Gulcho$ in %ront on n"titute o%

ngineering, it $a" %ound that the de"ign "peed $a" mhr i.e. *th percentile"peed. The %ree %lo$ o% #ehicle" "peed %ollo$" the normal di"triution a" "ho$n in

the %igure, $hich "ho$" the modal "peed i" mhr $hich indicated that the mo"to% the #ehicle" tra#eled $ith thi" "peed #elocity at that particular "ection.

Practical No-8 Be9el'a Bea' 0electio

O"#ecti$es

i) To e#aluate the "tructural per%ormance o% %le/ile pa#ement".ii) To mea"ure the ela"tic de%ormation

Theory8

e%lection o% the %le/ile pa#ement" in one o% the criteria to de"ign the pa#ement

and %or the e#aluating the %le/ile pa#ement. &eha#ior under load can al"o e



13/14

e%%iciently e#aluated $ith re"pect to the "tructural de%lection. Thi" method mea"ure"

the de%lection o% the pa#ement" e%%iciently.Ga#ement "ection , $hich ha#e een "u6ected to tra%%ic, de%orm ela"tically under a

load. The ela"tic de%ormation depend" upon #ariou" %actor".The &enelman eam i" a handy in%ra"tructure that i" mo"t $idely u"ed %or

mea"uring the de%lection o% pa#ement". The in"trument con"i"t" o% le#er arm o%

3.77 m long pi#oted 2.44 m %rom the end carrying the contact point, $hich re"t" onthe "ur%ace on the pa#ement". The de%lection o% the pa#ement "ur%ace i" pro#ided

y the te"t load i" tran"mitting to the other end o% the eam $here the dial gauge"end or recorded mea"ure" it. The mo#ement" at the dial gauge end o% the eam i"

one o% hal% o% that o% at the contact end point. The load on the dial $heel can e o%

the range %rom 2. to 4.1 tone".

Apparatus require8a) &enelman eam

) Marer"

c) Te"t #ehicle" (loaded truc)

Proceure!a) Ten point" along the outer $heel path (eam %rom the pa#ement edge) %or

each lane $a" located.) &ring the rear $heel a""emly o% the truc near the mared point and the

proe o% the eam i" in"erted et$een the dual $heel" "o that the top re"t"

on the road $here de%lection i" to e mea"ured. The dual $heel" are centeredo#er the mared point".

c) The "tandard $heel load o% 40*5g i" u"ed %or the te"t. The $heel pre""ureeing 1570 DAm2

d) The dial gauge reading i" noted initially in the po"ition de"cried a" NF ao#e.e) The truc i" dri#en %or$ard at a "lo$ "peed and dial gauge reading $ere taen$hen the truc "top" at 2.0 m and .0 m %rom the mea"uring point", and

$hen the rate o% reco#ery i" eual to the 0.025 mm per minute or le"".%) Ga#ement temperature i" recorded.

g) The %inal and intermediate dial gauge reading are "utracted %rom the initial

reading.h) % the di%%erent reading" otained compared $ith 0.025mm the actual

pa#ement de%lection i" t$ice the %inal di%%erential reading.i) % the %inal di%%erential reading donFt compare to 0.025mm the %inal di%%erential

reading" repre"ent" the apparent pa#ement de%lection. The true de%lection i"

otained y the %ormula

OT>O-B 2.1 P;here

OT> True pa#ement de%lectionO->-pparent pa#ement de%lection

P> @ertical moment o% the %ront leg".

0iscussio!



14/14

T$o ind" o% de%lection mea"urement" are po""ile8

1) 'eound de%lection8

;hich i" the re#er"ile or reco#erale de%lection or the ela"tic de%lectionQ n a$ell de"igned road the de%lection i" entirely ela"tic and reco#erale.

2) 'e"idual de%lection8

;hich i" the non reco#erale de%lection a" a pa#ement age, it lo"e" a portion o%it" ela"tic propertie" due to regular impact load" and a re"idual de%lection tae"

place.


Transportation Engineering_Lab Report

Documents

Transcript of Transportation Engineering_Lab Report