Transport, Transport, Circulation Circulation

and and ImmunityImmunity

Functions of Blood…Functions of Blood…

Blood is part of the Blood is part of the ________________________________ and is the means by which and is the means by which ________________________andand ____________ ____________ travel travel through the body to the through the body to the ____________________________..

Blood also carries _________________, Blood also carries _________________, ____________________________ and ____________________________ and __________________________.__________________________.

Circulatory System oxygen

nutrientscells

hormonesimmune system componentsmetabolic

wastesCan I get

mine urea free,

please?

Components of blood…Components of blood…

The fluid part of blood is called The fluid part of blood is called __________. It is made of ________, __________. It is made of ________, ________, __________ and ________, __________ and __________.__________.

plasma watersalts proteins

minerals

** Plasma: a.k.a Lymph ** Plasma: a.k.a Lymph and ICFand ICF

All three of these are the SAME LIQUID but the name differs based on WHERE they are located!! Weird, huh?

PLASMA

1. When “it” is in the blood, it is called plasma. It is a watery substance that helps make blood a liquid.

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

2. “It” is squeezed out of the blood vessels and washes over organs. This keeps the body moist and carries away any foreign pathogens that might be there.

LYMPH

3. The ICF is then “funneled” into vessels called Lymph Vessels. From here, the lymph goes through Lymph Nodes where any “funk” is filtered out. “It” is then returned to the blood and called Plasma again!

Red Blood Cells (or Red Blood Cells (or RBCs)RBCs) The most numerous blood cells.The most numerous blood cells. Produced in the Produced in the red bone red bone

marrowmarrow from stem cells. from stem cells. Aka: ______________Aka: ______________ They supply the cells of the body They supply the cells of the body

with oxygen for with oxygen for ________________________________________

erythrocytes

cellular respiration

More on RBCs….More on RBCs….

OO2 2 binds to a protein called binds to a protein called HEMOGLOBIN on the RBC.HEMOGLOBIN on the RBC.

Each RBC can hold up to Each RBC can hold up to fourfour moleculesmolecules of oxygen at a time. of oxygen at a time.

Carbon dioxide also binds to Carbon dioxide also binds to hemoglobin to be returned to the hemoglobin to be returned to the lungs (exhaled as waste)lungs (exhaled as waste)

……

RBCs get their red color from the RBCs get their red color from the mineral ______, which is present in mineral ______, which is present in hemoglobin.hemoglobin.

Red blood cells do not contain cell Red blood cells do not contain cell __________ (this means no DNA!)__________ (this means no DNA!)

The adult human body has about The adult human body has about 25,000,000,000,000 RBCs!25,000,000,000,000 RBCs!

(that’s 25 trillion)(that’s 25 trillion)

iron

Nucleii!

Wow! That’s almost as many

dollars as I have. Cool!

White Blood Cells!White Blood Cells!

There is one WBC for about There is one WBC for about

every 1,000 red blood cells.every 1,000 red blood cells. They They dodo have cell nucleii, so have cell nucleii, so

they’re slightly larger than RBCs.they’re slightly larger than RBCs. They are produced in the bone They are produced in the bone

marrow.marrow.

White blood cells:White blood cells:Aka: LeukocytesAka: Leukocytes White blood cells work to protect White blood cells work to protect

the body against ___________, the body against ___________, __________ and ____________ __________ and ____________ (pathogens)(pathogens)

When a person is sick, their When a person is sick, their number of white blood cells number of white blood cells _________ to fight the pathogen._________ to fight the pathogen.

link

bacteriaviruses parasites

increase

Platelets and ClottingPlatelets and Clotting

Platelets function to allow blood to Platelets function to allow blood to _______ after injury. _______ after injury.

They are made from ___________ and They are made from ___________ and ______________.______________.

Platelets become sticky around the Platelets become sticky around the edges of broken ______________.edges of broken ______________.

They cluster around this site and They cluster around this site and start a series of chemical reactions start a series of chemical reactions to ______________(clotting)to ______________(clotting)

clotproteins

cell fragments

blood vessels

stop bleeding

There are four blood types among There are four blood types among humans: ____,____,_____ and ____.humans: ____,____,_____ and ____.

Each blood type is named by the Each blood type is named by the ANTIGENS they contain on their ANTIGENS they contain on their surfaces.surfaces.

Antigens trigger immune responses Antigens trigger immune responses because because antibodiesantibodies bind to them. bind to them.

Antibodies are produced to bind to Antibodies are produced to bind to antigens (on foreign invaders) These antigens (on foreign invaders) These two fit like two fit like lock and key!lock and key!

A B AB O

Know This!!!

Blood typing:Blood typing:

Blood type:

A B AB O

Contains antigens:

Plasma contains antibodies:

Can receive these blood types:(cells only!)

A B A,B NONE

A,O

B,O A B

ABO

O only

Type O:“Universal

Donor”

Type AB: “Universa

l Recipient

”

B A BANONE

The breakdown of The breakdown of human blood types:human blood types:

Blood typingBlood typing

Parts of the BloodParts of the Blood

1. Red Blood Cells2. White Blood Cells

4. Platelets3. Plasma **

Par

ts is

P

arts

Parts is PartsParts is Parts

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The Scoop on The Scoop on Capillaries!Capillaries!

“Red blood cells”: A close-up of red blood cells within a capillary. Over 99 percent of the blood vessels in the body are capillaries,even though they only hold 5 percent of the body’s blood.

Pathway of the BloodPathway of the Blood

Intracellular Transport is the movement of materials inside the cell

• ________________ is the streaming of the cytoplasm, thus moving materials inside the cell.

Cyclosis

• The _________________________ also moves materials within the cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• __________ and ___________ Transport are also forms of intracellular transport.

Active Passive

Why, oh Why do WE Why, oh Why do WE need need TRANSPORT??TRANSPORT??

• Single celled organisms can rely on diffusion and active transport.

• Believe it or not, ALL multicellular organisms are too big to rely on diffusion for transport!

• Multicellular organisms need an organized system.

All organisms need to transport nutrients, gases, minerals, wastes, hormones and antibodies through out the body.

Types of Circulatory Types of Circulatory SystemsSystems

No Circulatory System:

• single, or few celled organisms can diffuse materials directly with their environment

Open Circulatory System:

• these organisms have blood, blood vessels and a way to pump the blood

• the blood washes over the organs and exchanges materials directly

Closed Circulatory System:

• all blood is contained in blood vessels

• exchange of materials is via thin capillaries

Circulatory System Circulatory System DisordersDisorders

1. Hypertension (a.k.a. High Blood Pressure): an increase in arteriol blood pressure due to less space for the same amount of blood volume. Can be caused by constricted arteries (smoking) or clogged arteries (high fat diet).

2. Artherosclerosis: narrowing and hardening of the arteries due to increased cholesterol or fat

3. Angina Pectoris: pain the the chest, left shoulder and arm due to decreased blood supply to the heart muscle.

4. Heart Attack: similar to angina pectoris, but blood flow to all or part of the heart is cut off completely.

More disorders…More disorders…

5. Anemia: the blood can not carry enough oxygen due to low iron content.

6. Leukemia: bone marrow disorder that causes uncontrolled production of non-functional white blood cells. This is a form of cancer.

Caused by anemia

Blood cells affected by Leukemia

IMM

UN

ITY

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What IS immunity?What IS immunity?

The The immune responseimmune response is the defensive is the defensive reaction of the body to reaction of the body to antigensantigens (proteins on foreign substances or (proteins on foreign substances or organisms).  The immune system also organisms).  The immune system also protects against some cancer cells protects against some cancer cells which may arise in the body. which may arise in the body.

Immunity VocabularyImmunity Vocabulary

Antigen: a protein on any foreign object in the body. Types are:

1.Virus

2.Bacteria

3.Fungus

4.Parasite

Immunity Vocabulary Immunity Vocabulary Continued…Continued…Antibodies: chemicals produced by the WBC in response to antigens. They attack the foreign invaders.

Each antibody is specific to its antigen.

Where have we seen this before?

Types of ImmunityTypes of Immunity

Active ImmunityActive Immunity Inborn: ex, blood typesInborn: ex, blood types

Natural: when the body Natural: when the body produces antibodies produces antibodies because it has been because it has been exposed to a live exposed to a live antigen. antigen.

Artificial: when the body Artificial: when the body produces antibodies produces antibodies because it has been because it has been exposed to a weak or exposed to a weak or dead sample of the dead sample of the antigen. (Called….?) antigen. (Called….?) “attenuated virus”“attenuated virus”

Passive ImmunityPassive Immunity Temporary responseTemporary response Immunity gained by Immunity gained by

taking antibodies taking antibodies (taking antibiotics) (taking antibiotics) ex: ex: tetracycline, tetracycline, amoxycilliinamoxycilliin

The Plan of The Plan of Attack…Attack…1.1. The body recognizes a The body recognizes a

foreign invader.foreign invader.

2. Body “reads” invader 2. Body “reads” invader and then destroys it.and then destroys it.

3. The body remembers 3. The body remembers the invader so it is the invader so it is prepared next time.prepared next time.

The Players…The Players…There are 3 types of White Blood Cells (WBC).

1. T-Lymphocytes respond to a specific antigen and have receptor proteins similar to antibodies. “The Assassins”

2. B-Lymphocytes become activated by antigens. Then can then turn into one of two cell types: (both MAKE ANTIBODIES!!)

- Plasma cells are short lived and produce antibodies for the here and now.

- Memory B Cells remember the antigen and produce antibodies if the antigen returns.

3. Macrophages phagocytize (or eat) any foreign particles.

The Roles of The Roles of AntibodiesAntibodies Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins found in Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins found in

the blood and lymphatic systems. They the blood and lymphatic systems. They bind bind SPECIFICALLYSPECIFICALLY to antigens on to antigens on foreign bodies.foreign bodies.

They can:They can:1.1. Act as “trash tags” to tell the Act as “trash tags” to tell the

macrophages what to eat.macrophages what to eat.2.2. Punch holes in the membranes of Punch holes in the membranes of

pathogens to kill them.pathogens to kill them.3.3. Cover the surfaces of pathogens so they Cover the surfaces of pathogens so they

cannot bind to receptors in the body.cannot bind to receptors in the body.

The Game…The Game…1.1. Pathogen enters body.Pathogen enters body.2.2. B-Lymphocyte sees antigen B-Lymphocyte sees antigen

and produces antibodies and produces antibodies that “lock” onto the antigen.that “lock” onto the antigen.

3.3. Millions of antibodies look Millions of antibodies look for other antigens of its for other antigens of its kind.kind.

4.4. Macrophage sees antigen Macrophage sees antigen with antibodies attached…with antibodies attached…this is their signal to eat!this is their signal to eat!

antibodies

macrophages

Sample Regents Sample Regents QuestionsQuestions

Another sample Another sample Question…Question…

The Good Guys always Win!