CHAPTER SEVEN

TRANSLATION DETERMINACY

AND INDETERMINACY

CHRISTINE JOANNE LIBRERO-DESACADO

PHD STUDENT IN ENGLISH

2-28-2015

CHAPTER SEVENDEFINITION DETERMINACY AND INDETERMINACY

bullDETERMINACY 1 the quality or state of being determinate 2 a the state of being definitely and unequivocally characterized exactness

bull INDETERMINACY uncertain in extent amount or nature not definite inconclusive rArr an indeterminate reply

CHAPTER SEVENTRANSLATION DETERMINACY AND INDETERMINACY

bull Translations are generally construed as products of the underlying determinacy or

indeterminacy both of which squarely rest on text-types skopos or purpose (for

laboration see skopos theory in chapter three and the techniques or strategies Yet they

are not absolute they display a spectrum of high low and zero In maximum

indeterminacy source texts lend themselves to more than one acceptable version in the

TL whereas zero indeterminacy is tantamount determinacy wherein only one version is

not acceptable but feasible as explicitly evinced in the translation of poetry for

indeterminacy and legal texts for determinacy

CHAPTER SEVENTRANSLATION DETERMINACY AND INDETERMINACY

bull Translations are generally construed as products of the underlying determinacy or

indeterminacy both of which squarely rest on text-types skopos or purpose (for

laboration see skopos theory in chapter three and the techniques or strategies Yet they

are not absolute they display a spectrum of high low and zero In maximum

indeterminacy source texts lend themselves to more than one acceptable version in the

TL whereas zero indeterminacy is tantamount determinacy wherein only one version is

not acceptable but feasible as explicitly evinced in the translation of poetry for

indeterminacy and legal texts for determinacy

Text-type determinacy

bullDeterminacy of translation simply signifies that there should only be one

single product in the TL One case in point is the Word-for-word translation

or drydens metaphase where SL Individual words are replaced by TL words

with sometimes Strict adherence to the SL word-order But due to the

linguistic And cultural discrepancies between SL and TL such literal

Translations especially of expressive or emotive texts are awkward

unnatural unintelligible and even unreadable because literalism distorts the

sense and the syntax of the original impedes the translators work and stifles

his creativity

Text-type determinacy

bullThis is why machine translation (MT) which basically

performs mere Replacement or simple substitution of words

in one language for Words in another has succeeded in

dealing with standardized Texts employing plain formulaic

language such as weather Reports government documents

and some legal texts

Text-type determinacy

bullLegal texts are determinately translated to ensure precise

Correspondence of the rights and duties in the source text

and in The translation wherein only one accurate version is

accepted in Both the source and target texts The language

is a very distinct Variety characterized by precision

plainness and clarity

Text-type determinacy

bullDocuments like contracts or wills for instance are formulaic And frozen or

even fossilized so that a contract or will written or Translated in the wrong

formula and not according to the Standardized form in both languages is not

a contract or will This holds true for the other legal texts such as agreements

Certificates government documents insurance policies powers Of attorney

and testaments among others Here are few Examples

bullLease contractagreement

bullOr dwelling unit rental agreement

SKOPOS DETERMINACY

bullEquivalent greek term which Is an approach to translation developed by

vermeer (1989) To meet the growing need in the latter half of the 20 th Century

for the translation of scientific and academic papers Instructions for use

tourist guides and some legal texts such As contracts According to skopos

theory translation is the Production of a functionally appropriate target text

based on an existing ST and the relationship between the two texts is

Specified according to the skopos of the translation The Theory even

proclaims that unless the skopos of the target text Is specified translation

cannot properly speaking be carried out at allrdquo (In baker 2005 237)

bullBesides the skopos or the intended purpose of the

target text sometimes determines translation methods

and strategies or in other words the process

determines the product

PROCESS DETERMINACY OF THE PRODUCT STATIC VS DYNAMIC IN ENGLISH INTO ARABIC TRANSLATION

bullTranslation is not only determined by text-type as seen in

translating legal texts but also by the method approach

strategy or technique which lays constraints on the

translator who commits himself to adopting it If he for

instance opts to formal equivalence which brings about a

static translation Perhaps because of being incompetent or

ignorant of the dynamic type

TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY

bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one

particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods

or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore

there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of

the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the

same translator at different times

bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has

prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the

thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion

that There are always different ways one might break a sentence

into Words and different ways to distribute functions among

words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to

words or sentences

bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a

possibility that the same expression or an expression and its

translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of

presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy

which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all

types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of

translation

bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent

to which they approximate maximal preservation of

meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are

evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the

aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the

preservation of the original meaning

bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the

relativist construal in translation practices render literary

translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate

Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it

original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations

and different manners of aesthetic expression

bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic

expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of

celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is

unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are

instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all

the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the

translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the

english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets

1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579

bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of

translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza

differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent

versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and

retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time

Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and

Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria

Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan

Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries

Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan

Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen

There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to

touch

at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering

itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return

home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening

meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift

mysterious joy

Poetry of Baltazar

One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare

One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry

Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA

The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg

Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw

(In this dark wood thick with gloom)

dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan

(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)

halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang

(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)

dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal

(Almost the solid wilderness)

Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog

(Great trees loom disclosing)

pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot

(Sadness only grief despair)

huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos

(Mournful birds dispel)

sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob

(The cheerful air the stoic pose)

Tanang mga baging na namimilipit

(Convolutions of the vine)

sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik

(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)

may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit

(Their fruit as if downed with knives)

sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit

(Wounds the passerby)

Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy

(And flowers for the looming trees)

pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon

(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)

pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon

(Wear the color of mourning)

sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy

(Sharpen the dizzying stench)

Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad

(Clumps of cypress and young fig)

na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak

(Cast a terrifying shade)

itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad

(Fruitless they spread great leaves)

na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat

(Darkness deepens on the weed)

Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala

(And beasts that roam)

karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla

(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)

hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila

(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)

ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa

(On man and beast

Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

CHAPTER SEVENDEFINITION DETERMINACY AND INDETERMINACY

bullDETERMINACY 1 the quality or state of being determinate 2 a the state of being definitely and unequivocally characterized exactness

bull INDETERMINACY uncertain in extent amount or nature not definite inconclusive rArr an indeterminate reply

CHAPTER SEVENTRANSLATION DETERMINACY AND INDETERMINACY

bull Translations are generally construed as products of the underlying determinacy or

indeterminacy both of which squarely rest on text-types skopos or purpose (for

laboration see skopos theory in chapter three and the techniques or strategies Yet they

are not absolute they display a spectrum of high low and zero In maximum

indeterminacy source texts lend themselves to more than one acceptable version in the

TL whereas zero indeterminacy is tantamount determinacy wherein only one version is

not acceptable but feasible as explicitly evinced in the translation of poetry for

indeterminacy and legal texts for determinacy

CHAPTER SEVENTRANSLATION DETERMINACY AND INDETERMINACY

bull Translations are generally construed as products of the underlying determinacy or

indeterminacy both of which squarely rest on text-types skopos or purpose (for

laboration see skopos theory in chapter three and the techniques or strategies Yet they

are not absolute they display a spectrum of high low and zero In maximum

indeterminacy source texts lend themselves to more than one acceptable version in the

TL whereas zero indeterminacy is tantamount determinacy wherein only one version is

not acceptable but feasible as explicitly evinced in the translation of poetry for

indeterminacy and legal texts for determinacy

Text-type determinacy

bullDeterminacy of translation simply signifies that there should only be one

single product in the TL One case in point is the Word-for-word translation

or drydens metaphase where SL Individual words are replaced by TL words

with sometimes Strict adherence to the SL word-order But due to the

linguistic And cultural discrepancies between SL and TL such literal

Translations especially of expressive or emotive texts are awkward

unnatural unintelligible and even unreadable because literalism distorts the

sense and the syntax of the original impedes the translators work and stifles

his creativity

Text-type determinacy

bullThis is why machine translation (MT) which basically

performs mere Replacement or simple substitution of words

in one language for Words in another has succeeded in

dealing with standardized Texts employing plain formulaic

language such as weather Reports government documents

and some legal texts

Text-type determinacy

bullLegal texts are determinately translated to ensure precise

Correspondence of the rights and duties in the source text

and in The translation wherein only one accurate version is

accepted in Both the source and target texts The language

is a very distinct Variety characterized by precision

plainness and clarity

Text-type determinacy

bullDocuments like contracts or wills for instance are formulaic And frozen or

even fossilized so that a contract or will written or Translated in the wrong

formula and not according to the Standardized form in both languages is not

a contract or will This holds true for the other legal texts such as agreements

Certificates government documents insurance policies powers Of attorney

and testaments among others Here are few Examples

bullLease contractagreement

bullOr dwelling unit rental agreement

SKOPOS DETERMINACY

bullEquivalent greek term which Is an approach to translation developed by

vermeer (1989) To meet the growing need in the latter half of the 20 th Century

for the translation of scientific and academic papers Instructions for use

tourist guides and some legal texts such As contracts According to skopos

theory translation is the Production of a functionally appropriate target text

based on an existing ST and the relationship between the two texts is

Specified according to the skopos of the translation The Theory even

proclaims that unless the skopos of the target text Is specified translation

cannot properly speaking be carried out at allrdquo (In baker 2005 237)

bullBesides the skopos or the intended purpose of the

target text sometimes determines translation methods

and strategies or in other words the process

determines the product

PROCESS DETERMINACY OF THE PRODUCT STATIC VS DYNAMIC IN ENGLISH INTO ARABIC TRANSLATION

bullTranslation is not only determined by text-type as seen in

translating legal texts but also by the method approach

strategy or technique which lays constraints on the

translator who commits himself to adopting it If he for

instance opts to formal equivalence which brings about a

static translation Perhaps because of being incompetent or

ignorant of the dynamic type

TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY

bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one

particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods

or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore

there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of

the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the

same translator at different times

bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has

prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the

thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion

that There are always different ways one might break a sentence

into Words and different ways to distribute functions among

words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to

words or sentences

bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a

possibility that the same expression or an expression and its

translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of

presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy

which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all

types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of

translation

bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent

to which they approximate maximal preservation of

meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are

evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the

aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the

preservation of the original meaning

bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the

relativist construal in translation practices render literary

translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate

Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it

original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations

and different manners of aesthetic expression

bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic

expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of

celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is

unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are

instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all

the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the

translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the

english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets

1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579

bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of

translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza

differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent

versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and

retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time

Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and

Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria

Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan

Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries

Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan

Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen

There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to

touch

at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering

itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return

home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening

meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift

mysterious joy

Poetry of Baltazar

One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare

One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry

Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA

The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg

Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw

(In this dark wood thick with gloom)

dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan

(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)

halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang

(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)

dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal

(Almost the solid wilderness)

Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog

(Great trees loom disclosing)

pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot

(Sadness only grief despair)

huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos

(Mournful birds dispel)

sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob

(The cheerful air the stoic pose)

Tanang mga baging na namimilipit

(Convolutions of the vine)

sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik

(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)

may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit

(Their fruit as if downed with knives)

sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit

(Wounds the passerby)

Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy

(And flowers for the looming trees)

pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon

(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)

pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon

(Wear the color of mourning)

sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy

(Sharpen the dizzying stench)

Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad

(Clumps of cypress and young fig)

na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak

(Cast a terrifying shade)

itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad

(Fruitless they spread great leaves)

na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat

(Darkness deepens on the weed)

Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala

(And beasts that roam)

karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla

(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)

hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila

(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)

ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa

(On man and beast

Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

CHAPTER SEVENTRANSLATION DETERMINACY AND INDETERMINACY

bull Translations are generally construed as products of the underlying determinacy or

indeterminacy both of which squarely rest on text-types skopos or purpose (for

laboration see skopos theory in chapter three and the techniques or strategies Yet they

are not absolute they display a spectrum of high low and zero In maximum

indeterminacy source texts lend themselves to more than one acceptable version in the

TL whereas zero indeterminacy is tantamount determinacy wherein only one version is

not acceptable but feasible as explicitly evinced in the translation of poetry for

indeterminacy and legal texts for determinacy

CHAPTER SEVENTRANSLATION DETERMINACY AND INDETERMINACY

bull Translations are generally construed as products of the underlying determinacy or

indeterminacy both of which squarely rest on text-types skopos or purpose (for

laboration see skopos theory in chapter three and the techniques or strategies Yet they

are not absolute they display a spectrum of high low and zero In maximum

indeterminacy source texts lend themselves to more than one acceptable version in the

TL whereas zero indeterminacy is tantamount determinacy wherein only one version is

not acceptable but feasible as explicitly evinced in the translation of poetry for

indeterminacy and legal texts for determinacy

Text-type determinacy

bullDeterminacy of translation simply signifies that there should only be one

single product in the TL One case in point is the Word-for-word translation

or drydens metaphase where SL Individual words are replaced by TL words

with sometimes Strict adherence to the SL word-order But due to the

linguistic And cultural discrepancies between SL and TL such literal

Translations especially of expressive or emotive texts are awkward

unnatural unintelligible and even unreadable because literalism distorts the

sense and the syntax of the original impedes the translators work and stifles

his creativity

Text-type determinacy

bullThis is why machine translation (MT) which basically

performs mere Replacement or simple substitution of words

in one language for Words in another has succeeded in

dealing with standardized Texts employing plain formulaic

language such as weather Reports government documents

and some legal texts

Text-type determinacy

bullLegal texts are determinately translated to ensure precise

Correspondence of the rights and duties in the source text

and in The translation wherein only one accurate version is

accepted in Both the source and target texts The language

is a very distinct Variety characterized by precision

plainness and clarity

Text-type determinacy

bullDocuments like contracts or wills for instance are formulaic And frozen or

even fossilized so that a contract or will written or Translated in the wrong

formula and not according to the Standardized form in both languages is not

a contract or will This holds true for the other legal texts such as agreements

Certificates government documents insurance policies powers Of attorney

and testaments among others Here are few Examples

bullLease contractagreement

bullOr dwelling unit rental agreement

SKOPOS DETERMINACY

bullEquivalent greek term which Is an approach to translation developed by

vermeer (1989) To meet the growing need in the latter half of the 20 th Century

for the translation of scientific and academic papers Instructions for use

tourist guides and some legal texts such As contracts According to skopos

theory translation is the Production of a functionally appropriate target text

based on an existing ST and the relationship between the two texts is

Specified according to the skopos of the translation The Theory even

proclaims that unless the skopos of the target text Is specified translation

cannot properly speaking be carried out at allrdquo (In baker 2005 237)

bullBesides the skopos or the intended purpose of the

target text sometimes determines translation methods

and strategies or in other words the process

determines the product

PROCESS DETERMINACY OF THE PRODUCT STATIC VS DYNAMIC IN ENGLISH INTO ARABIC TRANSLATION

bullTranslation is not only determined by text-type as seen in

translating legal texts but also by the method approach

strategy or technique which lays constraints on the

translator who commits himself to adopting it If he for

instance opts to formal equivalence which brings about a

static translation Perhaps because of being incompetent or

ignorant of the dynamic type

TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY

bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one

particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods

or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore

there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of

the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the

same translator at different times

bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has

prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the

thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion

that There are always different ways one might break a sentence

into Words and different ways to distribute functions among

words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to

words or sentences

bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a

possibility that the same expression or an expression and its

translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of

presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy

which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all

types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of

translation

bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent

to which they approximate maximal preservation of

meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are

evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the

aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the

preservation of the original meaning

bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the

relativist construal in translation practices render literary

translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate

Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it

original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations

and different manners of aesthetic expression

bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic

expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of

celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is

unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are

instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all

the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the

translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the

english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets

1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579

bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of

translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza

differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent

versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and

retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time

Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and

Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria

Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan

Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries

Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan

Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen

There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to

touch

at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering

itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return

home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening

meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift

mysterious joy

Poetry of Baltazar

One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare

One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry

Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA

The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg

Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw

(In this dark wood thick with gloom)

dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan

(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)

halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang

(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)

dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal

(Almost the solid wilderness)

Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog

(Great trees loom disclosing)

pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot

(Sadness only grief despair)

huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos

(Mournful birds dispel)

sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob

(The cheerful air the stoic pose)

Tanang mga baging na namimilipit

(Convolutions of the vine)

sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik

(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)

may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit

(Their fruit as if downed with knives)

sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit

(Wounds the passerby)

Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy

(And flowers for the looming trees)

pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon

(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)

pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon

(Wear the color of mourning)

sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy

(Sharpen the dizzying stench)

Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad

(Clumps of cypress and young fig)

na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak

(Cast a terrifying shade)

itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad

(Fruitless they spread great leaves)

na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat

(Darkness deepens on the weed)

Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala

(And beasts that roam)

karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla

(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)

hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila

(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)

ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa

(On man and beast

Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

CHAPTER SEVENTRANSLATION DETERMINACY AND INDETERMINACY

bull Translations are generally construed as products of the underlying determinacy or

indeterminacy both of which squarely rest on text-types skopos or purpose (for

laboration see skopos theory in chapter three and the techniques or strategies Yet they

are not absolute they display a spectrum of high low and zero In maximum

indeterminacy source texts lend themselves to more than one acceptable version in the

TL whereas zero indeterminacy is tantamount determinacy wherein only one version is

not acceptable but feasible as explicitly evinced in the translation of poetry for

indeterminacy and legal texts for determinacy

Text-type determinacy

bullDeterminacy of translation simply signifies that there should only be one

single product in the TL One case in point is the Word-for-word translation

or drydens metaphase where SL Individual words are replaced by TL words

with sometimes Strict adherence to the SL word-order But due to the

linguistic And cultural discrepancies between SL and TL such literal

Translations especially of expressive or emotive texts are awkward

unnatural unintelligible and even unreadable because literalism distorts the

sense and the syntax of the original impedes the translators work and stifles

his creativity

Text-type determinacy

bullThis is why machine translation (MT) which basically

performs mere Replacement or simple substitution of words

in one language for Words in another has succeeded in

dealing with standardized Texts employing plain formulaic

language such as weather Reports government documents

and some legal texts

Text-type determinacy

bullLegal texts are determinately translated to ensure precise

Correspondence of the rights and duties in the source text

and in The translation wherein only one accurate version is

accepted in Both the source and target texts The language

is a very distinct Variety characterized by precision

plainness and clarity

Text-type determinacy

bullDocuments like contracts or wills for instance are formulaic And frozen or

even fossilized so that a contract or will written or Translated in the wrong

formula and not according to the Standardized form in both languages is not

a contract or will This holds true for the other legal texts such as agreements

Certificates government documents insurance policies powers Of attorney

and testaments among others Here are few Examples

bullLease contractagreement

bullOr dwelling unit rental agreement

SKOPOS DETERMINACY

bullEquivalent greek term which Is an approach to translation developed by

vermeer (1989) To meet the growing need in the latter half of the 20 th Century

for the translation of scientific and academic papers Instructions for use

tourist guides and some legal texts such As contracts According to skopos

theory translation is the Production of a functionally appropriate target text

based on an existing ST and the relationship between the two texts is

Specified according to the skopos of the translation The Theory even

proclaims that unless the skopos of the target text Is specified translation

cannot properly speaking be carried out at allrdquo (In baker 2005 237)

bullBesides the skopos or the intended purpose of the

target text sometimes determines translation methods

and strategies or in other words the process

determines the product

PROCESS DETERMINACY OF THE PRODUCT STATIC VS DYNAMIC IN ENGLISH INTO ARABIC TRANSLATION

bullTranslation is not only determined by text-type as seen in

translating legal texts but also by the method approach

strategy or technique which lays constraints on the

translator who commits himself to adopting it If he for

instance opts to formal equivalence which brings about a

static translation Perhaps because of being incompetent or

ignorant of the dynamic type

TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY

bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one

particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods

or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore

there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of

the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the

same translator at different times

bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has

prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the

thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion

that There are always different ways one might break a sentence

into Words and different ways to distribute functions among

words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to

words or sentences

bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a

possibility that the same expression or an expression and its

translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of

presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy

which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all

types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of

translation

bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent

to which they approximate maximal preservation of

meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are

evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the

aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the

preservation of the original meaning

bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the

relativist construal in translation practices render literary

translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate

Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it

original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations

and different manners of aesthetic expression

bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic

expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of

celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is

unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are

instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all

the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the

translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the

english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets

1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579

bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of

translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza

differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent

versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and

retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time

Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and

Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria

Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan

Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries

Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan

Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen

There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to

touch

at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering

itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return

home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening

meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift

mysterious joy

Poetry of Baltazar

One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare

One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry

Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA

The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg

Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw

(In this dark wood thick with gloom)

dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan

(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)

halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang

(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)

dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal

(Almost the solid wilderness)

Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog

(Great trees loom disclosing)

pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot

(Sadness only grief despair)

huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos

(Mournful birds dispel)

sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob

(The cheerful air the stoic pose)

Tanang mga baging na namimilipit

(Convolutions of the vine)

sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik

(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)

may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit

(Their fruit as if downed with knives)

sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit

(Wounds the passerby)

Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy

(And flowers for the looming trees)

pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon

(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)

pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon

(Wear the color of mourning)

sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy

(Sharpen the dizzying stench)

Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad

(Clumps of cypress and young fig)

na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak

(Cast a terrifying shade)

itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad

(Fruitless they spread great leaves)

na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat

(Darkness deepens on the weed)

Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala

(And beasts that roam)

karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla

(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)

hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila

(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)

ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa

(On man and beast

Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

Text-type determinacy

bullDeterminacy of translation simply signifies that there should only be one

single product in the TL One case in point is the Word-for-word translation

or drydens metaphase where SL Individual words are replaced by TL words

with sometimes Strict adherence to the SL word-order But due to the

linguistic And cultural discrepancies between SL and TL such literal

Translations especially of expressive or emotive texts are awkward

unnatural unintelligible and even unreadable because literalism distorts the

sense and the syntax of the original impedes the translators work and stifles

his creativity

Text-type determinacy

bullThis is why machine translation (MT) which basically

performs mere Replacement or simple substitution of words

in one language for Words in another has succeeded in

dealing with standardized Texts employing plain formulaic

language such as weather Reports government documents

and some legal texts

Text-type determinacy

bullLegal texts are determinately translated to ensure precise

Correspondence of the rights and duties in the source text

and in The translation wherein only one accurate version is

accepted in Both the source and target texts The language

is a very distinct Variety characterized by precision

plainness and clarity

Text-type determinacy

bullDocuments like contracts or wills for instance are formulaic And frozen or

even fossilized so that a contract or will written or Translated in the wrong

formula and not according to the Standardized form in both languages is not

a contract or will This holds true for the other legal texts such as agreements

Certificates government documents insurance policies powers Of attorney

and testaments among others Here are few Examples

bullLease contractagreement

bullOr dwelling unit rental agreement

SKOPOS DETERMINACY

bullEquivalent greek term which Is an approach to translation developed by

vermeer (1989) To meet the growing need in the latter half of the 20 th Century

for the translation of scientific and academic papers Instructions for use

tourist guides and some legal texts such As contracts According to skopos

theory translation is the Production of a functionally appropriate target text

based on an existing ST and the relationship between the two texts is

Specified according to the skopos of the translation The Theory even

proclaims that unless the skopos of the target text Is specified translation

cannot properly speaking be carried out at allrdquo (In baker 2005 237)

bullBesides the skopos or the intended purpose of the

target text sometimes determines translation methods

and strategies or in other words the process

determines the product

PROCESS DETERMINACY OF THE PRODUCT STATIC VS DYNAMIC IN ENGLISH INTO ARABIC TRANSLATION

bullTranslation is not only determined by text-type as seen in

translating legal texts but also by the method approach

strategy or technique which lays constraints on the

translator who commits himself to adopting it If he for

instance opts to formal equivalence which brings about a

static translation Perhaps because of being incompetent or

ignorant of the dynamic type

TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY

bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one

particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods

or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore

there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of

the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the

same translator at different times

bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has

prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the

thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion

that There are always different ways one might break a sentence

into Words and different ways to distribute functions among

words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to

words or sentences

bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a

possibility that the same expression or an expression and its

translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of

presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy

which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all

types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of

translation

bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent

to which they approximate maximal preservation of

meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are

evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the

aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the

preservation of the original meaning

bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the

relativist construal in translation practices render literary

translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate

Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it

original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations

and different manners of aesthetic expression

bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic

expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of

celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is

unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are

instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all

the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the

translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the

english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets

1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579

bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of

translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza

differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent

versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and

retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time

Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and

Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria

Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan

Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries

Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan

Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen

There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to

touch

at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering

itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return

home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening

meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift

mysterious joy

Poetry of Baltazar

One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare

One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry

Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA

The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg

Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw

(In this dark wood thick with gloom)

dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan

(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)

halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang

(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)

dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal

(Almost the solid wilderness)

Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog

(Great trees loom disclosing)

pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot

(Sadness only grief despair)

huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos

(Mournful birds dispel)

sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob

(The cheerful air the stoic pose)

Tanang mga baging na namimilipit

(Convolutions of the vine)

sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik

(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)

may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit

(Their fruit as if downed with knives)

sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit

(Wounds the passerby)

Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy

(And flowers for the looming trees)

pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon

(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)

pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon

(Wear the color of mourning)

sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy

(Sharpen the dizzying stench)

Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad

(Clumps of cypress and young fig)

na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak

(Cast a terrifying shade)

itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad

(Fruitless they spread great leaves)

na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat

(Darkness deepens on the weed)

Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala

(And beasts that roam)

karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla

(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)

hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila

(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)

ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa

(On man and beast

Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

Text-type determinacy

bullThis is why machine translation (MT) which basically

performs mere Replacement or simple substitution of words

in one language for Words in another has succeeded in

dealing with standardized Texts employing plain formulaic

language such as weather Reports government documents

and some legal texts

Text-type determinacy

bullLegal texts are determinately translated to ensure precise

Correspondence of the rights and duties in the source text

and in The translation wherein only one accurate version is

accepted in Both the source and target texts The language

is a very distinct Variety characterized by precision

plainness and clarity

Text-type determinacy

bullDocuments like contracts or wills for instance are formulaic And frozen or

even fossilized so that a contract or will written or Translated in the wrong

formula and not according to the Standardized form in both languages is not

a contract or will This holds true for the other legal texts such as agreements

Certificates government documents insurance policies powers Of attorney

and testaments among others Here are few Examples

bullLease contractagreement

bullOr dwelling unit rental agreement

SKOPOS DETERMINACY

bullEquivalent greek term which Is an approach to translation developed by

vermeer (1989) To meet the growing need in the latter half of the 20 th Century

for the translation of scientific and academic papers Instructions for use

tourist guides and some legal texts such As contracts According to skopos

theory translation is the Production of a functionally appropriate target text

based on an existing ST and the relationship between the two texts is

Specified according to the skopos of the translation The Theory even

proclaims that unless the skopos of the target text Is specified translation

cannot properly speaking be carried out at allrdquo (In baker 2005 237)

bullBesides the skopos or the intended purpose of the

target text sometimes determines translation methods

and strategies or in other words the process

determines the product

PROCESS DETERMINACY OF THE PRODUCT STATIC VS DYNAMIC IN ENGLISH INTO ARABIC TRANSLATION

bullTranslation is not only determined by text-type as seen in

translating legal texts but also by the method approach

strategy or technique which lays constraints on the

translator who commits himself to adopting it If he for

instance opts to formal equivalence which brings about a

static translation Perhaps because of being incompetent or

ignorant of the dynamic type

TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY

bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one

particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods

or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore

there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of

the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the

same translator at different times

bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has

prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the

thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion

that There are always different ways one might break a sentence

into Words and different ways to distribute functions among

words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to

words or sentences

bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a

possibility that the same expression or an expression and its

translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of

presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy

which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all

types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of

translation

bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent

to which they approximate maximal preservation of

meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are

evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the

aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the

preservation of the original meaning

bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the

relativist construal in translation practices render literary

translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate

Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it

original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations

and different manners of aesthetic expression

bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic

expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of

celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is

unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are

instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all

the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the

translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the

english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets

1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579

bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of

translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza

differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent

versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and

retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time

Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and

Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria

Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan

Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries

Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan

Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen

There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to

touch

at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering

itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return

home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening

meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift

mysterious joy

Poetry of Baltazar

One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare

One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry

Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA

The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg

Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw

(In this dark wood thick with gloom)

dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan

(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)

halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang

(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)

dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal

(Almost the solid wilderness)

Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog

(Great trees loom disclosing)

pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot

(Sadness only grief despair)

huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos

(Mournful birds dispel)

sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob

(The cheerful air the stoic pose)

Tanang mga baging na namimilipit

(Convolutions of the vine)

sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik

(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)

may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit

(Their fruit as if downed with knives)

sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit

(Wounds the passerby)

Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy

(And flowers for the looming trees)

pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon

(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)

pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon

(Wear the color of mourning)

sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy

(Sharpen the dizzying stench)

Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad

(Clumps of cypress and young fig)

na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak

(Cast a terrifying shade)

itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad

(Fruitless they spread great leaves)

na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat

(Darkness deepens on the weed)

Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala

(And beasts that roam)

karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla

(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)

hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila

(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)

ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa

(On man and beast

Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

Text-type determinacy

bullLegal texts are determinately translated to ensure precise

Correspondence of the rights and duties in the source text

and in The translation wherein only one accurate version is

accepted in Both the source and target texts The language

is a very distinct Variety characterized by precision

plainness and clarity

Text-type determinacy

bullDocuments like contracts or wills for instance are formulaic And frozen or

even fossilized so that a contract or will written or Translated in the wrong

formula and not according to the Standardized form in both languages is not

a contract or will This holds true for the other legal texts such as agreements

Certificates government documents insurance policies powers Of attorney

and testaments among others Here are few Examples

bullLease contractagreement

bullOr dwelling unit rental agreement

SKOPOS DETERMINACY

bullEquivalent greek term which Is an approach to translation developed by

vermeer (1989) To meet the growing need in the latter half of the 20 th Century

for the translation of scientific and academic papers Instructions for use

tourist guides and some legal texts such As contracts According to skopos

theory translation is the Production of a functionally appropriate target text

based on an existing ST and the relationship between the two texts is

Specified according to the skopos of the translation The Theory even

proclaims that unless the skopos of the target text Is specified translation

cannot properly speaking be carried out at allrdquo (In baker 2005 237)

bullBesides the skopos or the intended purpose of the

target text sometimes determines translation methods

and strategies or in other words the process

determines the product

PROCESS DETERMINACY OF THE PRODUCT STATIC VS DYNAMIC IN ENGLISH INTO ARABIC TRANSLATION

bullTranslation is not only determined by text-type as seen in

translating legal texts but also by the method approach

strategy or technique which lays constraints on the

translator who commits himself to adopting it If he for

instance opts to formal equivalence which brings about a

static translation Perhaps because of being incompetent or

ignorant of the dynamic type

TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY

bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one

particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods

or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore

there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of

the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the

same translator at different times

bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has

prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the

thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion

that There are always different ways one might break a sentence

into Words and different ways to distribute functions among

words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to

words or sentences

bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a

possibility that the same expression or an expression and its

translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of

presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy

which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all

types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of

translation

bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent

to which they approximate maximal preservation of

meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are

evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the

aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the

preservation of the original meaning

bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the

relativist construal in translation practices render literary

translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate

Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it

original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations

and different manners of aesthetic expression

bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic

expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of

celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is

unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are

instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all

the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the

translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the

english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets

1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579

bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of

translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza

differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent

versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and

retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time

Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and

Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria

Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan

Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries

Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan

Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen

There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to

touch

at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering

itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return

home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening

meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift

mysterious joy

Poetry of Baltazar

One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare

One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry

Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA

The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg

Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw

(In this dark wood thick with gloom)

dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan

(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)

halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang

(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)

dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal

(Almost the solid wilderness)

Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog

(Great trees loom disclosing)

pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot

(Sadness only grief despair)

huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos

(Mournful birds dispel)

sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob

(The cheerful air the stoic pose)

Tanang mga baging na namimilipit

(Convolutions of the vine)

sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik

(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)

may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit

(Their fruit as if downed with knives)

sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit

(Wounds the passerby)

Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy

(And flowers for the looming trees)

pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon

(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)

pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon

(Wear the color of mourning)

sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy

(Sharpen the dizzying stench)

Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad

(Clumps of cypress and young fig)

na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak

(Cast a terrifying shade)

itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad

(Fruitless they spread great leaves)

na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat

(Darkness deepens on the weed)

Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala

(And beasts that roam)

karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla

(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)

hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila

(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)

ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa

(On man and beast

Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

Text-type determinacy

bullDocuments like contracts or wills for instance are formulaic And frozen or

even fossilized so that a contract or will written or Translated in the wrong

formula and not according to the Standardized form in both languages is not

a contract or will This holds true for the other legal texts such as agreements

Certificates government documents insurance policies powers Of attorney

and testaments among others Here are few Examples

bullLease contractagreement

bullOr dwelling unit rental agreement

SKOPOS DETERMINACY

bullEquivalent greek term which Is an approach to translation developed by

vermeer (1989) To meet the growing need in the latter half of the 20 th Century

for the translation of scientific and academic papers Instructions for use

tourist guides and some legal texts such As contracts According to skopos

theory translation is the Production of a functionally appropriate target text

based on an existing ST and the relationship between the two texts is

Specified according to the skopos of the translation The Theory even

proclaims that unless the skopos of the target text Is specified translation

cannot properly speaking be carried out at allrdquo (In baker 2005 237)

bullBesides the skopos or the intended purpose of the

target text sometimes determines translation methods

and strategies or in other words the process

determines the product

PROCESS DETERMINACY OF THE PRODUCT STATIC VS DYNAMIC IN ENGLISH INTO ARABIC TRANSLATION

bullTranslation is not only determined by text-type as seen in

translating legal texts but also by the method approach

strategy or technique which lays constraints on the

translator who commits himself to adopting it If he for

instance opts to formal equivalence which brings about a

static translation Perhaps because of being incompetent or

ignorant of the dynamic type

TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY

bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one

particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods

or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore

there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of

the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the

same translator at different times

bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has

prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the

thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion

that There are always different ways one might break a sentence

into Words and different ways to distribute functions among

words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to

words or sentences

bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a

possibility that the same expression or an expression and its

translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of

presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy

which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all

types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of

translation

bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent

to which they approximate maximal preservation of

meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are

evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the

aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the

preservation of the original meaning

bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the

relativist construal in translation practices render literary

translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate

Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it

original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations

and different manners of aesthetic expression

bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic

expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of

celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is

unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are

instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all

the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the

translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the

english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets

1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579

bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of

translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza

differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent

versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and

retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time

Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and

Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria

Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan

Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries

Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan

Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen

There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to

touch

at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering

itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return

home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening

meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift

mysterious joy

Poetry of Baltazar

One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare

One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry

Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA

The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg

Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw

(In this dark wood thick with gloom)

dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan

(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)

halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang

(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)

dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal

(Almost the solid wilderness)

Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog

(Great trees loom disclosing)

pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot

(Sadness only grief despair)

huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos

(Mournful birds dispel)

sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob

(The cheerful air the stoic pose)

Tanang mga baging na namimilipit

(Convolutions of the vine)

sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik

(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)

may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit

(Their fruit as if downed with knives)

sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit

(Wounds the passerby)

Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy

(And flowers for the looming trees)

pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon

(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)

pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon

(Wear the color of mourning)

sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy

(Sharpen the dizzying stench)

Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad

(Clumps of cypress and young fig)

na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak

(Cast a terrifying shade)

itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad

(Fruitless they spread great leaves)

na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat

(Darkness deepens on the weed)

Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala

(And beasts that roam)

karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla

(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)

hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila

(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)

ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa

(On man and beast

Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

SKOPOS DETERMINACY

bullEquivalent greek term which Is an approach to translation developed by

vermeer (1989) To meet the growing need in the latter half of the 20 th Century

for the translation of scientific and academic papers Instructions for use

tourist guides and some legal texts such As contracts According to skopos

theory translation is the Production of a functionally appropriate target text

based on an existing ST and the relationship between the two texts is

Specified according to the skopos of the translation The Theory even

proclaims that unless the skopos of the target text Is specified translation

cannot properly speaking be carried out at allrdquo (In baker 2005 237)

bullBesides the skopos or the intended purpose of the

target text sometimes determines translation methods

and strategies or in other words the process

determines the product

PROCESS DETERMINACY OF THE PRODUCT STATIC VS DYNAMIC IN ENGLISH INTO ARABIC TRANSLATION

bullTranslation is not only determined by text-type as seen in

translating legal texts but also by the method approach

strategy or technique which lays constraints on the

translator who commits himself to adopting it If he for

instance opts to formal equivalence which brings about a

static translation Perhaps because of being incompetent or

ignorant of the dynamic type

TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY

bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one

particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods

or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore

there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of

the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the

same translator at different times

bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has

prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the

thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion

that There are always different ways one might break a sentence

into Words and different ways to distribute functions among

words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to

words or sentences

bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a

possibility that the same expression or an expression and its

translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of

presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy

which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all

types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of

translation

bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent

to which they approximate maximal preservation of

meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are

evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the

aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the

preservation of the original meaning

bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the

relativist construal in translation practices render literary

translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate

Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it

original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations

and different manners of aesthetic expression

bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic

expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of

celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is

unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are

instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all

the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the

translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the

english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets

1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579

bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of

translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza

differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent

versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and

retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time

Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and

Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria

Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan

Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries

Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan

Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen

There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to

touch

at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering

itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return

home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening

meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift

mysterious joy

Poetry of Baltazar

One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare

One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry

Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA

The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg

Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw

(In this dark wood thick with gloom)

dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan

(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)

halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang

(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)

dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal

(Almost the solid wilderness)

Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog

(Great trees loom disclosing)

pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot

(Sadness only grief despair)

huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos

(Mournful birds dispel)

sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob

(The cheerful air the stoic pose)

Tanang mga baging na namimilipit

(Convolutions of the vine)

sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik

(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)

may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit

(Their fruit as if downed with knives)

sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit

(Wounds the passerby)

Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy

(And flowers for the looming trees)

pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon

(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)

pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon

(Wear the color of mourning)

sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy

(Sharpen the dizzying stench)

Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad

(Clumps of cypress and young fig)

na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak

(Cast a terrifying shade)

itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad

(Fruitless they spread great leaves)

na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat

(Darkness deepens on the weed)

Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala

(And beasts that roam)

karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla

(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)

hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila

(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)

ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa

(On man and beast

Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

bullBesides the skopos or the intended purpose of the

target text sometimes determines translation methods

and strategies or in other words the process

determines the product

PROCESS DETERMINACY OF THE PRODUCT STATIC VS DYNAMIC IN ENGLISH INTO ARABIC TRANSLATION

bullTranslation is not only determined by text-type as seen in

translating legal texts but also by the method approach

strategy or technique which lays constraints on the

translator who commits himself to adopting it If he for

instance opts to formal equivalence which brings about a

static translation Perhaps because of being incompetent or

ignorant of the dynamic type

TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY

bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one

particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods

or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore

there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of

the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the

same translator at different times

bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has

prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the

thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion

that There are always different ways one might break a sentence

into Words and different ways to distribute functions among

words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to

words or sentences

bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a

possibility that the same expression or an expression and its

translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of

presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy

which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all

types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of

translation

bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent

to which they approximate maximal preservation of

meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are

evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the

aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the

preservation of the original meaning

bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the

relativist construal in translation practices render literary

translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate

Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it

original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations

and different manners of aesthetic expression

bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic

expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of

celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is

unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are

instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all

the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the

translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the

english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets

1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579

bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of

translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza

differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent

versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and

retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time

Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and

Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria

Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan

Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries

Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan

Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen

There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to

touch

at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering

itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return

home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening

meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift

mysterious joy

Poetry of Baltazar

One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare

One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry

Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA

The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg

Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw

(In this dark wood thick with gloom)

dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan

(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)

halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang

(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)

dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal

(Almost the solid wilderness)

Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog

(Great trees loom disclosing)

pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot

(Sadness only grief despair)

huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos

(Mournful birds dispel)

sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob

(The cheerful air the stoic pose)

Tanang mga baging na namimilipit

(Convolutions of the vine)

sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik

(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)

may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit

(Their fruit as if downed with knives)

sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit

(Wounds the passerby)

Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy

(And flowers for the looming trees)

pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon

(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)

pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon

(Wear the color of mourning)

sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy

(Sharpen the dizzying stench)

Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad

(Clumps of cypress and young fig)

na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak

(Cast a terrifying shade)

itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad

(Fruitless they spread great leaves)

na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat

(Darkness deepens on the weed)

Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala

(And beasts that roam)

karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla

(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)

hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila

(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)

ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa

(On man and beast

Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

PROCESS DETERMINACY OF THE PRODUCT STATIC VS DYNAMIC IN ENGLISH INTO ARABIC TRANSLATION

bullTranslation is not only determined by text-type as seen in

translating legal texts but also by the method approach

strategy or technique which lays constraints on the

translator who commits himself to adopting it If he for

instance opts to formal equivalence which brings about a

static translation Perhaps because of being incompetent or

ignorant of the dynamic type

TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY

bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one

particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods

or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore

there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of

the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the

same translator at different times

bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has

prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the

thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion

that There are always different ways one might break a sentence

into Words and different ways to distribute functions among

words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to

words or sentences

bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a

possibility that the same expression or an expression and its

translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of

presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy

which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all

types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of

translation

bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent

to which they approximate maximal preservation of

meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are

evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the

aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the

preservation of the original meaning

bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the

relativist construal in translation practices render literary

translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate

Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it

original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations

and different manners of aesthetic expression

bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic

expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of

celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is

unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are

instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all

the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the

translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the

english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets

1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579

bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of

translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza

differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent

versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and

retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time

Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and

Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria

Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan

Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries

Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan

Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen

There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to

touch

at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering

itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return

home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening

meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift

mysterious joy

Poetry of Baltazar

One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare

One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry

Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA

The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg

Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw

(In this dark wood thick with gloom)

dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan

(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)

halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang

(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)

dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal

(Almost the solid wilderness)

Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog

(Great trees loom disclosing)

pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot

(Sadness only grief despair)

huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos

(Mournful birds dispel)

sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob

(The cheerful air the stoic pose)

Tanang mga baging na namimilipit

(Convolutions of the vine)

sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik

(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)

may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit

(Their fruit as if downed with knives)

sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit

(Wounds the passerby)

Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy

(And flowers for the looming trees)

pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon

(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)

pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon

(Wear the color of mourning)

sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy

(Sharpen the dizzying stench)

Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad

(Clumps of cypress and young fig)

na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak

(Cast a terrifying shade)

itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad

(Fruitless they spread great leaves)

na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat

(Darkness deepens on the weed)

Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala

(And beasts that roam)

karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla

(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)

hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila

(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)

ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa

(On man and beast

Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY

bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one

particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods

or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore

there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of

the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the

same translator at different times

bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has

prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the

thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion

that There are always different ways one might break a sentence

into Words and different ways to distribute functions among

words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to

words or sentences

bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a

possibility that the same expression or an expression and its

translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of

presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy

which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all

types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of

translation

bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent

to which they approximate maximal preservation of

meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are

evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the

aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the

preservation of the original meaning

bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the

relativist construal in translation practices render literary

translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate

Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it

original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations

and different manners of aesthetic expression

bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic

expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of

celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is

unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are

instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all

the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the

translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the

english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets

1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579

bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of

translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza

differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent

versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and

retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time

Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and

Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria

Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan

Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries

Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan

Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen

There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to

touch

at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering

itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return

home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening

meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift

mysterious joy

Poetry of Baltazar

One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare

One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry

Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA

The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg

Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw

(In this dark wood thick with gloom)

dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan

(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)

halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang

(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)

dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal

(Almost the solid wilderness)

Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog

(Great trees loom disclosing)

pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot

(Sadness only grief despair)

huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos

(Mournful birds dispel)

sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob

(The cheerful air the stoic pose)

Tanang mga baging na namimilipit

(Convolutions of the vine)

sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik

(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)

may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit

(Their fruit as if downed with knives)

sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit

(Wounds the passerby)

Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy

(And flowers for the looming trees)

pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon

(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)

pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon

(Wear the color of mourning)

sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy

(Sharpen the dizzying stench)

Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad

(Clumps of cypress and young fig)

na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak

(Cast a terrifying shade)

itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad

(Fruitless they spread great leaves)

na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat

(Darkness deepens on the weed)

Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala

(And beasts that roam)

karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla

(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)

hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila

(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)

ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa

(On man and beast

Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has

prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the

thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion

that There are always different ways one might break a sentence

into Words and different ways to distribute functions among

words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to

words or sentences

bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a

possibility that the same expression or an expression and its

translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of

presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy

which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all

types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of

translation

bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent

to which they approximate maximal preservation of

meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are

evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the

aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the

preservation of the original meaning

bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the

relativist construal in translation practices render literary

translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate

Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it

original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations

and different manners of aesthetic expression

bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic

expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of

celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is

unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are

instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all

the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the

translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the

english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets

1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579

bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of

translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza

differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent

versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and

retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time

Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and

Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria

Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan

Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries

Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan

Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen

There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to

touch

at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering

itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return

home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening

meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift

mysterious joy

Poetry of Baltazar

One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare

One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry

Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA

The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg

Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw

(In this dark wood thick with gloom)

dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan

(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)

halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang

(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)

dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal

(Almost the solid wilderness)

Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog

(Great trees loom disclosing)

pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot

(Sadness only grief despair)

huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos

(Mournful birds dispel)

sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob

(The cheerful air the stoic pose)

Tanang mga baging na namimilipit

(Convolutions of the vine)

sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik

(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)

may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit

(Their fruit as if downed with knives)

sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit

(Wounds the passerby)

Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy

(And flowers for the looming trees)

pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon

(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)

pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon

(Wear the color of mourning)

sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy

(Sharpen the dizzying stench)

Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad

(Clumps of cypress and young fig)

na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak

(Cast a terrifying shade)

itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad

(Fruitless they spread great leaves)

na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat

(Darkness deepens on the weed)

Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala

(And beasts that roam)

karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla

(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)

hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila

(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)

ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa

(On man and beast

Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a

possibility that the same expression or an expression and its

translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of

presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy

which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all

types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of

translation

bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent

to which they approximate maximal preservation of

meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are

evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the

aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the

preservation of the original meaning

bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the

relativist construal in translation practices render literary

translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate

Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it

original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations

and different manners of aesthetic expression

bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic

expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of

celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is

unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are

instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all

the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the

translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the

english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets

1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579

bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of

translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza

differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent

versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and

retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time

Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and

Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria

Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan

Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries

Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan

Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen

There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to

touch

at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering

itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return

home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening

meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift

mysterious joy

Poetry of Baltazar

One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare

One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry

Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA

The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg

Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw

(In this dark wood thick with gloom)

dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan

(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)

halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang

(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)

dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal

(Almost the solid wilderness)

Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog

(Great trees loom disclosing)

pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot

(Sadness only grief despair)

huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos

(Mournful birds dispel)

sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob

(The cheerful air the stoic pose)

Tanang mga baging na namimilipit

(Convolutions of the vine)

sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik

(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)

may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit

(Their fruit as if downed with knives)

sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit

(Wounds the passerby)

Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy

(And flowers for the looming trees)

pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon

(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)

pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon

(Wear the color of mourning)

sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy

(Sharpen the dizzying stench)

Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad

(Clumps of cypress and young fig)

na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak

(Cast a terrifying shade)

itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad

(Fruitless they spread great leaves)

na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat

(Darkness deepens on the weed)

Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala

(And beasts that roam)

karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla

(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)

hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila

(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)

ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa

(On man and beast

Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent

to which they approximate maximal preservation of

meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are

evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the

aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the

preservation of the original meaning

bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the

relativist construal in translation practices render literary

translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate

Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it

original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations

and different manners of aesthetic expression

bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic

expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of

celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is

unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are

instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all

the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the

translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the

english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets

1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579

bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of

translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza

differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent

versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and

retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time

Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and

Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria

Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan

Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries

Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan

Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen

There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to

touch

at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering

itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return

home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening

meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift

mysterious joy

Poetry of Baltazar

One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare

One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry

Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA

The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg

Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw

(In this dark wood thick with gloom)

dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan

(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)

halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang

(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)

dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal

(Almost the solid wilderness)

Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog

(Great trees loom disclosing)

pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot

(Sadness only grief despair)

huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos

(Mournful birds dispel)

sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob

(The cheerful air the stoic pose)

Tanang mga baging na namimilipit

(Convolutions of the vine)

sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik

(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)

may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit

(Their fruit as if downed with knives)

sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit

(Wounds the passerby)

Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy

(And flowers for the looming trees)

pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon

(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)

pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon

(Wear the color of mourning)

sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy

(Sharpen the dizzying stench)

Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad

(Clumps of cypress and young fig)

na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak

(Cast a terrifying shade)

itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad

(Fruitless they spread great leaves)

na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat

(Darkness deepens on the weed)

Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala

(And beasts that roam)

karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla

(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)

hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila

(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)

ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa

(On man and beast

Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the

relativist construal in translation practices render literary

translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate

Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it

original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations

and different manners of aesthetic expression

bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic

expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of

celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is

unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are

instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all

the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the

translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the

english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets

1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579

bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of

translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza

differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent

versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and

retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time

Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and

Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria

Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan

Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries

Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan

Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen

There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to

touch

at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering

itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return

home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening

meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift

mysterious joy

Poetry of Baltazar

One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare

One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry

Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA

The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg

Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw

(In this dark wood thick with gloom)

dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan

(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)

halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang

(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)

dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal

(Almost the solid wilderness)

Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog

(Great trees loom disclosing)

pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot

(Sadness only grief despair)

huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos

(Mournful birds dispel)

sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob

(The cheerful air the stoic pose)

Tanang mga baging na namimilipit

(Convolutions of the vine)

sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik

(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)

may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit

(Their fruit as if downed with knives)

sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit

(Wounds the passerby)

Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy

(And flowers for the looming trees)

pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon

(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)

pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon

(Wear the color of mourning)

sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy

(Sharpen the dizzying stench)

Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad

(Clumps of cypress and young fig)

na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak

(Cast a terrifying shade)

itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad

(Fruitless they spread great leaves)

na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat

(Darkness deepens on the weed)

Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala

(And beasts that roam)

karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla

(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)

hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila

(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)

ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa

(On man and beast

Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic

expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of

celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is

unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are

instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all

the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the

translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the

english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets

1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579

bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of

translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza

differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent

versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and

retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time

Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and

Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria

Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan

Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries

Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan

Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen

There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to

touch

at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering

itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return

home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening

meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift

mysterious joy

Poetry of Baltazar

One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare

One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry

Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA

The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg

Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw

(In this dark wood thick with gloom)

dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan

(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)

halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang

(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)

dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal

(Almost the solid wilderness)

Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog

(Great trees loom disclosing)

pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot

(Sadness only grief despair)

huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos

(Mournful birds dispel)

sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob

(The cheerful air the stoic pose)

Tanang mga baging na namimilipit

(Convolutions of the vine)

sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik

(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)

may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit

(Their fruit as if downed with knives)

sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit

(Wounds the passerby)

Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy

(And flowers for the looming trees)

pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon

(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)

pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon

(Wear the color of mourning)

sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy

(Sharpen the dizzying stench)

Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad

(Clumps of cypress and young fig)

na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak

(Cast a terrifying shade)

itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad

(Fruitless they spread great leaves)

na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat

(Darkness deepens on the weed)

Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala

(And beasts that roam)

karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla

(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)

hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila

(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)

ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa

(On man and beast

Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of

translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza

differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent

versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and

retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time

Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and

Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria

Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan

Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries

Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan

Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen

There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to

touch

at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering

itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return

home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening

meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift

mysterious joy

Poetry of Baltazar

One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare

One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry

Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA

The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg

Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw

(In this dark wood thick with gloom)

dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan

(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)

halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang

(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)

dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal

(Almost the solid wilderness)

Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog

(Great trees loom disclosing)

pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot

(Sadness only grief despair)

huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos

(Mournful birds dispel)

sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob

(The cheerful air the stoic pose)

Tanang mga baging na namimilipit

(Convolutions of the vine)

sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik

(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)

may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit

(Their fruit as if downed with knives)

sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit

(Wounds the passerby)

Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy

(And flowers for the looming trees)

pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon

(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)

pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon

(Wear the color of mourning)

sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy

(Sharpen the dizzying stench)

Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad

(Clumps of cypress and young fig)

na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak

(Cast a terrifying shade)

itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad

(Fruitless they spread great leaves)

na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat

(Darkness deepens on the weed)

Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala

(And beasts that roam)

karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla

(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)

hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila

(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)

ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa

(On man and beast

Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and

Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria

Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan

Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries

Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan

Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen

There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to

touch

at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering

itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return

home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening

meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift

mysterious joy

Poetry of Baltazar

One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare

One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry

Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA

The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg

Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw

(In this dark wood thick with gloom)

dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan

(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)

halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang

(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)

dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal

(Almost the solid wilderness)

Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog

(Great trees loom disclosing)

pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot

(Sadness only grief despair)

huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos

(Mournful birds dispel)

sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob

(The cheerful air the stoic pose)

Tanang mga baging na namimilipit

(Convolutions of the vine)

sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik

(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)

may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit

(Their fruit as if downed with knives)

sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit

(Wounds the passerby)

Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy

(And flowers for the looming trees)

pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon

(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)

pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon

(Wear the color of mourning)

sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy

(Sharpen the dizzying stench)

Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad

(Clumps of cypress and young fig)

na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak

(Cast a terrifying shade)

itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad

(Fruitless they spread great leaves)

na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat

(Darkness deepens on the weed)

Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala

(And beasts that roam)

karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla

(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)

hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila

(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)

ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa

(On man and beast

Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan

Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen

There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to

touch

at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering

itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return

home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening

meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift

mysterious joy

Poetry of Baltazar

One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare

One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry

Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA

The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg

Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw

(In this dark wood thick with gloom)

dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan

(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)

halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang

(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)

dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal

(Almost the solid wilderness)

Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog

(Great trees loom disclosing)

pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot

(Sadness only grief despair)

huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos

(Mournful birds dispel)

sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob

(The cheerful air the stoic pose)

Tanang mga baging na namimilipit

(Convolutions of the vine)

sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik

(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)

may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit

(Their fruit as if downed with knives)

sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit

(Wounds the passerby)

Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy

(And flowers for the looming trees)

pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon

(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)

pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon

(Wear the color of mourning)

sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy

(Sharpen the dizzying stench)

Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad

(Clumps of cypress and young fig)

na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak

(Cast a terrifying shade)

itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad

(Fruitless they spread great leaves)

na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat

(Darkness deepens on the weed)

Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala

(And beasts that roam)

karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla

(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)

hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila

(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)

ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa

(On man and beast

Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to

touch

at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering

itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return

home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening

meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift

mysterious joy

Poetry of Baltazar

One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare

One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry

Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA

The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg

Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw

(In this dark wood thick with gloom)

dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan

(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)

halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang

(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)

dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal

(Almost the solid wilderness)

Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog

(Great trees loom disclosing)

pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot

(Sadness only grief despair)

huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos

(Mournful birds dispel)

sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob

(The cheerful air the stoic pose)

Tanang mga baging na namimilipit

(Convolutions of the vine)

sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik

(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)

may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit

(Their fruit as if downed with knives)

sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit

(Wounds the passerby)

Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy

(And flowers for the looming trees)

pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon

(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)

pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon

(Wear the color of mourning)

sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy

(Sharpen the dizzying stench)

Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad

(Clumps of cypress and young fig)

na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak

(Cast a terrifying shade)

itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad

(Fruitless they spread great leaves)

na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat

(Darkness deepens on the weed)

Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala

(And beasts that roam)

karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla

(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)

hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila

(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)

ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa

(On man and beast

Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

Poetry of Baltazar

One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare

One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry

Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA

The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg

Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw

(In this dark wood thick with gloom)

dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan

(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)

halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang

(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)

dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal

(Almost the solid wilderness)

Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog

(Great trees loom disclosing)

pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot

(Sadness only grief despair)

huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos

(Mournful birds dispel)

sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob

(The cheerful air the stoic pose)

Tanang mga baging na namimilipit

(Convolutions of the vine)

sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik

(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)

may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit

(Their fruit as if downed with knives)

sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit

(Wounds the passerby)

Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy

(And flowers for the looming trees)

pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon

(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)

pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon

(Wear the color of mourning)

sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy

(Sharpen the dizzying stench)

Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad

(Clumps of cypress and young fig)

na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak

(Cast a terrifying shade)

itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad

(Fruitless they spread great leaves)

na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat

(Darkness deepens on the weed)

Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala

(And beasts that roam)

karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla

(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)

hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila

(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)

ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa

(On man and beast

Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy

(And flowers for the looming trees)

pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon

(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)

pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon

(Wear the color of mourning)

sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy

(Sharpen the dizzying stench)

Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad

(Clumps of cypress and young fig)

na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak

(Cast a terrifying shade)

itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad

(Fruitless they spread great leaves)

na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat

(Darkness deepens on the weed)

Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala

(And beasts that roam)

karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla

(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)

hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila

(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)

ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa

(On man and beast

Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

CHAPTER EIGHT

LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN

ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION

PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder

appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains

an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as

well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word

and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a

critic before he transfers and finally composes it in

the TL

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved

through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida

and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to

distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or

as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it

distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a

translation impedes the translators work and stifles his

creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and

intelligence

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation

on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere

quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude

bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes

not because they are against the law of translation ( as an

act of communication) but simply because two languages

are never identical in their vocabulary

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but

words and manners of speech are particular to different

nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

bullLexicalization

bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay

terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL

preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or

more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional

or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as

Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are

lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed

bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

bull82 Modalization

bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to

the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition

Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of

speech The verbal forms of modality in English include

auxiliaries such as will would can could may might

must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit

etc

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include

adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such

as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability

possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable

possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a

certainty

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

bull821 Modality and Modulation

bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the

manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified

The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an

extremely important one since it gives the communicator

the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to

which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as

follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter

with proposals the former comprises probability

possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and

inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too

distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states

simultaneously that they are closely interrelated

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere

functions refers to components of the linguistic system the

one is interpersonal the other ideational

Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by

someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it

becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately

describes as the complex nature of the relationship

between modality and modulation which he considers a

kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here

to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
• Thank you for your time

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Definition Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (2)
• Chapter Seven Translation Determinacy and Indeterminacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy
• Text-type determinacy (2)
• Text-type determinacy (3)
• Text-type determinacy (4)
• Skopos Determinacy
• Process Determinacy of the Product Static vs Dynamic in Engli
• Translation Indeterminacy
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)
• (5)
• (6)
• (7)
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• (8)
• (9)
• (10)
• (11)
• (12)
• (13)
• (14)
• (15)
• (16)
• (17)
• (18)
• The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
• (19)
• (20)
• (21)
• (22)
• (23)
• (24)
• (25)
• Slide 41
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