Transport in Water
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Transcript of Transport in Water
7/30/2019 Transport in Water
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PLANTS AND ANIMALS TRANSPORT DISSOLVED NUTRIENTS AND GASES IN A FLUID MEDIUM
IDENTIFY THE FORM(S) IN WHICH EACH OF THE FOLLOWING IS CARRIED IN MAMMALIAN
BLOOD:
─ CARBON DIOXIDE
─ OXYGEN
─ WATER
─ SALTS
─ LIPIDS
─ NITROGENOUS WASTE
─ OTHER PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION
SUBSTANCE TRANSPORT
Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide travels in different forms in the blood:
- 7% carbon dioxide dissolve directly in the plasma
- 23% combines with haemoglobin forming carbaminohaemoglobin
- 70% forms hydrogen carbonate ions (or bicarbonate ions) and travel in the plasma
Oxygen Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin in red blood cells
Water Travels in plasma as water molecules
Salt Ions in the plasma
Lipids
(insoluble)
Coated within proteins becoming lipoproteins and travel as high-density lipoproteins or low-
density lipoproteins
Nitrogenous
waste
Mainly as part of plasma
Other products
of digestion
Travel dissolved in plasma such as amino acids, vitamins and glucose.
PERFORM A FIRST-HAND INVESTIGATION TO DEMONSTRATE THE EFFECT OF DISSOLVED
CARBON DIOXIDE ON THE PH OF WATER
With the measuring cylinder, 200mL of tap water was poured into a beaker. A data logger with a pH probe was
placed in the water. With the straw, air blown into the water for 1 minute. The pH of water was measured with
the data logger and recorded every 2 seconded interval. The experiment was repeated three more times
Results show that increased carbon dioxide concentration lowers the pH of water.
PERFORM A FIRST -HAND INVESTIGATION USING THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE AND PREPARED SLIDES TO
GATHER INFORMATION T O ESTIMATE THE SIZE OF RED AND WHITE BLOO D CELLS AND DRAW
SCALED DIAGRAMS OF EACH
Q. Assess the accuracy of the diagram (3)
─ Scale of red blood cells 7-8
─ White blood cells are larger than red blood cells
─ Platelet would not be visible with a light microscope
Q. Why is it safer to use prepared slides instead of fresh blood? (1)
It is safer to use prepared slides as fresh blood many contain pathogens
ANALYSE INFORMATION FROM SECONDARY SOURCES TO IDENTIFY CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES THAT
ALLOW MEASUREMENT OF OXYGEN SATURATION AND CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN BLOODAND DESCRIBE AND EXPLAIN THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THESE TECHNOLOGIES ARE USED
PULSE OXIMETRY
─ It is a non-invasive probe attached to a patient’s figure or ear lobe to monitor the percentage of
haemoglobin saturated with oxygen.
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─ Used to constantly monitor oxygen saturation for patients with severe breathing and heart problems and
while patients are unconscious and recovering from surgery.
CAPNOMETER
─ Capnometer analyses carbon dioxide concentration
─ It is used in medical applications to monitor air exchange in the lungs of patients on ventilators or under
anaesthesia. It can evaluate the respiratory conditions of spontaneously breathing patients. It is non-
invasive and portable capnometer can be used in-home car and in general wards.
ANALYSE INFORMATION FROM SECONDARY SOURCES TO IDENTIFY THE PRODUCTS EXTRACTED
FROM DONATED BLOOD AND DIS CUSS THE USES OF THESE PRODUCTS
─ Stable protein plasma (treated plasma) used in emergency situation before whole blood is available. It is
also used in patients with severe burns who tend to loose fluid rather than blood.
─ Packed red blood cells- boost the patient’s ability transport oxygen
─ Platelet- promote clotting
─ Clotting factors- used on patients with excessive bleeding disorders
─ Serum albumin- used by patients with low plasma protein levels
─ Immunoglobulin- concentrated antibodies used by patients with damaged immune system
ANALYSE AND PRESENT INFORMATION FROM SECONDARY SOURCES TO REPORT ON PROGRESS IN
THE PRODUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL BLOOD AND USE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE TO PROPOSE REASONS WHY
SUCH RESEARCH IS NEEDED
Artificial blood cannot be made. Blood substitutes only perform some function of biological blood and are
classified by function: volume expanders and oxygen carriers.
─ Lost blood can be replaced with dextrose solution which is a mixture of glucose, salt and water. This
prevents a patient’s blood pressure from falling too low.
─ Two types of oxygen carriers: Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) and Haemoglobin based oxygen carriers
─ PFCs have a benefit in the amount of oxygen picked up is directly proportional to the amount of oxygen
breathed in
─ Haemoglobin-based oxygen carrier can load and unload oxygen under normal body conditions.
Research is needed to develop production of artificial blood because:
─ Amount of blood needed for transfusion is rising each year faster than the amount of blood being
donated
─ A chance in some places around the world of undetected blood bank contamination from AIDS, hepatitis
and other emergent diseases.
─ Blood has storage problems- it must be kept at 4℃ and only stays fresh for 42 days.
EXPLAIN THE ADAPTIVE ADVANTAGE OF HAEMOGLOBIN
Haemoglobin is an adaptive advantage because it transports oxygen needed for respiration from where it is
available to cells throughout the body. Haemoglobin carries millions of molecules of oxygen in each red blood
cell. Body cells could not get enough oxygen if they had to rely on oxygen dissolved in the plasma alone.
Haemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that is a respiratory pigment.
COMPARE THE STRUCTURE OF ARTERIES , CAPILLARIES AND VEINS IN RELATION TO THEIR FUNCTION
FEATURE ARTERIES CAPILLARIES VEINS Diagram
Definition Carry blood away from
the heart
Thin-walled blood vessels
linking arteries to vein
Carry blood to heart
Wall structure Thick elastic muscular Walls are only a single cell Thin walls with fewer
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with three main layers
with muscle and elastic
tissue.
in thickness with no
elastic or muscular fibres
elastic and muscle than
the equivalent layers in
arteries.
Blood pressure High low Low
Diameter Small Bore One red blood cell Large Bore
Function Distribute blood away
from the heart
Gases exchange between
blood and surrounding
cells
Return blood to the heart
from capillaries
Composition of bloodpresent
Mainly oxygenated Gas exchange occurs Mainly deoxygenatedblood
Valves None None Valves present to prevent
backflow
DESCRIBE THE MAIN CHANGES IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE BLOOD AS IT MOVES AROUND
THE BODY AND IDENTIFY TISSUES IN WHICH THESE CHANGES OCCUR
LOCATION CHEMICAL CONCENTRATION CHANGE REASON
Lungs Carbon dioxide increases Diffuse back into the lungs
from the blood returning
from respiring body cellsOxygen decreases Diffuse out of the lungs
into the blood
Villi of small intestine Amino acids and glucose decreases Diffuse into the small
intestine into the blood to
be used by the body
Liver Glucose Decrease When glucose is removed
and stored as glycogen
Kidney Water Removed or reabsorbed Determine by the water
and salt levels in the body
Nitrogenous waste Increases Urea increases as it is
filtered from the bloodand accumulated to be
excreted.
Glands Hormones Increases Endocrine secrete
hormones directly into the
blood. The hormones
travel around the body by
the blood until it reaches
the target cell/tissue.
OUTLINE THE NEED FOR OXYGEN IN LIVING CELLS AND EXPLAIN WHY REMOVAL OF CARBON DIOXIDEFROM CELLS IS ESSENTIAL
All living things use the process of respiration to release energy to be used by the cells to maintain life processes.
High levels of carbon dioxide are toxic and damage cell metabolism. High carbon dioxide decrease pH and
changes the ability of haemoglobin to bind with oxygen.
DESCRIBE CURRENT THEORIES ABOUT PROCESSES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS
THROUGH PLANTS IN XYLEM AND PHLOEM TISSUE
XYLEM TISSUE
─ Substances being absorbed by the plant from the soil. Water enters the plant by osmosis. Mineral ions
can also diffuse into the roots cells but root cell often use active transport to pull ions into cells.
─ A water solution moving upward through xylem vessels:
o Osmosis causes a constant movement of water into the plant and water rises through xylem
vessel as more water moves in through the roots. This effect is called root pressure.
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o Capillarity (attraction between solid tube surface and water molecules) causes water to rise
through the thin tubes.
o Adhesion- the cellulose wall of xylem vessels draw water along
o Cohesion forces between water molecules means that that as water moves upwards in the vessel,
water below it is pulled up too.
─ Water escaping through the leaves when stomates are open to allow carbon dioxide to enter. As water
escape by transpiration, cohesion causes more water to be drawn up the xylem vessels.
PHLOEM TISSUE
─ Pressure or mass flow theory
─ Sugars are moved into phloem cells by active transport. Water moves from surrounding cells into the
phloem cells by osmosis. The changes in hydrostatic pressure within phloem vessels cause translocation
when water and dissolved substance move to another cell.