Transmitted by the expert from the European Commission

Informal document No. VPSD-02-04-Rev.1

(Document based on VPSD-02-03, containing comments from EC)

Vehicle Propulsion System Definitions version 22.05.2013

A. Explanatory Report

<REMARK. THE EXPLANATORY REPORT INTRODUCES THE ISSUES, WHICH

WILL BE DEFINED IN PART B OF THIS DOCUMENT. IT WILL BE LATER ON

REMOVED FROM THE FINAL “ANNEX FOR R.E.3 AND S.R.1” AND WILL APPEAR

IN A SEPARATE DOCUMENT, LIKELY AS AN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY >

0. Background

Some existing and future (developed) UN Regulations and UN GTRs contains terms,

definitions and classifications regarding:

Vehicle powertrain system type (e.g. EV, FCV)

Energy converter (e.g. Internal Combustion Engine, Fuel Cell, Electric

Machine)

Energy storage system (e.g. fuel tank, fuel tubingcylinders, battery etc)

In some cases these classifications and definitions are different in the regulations

and the current activities to develop regulations for innovative power trains and

alternative fuels may lead to an even more inconsistent situation, if no coordination

happens. A frame-system of a classification with the main terms and definitions

introduced in S.R.1 and R.E.3 would be helpful. It should build a frame that ensures

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consistency for all definitions used in UN Regulations or UN Global Technical

Regulations by providing a general and principle systematic (not too detailed), that

enables the addition of future technologies at later stages.

At the March 2012 session, WP.29 mandated an informal group under GRPE

(Vehicle Propulsion System definitions – VPSD), to develop a proposal for a frame

system of terms, definitions and classifications regarding vehicle powertrain systems

for the introduction into R.E.3 and S.R.1.

It can bewas discussed whether fuel definitions (gasoline, diesel, LPG, CNG, LNG,

E10, E85, H2 ...) should be included in this system of VPSD. It is proposed to

consider this issue in a second phase.

Principles:

• Use of existing definitions

-- don‘t create new definitions – if possible.

• Develop only necessary definitions

-- needed for the clear understanding of requirements in UN-R‘s or GTR‘s –

• Only a framework in S.R.1 & R.E.3 should be developed

-- more detailed definitions in UN-R‘s or GTR‘s –

-- framework should enable consistency

• -- framework should be as simple as possible

• -- technology neutral to the extent possible

• Such framework should enable the addition at a later stage of new definitions

concerning novel technologies, easily fitting into the given structure of

definitions.

• The hierarchical system of the definitions (structure) should contain a

minimum number of levels to the extent possible.

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1. Powertrain

In national/international regulations and standards one can find different definitions of

propulsion system and powertrain. Understanding the propulsion system as the

combination of the energy storage system, the energy supply system and the

powertrain follows mainly the approach of ISO standards and national Chinese

standards.

It was herewith decided to define the powertrain as the part of the vehicle containing

the energy storage system, the energy converter and the [drivetrain]/[power-

transmission system]. The main reason was to simplify the definitions and to avoid

unnecessary hierarchical levels.

Key elements:

A vehicle can only have one powertrain

Inclusion of peripherals (e.g. condensatorenergy capacitor, generator, battery,

in-take system, fuel delivery system, electric power conditioning device,

sensors, actuators, electronic control unit, exhaust after-treatment systems);

Exclusion of ancillary devices (e.g. auxiliary battery, starter motor).

Schema of Powertrain as represented in the Figure 1 here below:

Fig. 1 Powertrain

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Moreover, it was considered whether to define “fuel/energy delivery system” as one

part of the powertrain but, after thorough discussion, it was decided to understand

this as part of the peripherals of the energy storage system or the energy converter

(e.g. fuel pump, linings, electric power conditioning device, evaporative emission

control system).

2. Energy Storage System

The proposal structures energy storage systems into:

refillable (fuel),

rechargeable (electric/non electric) and,

energy recovery/recuperation systems.

This is in principle in line with language of existing regulations.

As an alternative, the definitions can be structured in chemical (liquid, gaseous,

solid), electrical (accumulator, capacitor), mechanical (flywheel), pneumatic

(compressed gas) or hydraulic storage systems.

Fuel storage system, electric ReESS and mechanical ReESS are different types of

energy storage systems

2.1. Fuel storage system

Fuel storage system means an energy storage system that stores chemical energy

carriers on board of the vehicle and which is refillable.

It can store liquid, cryogenic, compressed gaseous fuels

It is can be refilled internally or externally

2.2. Rechargeable Energy Storage System (ReeESS)

The problem of the definitions RESS and REESS has been discussed for a long time

in WP.29 and the GR’s.

RESS is used in UNECE Regulation No. 92, meaning Replacement Exhaust Silencer

System. Therefore the ELSA Informal Working Group decided to use REESS in

UNECE Regulation No. 100, meaning Rechargeable Energy Storage System.

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Unfortunately this definition in UNECE Regulation No. 100 doesn’t differentiate

between electric and non-electric REESS. It is herewith proposed to use replace it by

the acronym ReESS, i.e. Rechargeable Energy Storage System. As an

alternativeCorrespondingly, REESS could be defined as Rechargeable Electric

Energy Storage System or Electric ReESS could be used.

ReESSs can be externally charged (off vehicle charging – ovc) or not externally

charged (novc) or can be replaced/swapped.

2.2.1 Electric ReeESS (e.g. battery, capacitor)

2.2.2. Mechanical ReeESS (e.g. flywheel, pressure storage)

.

3. Energy Converter

Energy Converter means the part of the powertrain converting one form of energy

(e.g. chemical, electrical, mechanical) into a different one.

Since Combustion Engine, Electric Machine and Fuel Cell are already defined and

regulated in existing regulations, they were included in the present framework. Other

types of energy converters like HCCI (homogeneous charge compression ignition),

turbine or compressed air engine could be added later, once they are regulated.

It was also considered whether to define propulsion ignition (PI), compression-

ignition (CI), 2-stroke, 4-stroke, but it was concluded that these definitions are not

needed for regulatory purposes for the time being.

The proposed definition for Combustion Engine, meaning an energy converter with

intermittent or continuous oxidation of combustible material, was taken from the

document “WLTP-2012-033, amended”.

It is still under discussion whether a differentiation of ICE (Internal Combustion

Engine) and ECE (External Combustion Engine) is needed for allowing maximum

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flexibility in future development. While it was deemed very important to already

clearly define an ICE, a decision shall still be taken concerning an ECE.

ICE, Electric Machine and Fuel Cell are different types of energy converters.

34.1. [Internal] Combustion Engine (ICE)

In order to open the possibility of regulating external combustion engines and getting

them approved, the overarching term of “Combustion Engine” was introduced, sub-

dividing it into an internal and an external one.

[3.1.1. Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)]

['Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)' means an energy converter in which combustion

of the fuel takes place in a confined space, producing expanding gases that are used

directly to provide mechanical power.]

[3.1.2. External Combustion engine (ECE)]

[‘External combustion engine’ means a heat engine in which combustion and

expansion chambers are physically separated and where an internal working fluid is

heated by combustion in an external source. Heat from the external combustion

expands the internal working fluid which then by expanding and acting on the

mechanism of the engine, produces motion and usable work.]

4.1.1. Positive Ignition engine (PI)

4.1.2. Compressed Ignition engine (CI)

[ 4.1.3. & 4.1.4. 2 stroke, 4 stroke]]

3.2. Electric Machine

It was carefully evaluated whether to define an Electric Machine and an Electric

Motor as two different entities. On most of the current electrified vehicles, there is

only one energy converter (electric machine), which can operate as an electric motor

or as an electric generator.

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The HDH IWG proposed to split Electric Machine into Electric Motor and Generator,

believing that Electric Motor better reflects the common understanding of the

abbreviation EM.

By the classic academic definition, electric machines encompass both electric motors

and electric generators, all of which are electromechanical energy converters:

converting electricity to mechanical power (i.e., electric motor) or mechanical power

to electricity (i.e., electric generator). Therefore the following proposal was made:

o “Electric Machine” means an energy converter transforming electric energy

into mechanical energy or vice versa.

o “Electric Motor” (EM) is an energy machine transforming electrical energy into

mechanical energy

o “[Electric] generator” is an energy machine transforming mechanical energy to

electrical energy.

3.3. Fuel Cell (FC)

A Fuel Cell (FC) is an energy converter transforming chemical energy from a fuel into

electrical energy, through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent.

As a fuel, the most commonly used nowadays is hydrogen, but hydrocarbons (such

as natural gas) and alcohols (such as methanol) may be also be used. Since in the

future there may be different ways of using Fuel Cells – e.g. not limited to the above

mentioned fuels – the scope of the definition was kept as wide as possible to prevent

legal barriers to technical progress.

Fuel cells are different from batteries in that they require a constant source of fuel

and oxygen to run, but they can produce electricity continually for as long as these

inputs are supplied.

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4. [Drivetrain]/[Power-transmission system]

[Drivetrain]/[Power-transmission system] means the connected elements of the

powertrain for the transmission of the power torque from between the energy

converter(s) [indirect or direct] to andthe road (e.g. clutch, gearbox).

The proposed definition is in conflict with the definition of drivetrain currently given in

UNECE Regulation No. 100, where drivetrain includes powertrain. That reads:

“Powertrain means specific components of power train: traction motors, electronic

control of the traction motors, the associated wiring harness and connectors”.

The VSPD informal working group is evaluating whether the new definition would

create conflict with the content of Regulation No. 100. If no conflict is identified, the

definition given in Regulation No.100 will be amended according to the VPSD-

outcome.

5. Peripherals devices

Peripherals devices still have to be defined.

6. Ancillary devices

Ancillary devices still have to be defined.

They are devices not providing a positive contribution to the vehicle propulsion. They

include, among others, the communication interface (hardware and messages)

between the powertrain or vehicle control units.

7. ICE vehicle

As a general remark to sections 7. – 9., it was decided to introduce “vehicle

definitions” rather than powertrain or engine related definitions. If any regulation

required such definitions (e.g. engine definitions in regulations like UNECE

Regulation No. 49), a similar wording could be used.

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The following definitions (7.1. - 7.4.) are currently under discussion, pending the

proposals to be submitted by the GFV Informal Working Group after its next meeting

in May 2013.

[7.1. Mono Fuel vehicle]

[7.1.a. “Mono Fuel Vehicle” means a vehicle that is designed to run primarily on one

type of fuel;

7.1.b. “Mono Fuel Gaseous Vehicle” means a mono fuel vehicle that primarily runs

on a single gaseous fuel (LPG, NG/biomethane, hydrogen, etc.) but may also

have a petrol system for emergency purposes or starting only, where the petrol

tank does not contain more than [15] litres of petrol;]

[7.2. Bi Fuel Vehicle]

It needs to be discussed how to deal with the exemption of 15l gasoline tank.

The case needs to be discussed, where engines need to use gasoline for the

engine start phase only (like LPG, Ethanol or CNG) or transition from one fuel

to the other.

[7.3. Flex Fuel Vehicle]

[7.4. Dual Fuel Vehicle]

8. Hybrid vehicle

After thorough consideration of the need and the way to add new definitions

concerning novel technologies, the following conclusions were drawn:

A sub-categorisation into parallel, serial and mixed hybrid vehicles is not

necessary for the time being, because this differentiation is not reflected in the

requirements. The important criteria are switch yes/no and OVC/NOVC (which

are defined in section 9.)

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It is not appropriate to define micro-, mild-, and strong hybrid for the time

being, because these definitions are not required in current regulations.

The same argument applies for the definition of range extenders.

Ultra capacitors, hydraulic (storage or converter) and air motors could be

included, or added later.

It has to be highlighted again that, in general, the VPSD-framework should

enable the addition of new definitions at a later stage.

The proposed definition of Hybrid Vehicle was taken from “EU-L-Cat.-regulation –

amended”

9. Electrified Vehicle (EV)

Ref. Electrified Vehicle (EV), two definitions are under discussion.

9.1. Pure electric vehicle (PEV)

It was agreed to use PEV, even if the acronym BEV has also been used in the past

to indicate the same concept.

9.2. Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)

9.3. Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)

[9.4. Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle (FCHEV)]

It should be discussed whether a differentiation between FCV and FCHEV is needed.

However, the usual concept with FC, EM, battery and H2-storage should be

considered as a hybrid concept concerning testing and requirements.

The VPSD group deemed not necessary to develop a definition for Plug-in Electric

Vehicles, since the issue is already covered by the definition given above and into

Section 10 (plug in / ovc).

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10. Characteristics [Criteria] of vehicle powertrains

In order to avoid defining too many sub-categories of the above entities, the VPSD

group deemed necessary adding the details contained under the present chapter.

910.1. External chargeable (Plug In - Electric En.) yes/no [OVC/NOVC]

910.2. Mode Switch yes/no

910.3. Recuperation yes/no

910.4. Electric Energy Consumption

910.5. Fuel Consumption

910.6. CO2 Emissions

910.7. Pollutant Emissions (gaseous and particulates)

910.8. Evaporative Emissions

910.9. Crankcase Emissions

910.10. State of Charge

910.11. Electric Range

910.12. Low voltage / high voltage

910.13. Start/sStop/start system

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

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B. Draft Annex for R.E.3 and S.R.1

<Proposal for Annex XY for R.E.3/ Annex YZ for S.R.1 >

Definitions regarding vehicle powertrains with power take-off by the wheels of the

vehicle.

1. “Powertrain” means the total combinationin a vehicle, for the purpose of vehicle

propulsion, of energy storage system(s), energy converter(s) and

[drivetrain]/[power-transmission system](s) for the purpose of vehicle propulsion,

including peripherals and excluding ancillaries.

1.1 “Ancillary devices” are energy consuming or supplying devices which are connected to the powertrain and which are not for the purpose of vehicle propulsion or its control

1.2 “Peripheral devices” are energy consuming or supplying devices which are

connected to the powertrain and which are for the purpose of vehicle

propulsion or its control

2. “Energy Storage System” means [the part of the powertrain] [on board of the

vehicle] that can store chemical, electrical or mechanical energy, and which can

be refilled or recharged externally and/or internally.

2.1. “Fuel Storage System” means an [type of] energy storage system that stores

[chemical] energy carriers and which is refillable.

2.2. “Rechargeable Energy Storage System (R e e ESS) ” means an [type of] energy

storage system that stores energy carriers other than chemical energy carriers

and which is rechargeable.

2.2.1 “Electric ReESS“ means a [type of] ReESS storing electrical energy.

2.2.2. Mechanical R e e ESS means a [type of] ReeESS storing mechanical energy

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Alternative: REESS = Rechargeable Electric Energy Storage System

RMESS = Rechargeable Mechanical Energy Storage System

RHESS = Rechargeable Hydraulic Energy Storage System

RPESS = Rechargeable Pneumatic Energy Storage System

3. “Energy Converter” means the part of the powertrain converting one form of

energy into a different one.

4.1. “Combustion Engine (CE)” means an energy converter with intermittent or

continuous oxidation of combustible material.

<source: WLTP-2012-033, amended>

3.1. Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) means a[n] [type of] energy converter in which

intermittent or continuous oxidation of combustible material takes place in a

confined space[, producing expanding gases that are used directly to provide

mechanical power]

4.1.2. External Combustion Engine (ECE) means an energy converter...

3.2. “Electric Machine” means a[n] [type of] energy converter transforming electric

energy into mechanical energy or vice versa.

3.2.1. “Electric Motor” is an electric machine transforming electrical energy into

mechanical energy

3.2.2. “[Electric] Generator” is an electric machine transforming mechanical energy to

electrical energy.

3.3. “Fuel Cell (FC)” means a[n] [type of] energy converter transforming chemical

energy into electrical energy or vice versa.

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4. ” [Drivetrain]/[Power-transmission system]” means the connected elements of the

powertrain for the transmission of the powertorque from between the energy

converter(s) [indirect or direct] to and the road

5. “Peripherals devices” are

6. “Ancillary devices” are ….- [and include the communication interface (hardware

and messages) between the powertrain or vehicle control units].

7. “Pure ICE vehicle” means a vehicle equipped with a powertrain containing

exclusively one or more ICE(s) as energy converter(s).

Or

“Pure CE vehicle” means a vehicle where all energy converters part of the

powertrain are combustion engines”.

Or

“Pure ICE vehicle” means a vehicle propelled exclusively by internal combustion

engines

.

[76.1.a. “Mono Fuel Vehicle” means a vehicle powered by purely one type of

fuel and which ICE is designed to run only on that specific fuel.that is designed to

run primarily on one [type of] fuel;

76.1.b. “Mono F uel G aseous V ehicle ”’ means a mono fuel vehicle that primarily

runs on LPG, NG/biomethane, or hydrogena single gaseous fuel but may also

have a petrol system for emergency purposes or starting only, where the petrol

tank does not contain more than [15] litres of petrol;

76.2. “Bi - Fuel Vehicle ” means a vehicle with a powertrain containing two separated

fuel storage systems and (a) fuel delivery system(s) transporting [forwarding],

and processing either one or the other of the two different fuels.that can run part-

time on two different fuels and is designed to run on only one fuel at a time;

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76.2.a. ‘Bi-Fuel Gas(eous) Vehicle’ means a bi-fuel vehicle that can run on

petrol or on LPG, NG/biomethane or hydrogen;

76.3. “Flex Fuel Vehicle” means a vehicle with a one fuel storage system that

containingan run on different blends of two or more fuels a blended fuel;

76.4. “Dual Fuel Vehicle” means a vehicle containing a fuel delivery system

mixingblending two different fuels taken from two separated fuel storage

systems, where the consumed amount of one of the fuels relative to the other

one may vary depending on operation.]

< source: ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRPE/2012/13/Rev.1, amended>

8. “Hybrid Vehicle (HV)” means a vehicle with a powertrain containing at least two

different [types of] energy converters and at least two different [types of] energy

storage systems.

<source: EU-L-Cat.-regulation - amended>

9. “Electrified Vehicle (EV)” means a vehicle with a powertrain containing at least

one [non-peripheral] electric machinemotor as energy converter.

8.1. “Pure Electric Vehicle (PEV)” means a vehicle with a powertrain containing

exclusively [at least one] electric machine(s) as energy converter and exclusively

[at least one] electric rechargeable energy storage system(s) (ReESS)(s).

OR

9.1. “Pure Electric Vehicle (PEV)” means a vehicle with a powertrain where all energy

converters are electric machines and all energy storage systems are electric

rechargeable energy storage systems (ReeESS).

9.2. “Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)” means a Hybrid Vehicle (HV) with a powertrain

containing at least one electric motor(s) machine(s) as energy converter(s).

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9.3. “Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)” means a vehicle with a powertrain containing

exclusively at least one fuel cell(s) and at least one electric motormachine(s) as

energy converter.

[9.4. “Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle (FCHEV)” means a FCV with a powertrain

containing one or more fuel storage system(s) and one or more ReEESS.]

[8.5. Plug-in Electric Vehicles]

10. Characteristics [Criteria] of vehicle powertrains

[109.1. External chargeable (Plug In - Electric En.)]

109.2. Mode Switch

[109.3. Energy Recuperation]

109.4. Electric Energy Consumption

109.5. Fuel Consumption means the amount of fuel consumed, calculated by the

carbon balance method;

109.6. CO2 Green House Gas (GHG) emissions means gases emitted from the

propulsion powertrain that contribute to the greenhouse effect by absorbing

infrared radiation produced by solar warming of the Earth's surface.

[109.7. Gaseous Ppollutant species Eemissions (gaseous and particulates)

means the exhaust gas emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of

nitrogen (NOx) expressed in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) equivalent and

hydrocarbons (HC);

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109.7.a. ‘Particulate matter’ means components of the exhaust gas which are

removed from the diluted exhaust gas at a maximum temperature of 325 K (52

°C) by means of the filters described in the test procedure for verifying

average tailpipe emissions;

109.7.b. ‘Tailpipe emissions’ or 'exhaust emissions' means the emission of

gaseous pollutants and particulate matter at the tailpipe of the vehicle;

109.7.d. ‘Pollution control device’ means those components of a vehicle that

control or reduce tailpipe and/or evaporative emissions;

109.7.e. ‘Catalytic converter’ or ‘Catalyst’ means an emission pollution control

device which converts toxic by-products of combustion in the exhaust of an

engine to less toxic other less harmful substances by way of catalysed

chemical reactions;]

109.8. 'Evaporative Emissions' means the hydrocarbon vapours lost from the fuel

storage and fuel supply system of a motor vehicle and not those from tailpipe

emissions;

109.9. Crankcase Emissions means emissions from spaces in or external to an

engine which are connected to the oil sump crankcase by internal or external

ducts through which gases and vapour can escape;

[109.10. State of Charge]

109.11. 'Electric Range' means for vehicles powered by an electric powertrain

only or by a hybrid electric powertrain with off-vehicle charging, the distance

that can be driven electrically on one fully charged battery (or other electric

energy storage device) as measured according to the procedure described in

[TBD];

109.12. Low voltage / high voltage

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109.13. 'Stop/start system' means automatic stop and start of the internal

combustion engine to reduce the amount of idling, thereby reducing fuel

energy consumption, pollutant and [CO2] [GHG] emissions;

109.14. ‘Engine capacity’ or 'engine displacement' means:

(a) for reciprocating piston engines, the nominal engine swept volume;

(b) for rotary-piston (Wankel) engines, double the nominal engine swept volume;

[109.15. ‘Gaseous fuel system’ means a system composed of gaseous fuel

storage, fuel delivery, metering and control components fitted to an engine in

order to allow the engine to run on LPG, CNG or hydrogen as a mono-fuel, bi-

fuel or multi-fuel application];

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