Translating Cultural Terms

8/11/2019 Translating Cultural Terms

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A Journal of Literature,Culture and Literary TranslationISSN 1847-7755

University of adar!"### adar $onta$t%si$-&ournal'or(#!" !## 5#5

PAST ISSUES / Number 5 / Literary Trans ati!n / Ana B" #ern$n%e&'(uerra 'Trans atin) Cu ture* Pr!b ems+ Strate)ies an% Pra,ti,a Rea ities

Ana B" #ern$n%e&'(uerra ' Trans atin) Cu ture* Pr!b ems+

Strate)ies an% Pra,ti,a Rea ities
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Abstract: Translatin( literary te)ts $an *e +uite a $ allen(in( tas , sin$e te)ts are nor.ally *ound ina s/e$ifi$ lan(ua(e and $ulture and, t us, dis/lay .any lin(uisti$ /e$uliarities, as 0ell as so$ial and$ultural as/e$ts of our lives' ne of t e .ain /ro*le.s a translator $an fa$e arises fro. t e fa$t t atso.e ter.s are so dee/ly rooted in t eir sour$e $ulture, t at t ey are s/e$ifi$ and e)$lusive to t e

$ulture t at /rodu$ed t e. and t at, t erefore, t ey ave no e+uivalent in t e tar(et $ulture, *e it *e$ause t ey are un no0n, or *e$ause t ey are not yet $odified in t e tar(et lan(ua(e' T e ai. of t is/a/er is to revise t e literature dealin( 0it t e .ost i./ortant ty/olo(ies and $lassifi$ations/ro/osed as re(ards $ultural ter.s, and to s o0 t e .ain translation /ro$edures and strate(ies t at$an *e e./loyed in order to over$o.e t e diffi$ulties and /ro*le.s involved in translatin( differen$es *et0een $ultures' T e /a/er 0ill also s o0 t e results of an e./iri$al study *ased on t e translationof 4 /assa(es of literary te)ts 0 i$ rely on .any $ultural as/e$ts' T is study involved 23 studentsattendin( a $ourse on n(lis -S/anis translation, and a total of 4# $ultural ter.s 0ere sele$ted inorder to see t e a$tual /ro*le.s found 0 en translatin( $ulture and t e different translationstrate(ies used to solve t e.'

Keywords: translation, $ulture, strate(ies, students'

Introduction

Literary te)ts dis/lay .any lin(uisti$ /e$uliarities, as 0ell as so$ial and $ultural as/e$ts of our lives

and, t us, 0e $an assert t at literary translation is one of t e .ain 0ays of $o..uni$ation a$ross$ultures' Translatin( literary te)ts, o0ever, is not an easy tas , sin$e it $ertainly /oses .any/ro*le.s for t e translator' ne of t e /ro*le.s a translator $an fa$e arises fro. t e fa$t t at so.e 0ords or / rases denotin( o*&e$ts, fa$ts, / eno.ena, et$''' are so dee/ly rooted in t eir sour$e $ultureSC6 and so s/e$ifi$ and /er a/s e)$lusive or uni+ue6 to t e $ulture t at /rodu$ed t e. t at t eyave no e+uivalent in t e tar(et $ulture TC6, *e it *e$ause t ey are un no0n, or *e$ause t ey are not

yet $odified in t e tar(et lan(ua(e TL6' en dis$ussin( t e /ro*le.s of $orres/onden$e intranslation, differen$es *et0een $ultures .ay $ause .ore severe $o./li$ations for t e translatort an do differen$es in lan(ua(e stru$ture Nida 1"#6' 9oreover, several t eorists, su$ as Santoyo,:ar$;a


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t ou( t, 0 en tal in( a*out t e tas of translatin( literature, Silver states@ I understand su*versionas at t e $ore of t e translation /ro&e$t itself Silver 56'

T e ai. of t e /resent /a/er is t0ofold@ 16 to revise t e literature dealin( 0it t e .ain ty/olo(ies

and $lassifi$ations /ro/osed as re(ards $ultural ter.s, and !6 to s o0 t e .ain translation/ro$edures and strate(ies t at $an *e e./loyed in order to solve t e /ro*le.s involved in translatin(differen$es *et0een $ultures'

T is /a/er 0ill also /resent t e results o*tained in a study *ased on t e translation of 4 /assa(es ofte)ts t at relied on $ultural as/e$ts' T e study involved 23 students attendin( a $ourse on n(lis -S/anis translation, and a total of 4# $ultural ter.s 0ere sele$ted so as to analyse t e differenttranslation strate(ies used *y students 0 en translatin( t e.' 1. Cultural terms

9any s$ olars a(ree 0it t e fa$t t at lan(ua(e is an e)/ression of $ulture and individuality of itss/ea ers and ave, en$e, dee/ly e)a.ined $ultural ter.s, as 0ell as t e /ro*le.s involved in t eirtranslation 0 en t ere is a la$ of e+uivalen$e *et0een t0o lan(ua(es and $ultures ade, ut?, Nord,Ba*ad>n, and enuti, for e)a./le6'

la ov and =lorin see. to ave *een t e first ones to $oin t e ter. realia to refer to $ulturalele.ents, and t e ter. as no0 *een (enerali?ed and is fre+uently used to refer to o*&e$ts, $usto.s,

a*its, and ot er $ultural and .aterial as/e$ts t at ave an i./a$t in s a/in( a $ertain lan(ua(eCerd> 9assD !486'

Sin$e t en, .any $lassifi$ations and ta)ono.ies for su$ $ultural as/e$ts ave *een offered Ea er,atan, 9ayoral, 9olina, Ne0.ar , la ov y =lorin, et$'6' =ollo0in( Nida and a//lyin( t e $on$e/tof $ulture to t e tas of translation, Ne0.ar !16 /uts fort is $lassifi$ation of forei(n $ultural 0ords, esta*lis in( five $ate(ories@

a' $olo(y flora, fauna, 0inds, $li.ate, et$'6@ Hoy hace poniente' en Levante' $ould *e an e)a./le inS/anis '

*' 9aterial $ulture food, $lot es, ouses, to0ns, trans/ort6@ Aquel de la boina' acaba de comprarbuuelos'.

$' So$ial $ulture 0or and leisure6@ No puedo quedarme para ver quemar las Fallas' porquemaana empiezan las oposiciones' '

d' r(ani?ations, $usto.s, a$tivities, /ro$edures or $on$e/ts 0 i$ in$lude artisti$, reli(ious,/oliti$al and ad.inistrative su*$ate(ories6@ Me voy al !" ' a ver qu# ayudas recibo en la compra '


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e' :estures and a*its@ $%uedamos a tomar un chisme' despu#s de misa'&

atan 176 also /rovides a $o./re ensive vie0 of o0 $ulture reveals itself at ea$ of t e follo0in(lo(i$al levels@

a' nviron.ent in$ludin( $li.ate, ousin(, food, et$'6@ e)e./lifyin( ter.s in t e S/anis $ultureare poniente barraca (aralaes paella , et$'

*' Ee aviour a$tions and 0ays of *e avin( in $ertain $ultures6@ (reetin( so.eone 0it t0o issesinstead of s a in( ands, for e)a./le, is +uite $o..on in S/ain'

$' Ca/a*ilities, strate(ies and s ills used to $o..uni$ate in$ludin( non-ver*al $o..uni$ation,rituals, et$'6@)ponme una cerveza* is a ty/i$al for.ula in S/anis to order a drin , *ut usin( t ei./erative 0ould not *e a//ro/riate in n(lis and a /ossi*le translation $ould *e +ould , pleasehave a beer&

d' alues of t e so$iety and its ierar$ y@ -llos creen que son me ores por ser payos' '

e' Eeliefs@ Hoy es domin/o de !amos' '

f' Identity@ Acaban de derribar otro edi(icio (ranquista' '

u 21-286, redu$es is ta)ono.y to t e four (eneri$ ty/es /ro/osed *y 9olina@

a' nviron.ent, in$ludin( e$olo(y, /la$e na.es, et$'@ La zona del 0ierzo' , for e)a./le'

*' Cultural erita(e reli(ious *eliefs, istori$al events, $ ara$ters, festivities, fol lore, ousin(,o*&e$ts, et$'6@1n alto porcenta e de espaoles tiene una se/unda residencia'.

$' So$ial $ulture $onventions, *eliefs, a*its, so$ial or(ani?ations, et$'6@2amos de tapeo' '

d' Lin(uisti$ $ulture fi)ed e)/ressions, idio.s, insults, et$'6@)Anda ya*' eres un capullo' '

=inally, =ern>nde? :uerra Tradi$ionalis.o 1"26 des$ri*es four .a&or ty/es of realia , 0 i$ $an

turn translation into a very diffi$ult /ro$ess'


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a' :eo(ra/ i$ and et no(ra/ i$ ter.s@ Albu(era /orrilla... in S/anis 6, or 3he 4quare Milecoc5ney... in n(lis 6'

*' ords or e)/ressions referrin( to fol lore, traditions and .yt olo(y@ 3oro embolado romer6a pea tracas entierro de la sardina rociero... +eilidh +hristmas stoc5in/ touchdo7n ta/...

$' Na.es of everyday o*&e$ts, a$tions and events su$ as food and drin s, $lot es, ousin(, tools,/u*li$ trans/ort, dan$es and (a.es, units of .easure.ent, .oney, et$'6@ A/ua de 2alencia buuelos paella mi/as mantilla barraca... +hristmas puddin/ cotta/e pie happy hour miles earmu((s...

d' So$ial and istori$al ter.s denotin( territorial ad.inistrative units or divisionsF de/art.ents,/rofessions, titles, ran s, (reetin(s and treat.entsF institutions, /atrioti$ and reli(ious or(anisationsFet$'@oposiciones 8iputaci9n provincial /uardia civil pata ne/ra caudillo... sophomore A:level;s< 4alvation Army +hristie's =M+A...

Aut ors su$ as Ea er !16, 9ayoral 736, Nord 5!"-5!76, Santoyo Tradu$$iDn 14"6, and 9ar$oEorillo -l (il !25-!#86 offer si.ilar $lassifi$ations, e./ asi?in( lo$al $olour, .anneris.s, $ulturaland te./oral distan$e *et0een t0o lin(uisti$ $o..unities, et$' and re$o(nisin(, .ore or lesse)/li$itly, t e fo$us on do.inant $ultures, t e inevita*ility of loss, or even t e i./ossi*ility oftranslatin( t ese ter.s@

it is no0n t at a /erfe$t translation of $ulturally-*ound te)ts is i./ossi*le' T e translation fo$usin(on t e /ur/ose of t e SL te)t 0ritin( is, o0ever, al0ays /ossi*le' T is $an *e /roven 0it t etranslation of so .any literary 0or s into ot er lan(ua(es Gariyanto6'

It is true t at translatin( realia or $ultural ter.s, su$ as t e ty/es .entioned a*ove, $auses .anytranslation diffi$ulties, *ut t is does not .ean t at t ey $annot *e translated' In fa$t, alon( t e linesof so.e translation s$ olars, /arti$ularly t ose of t e Lei/?i( s$ ool ade, JH(er, Neu*ert6, alllan(ua(es $an say or are $a/a*le of sayin(6 t e sa.e t in(sF *ut, as a rule, all of t e. say it in adifferent 0ay' Indeed, s ould t0o lan(ua(es say it in t e sa.e 0ay, t en 0e 0ould not *e s/ea in( oft0o lan(ua(es, *ut of one and t e sa.e lan(ua(e' T e translator $an ave re$ourse to several devi$esfor solvin( t e /ro*le. of *rid(in( t e (a/ a$ross $ultures, /rovidin( t at s e is $ulturally a0are oft ose differen$es' S e $an rely on various /ro$edures, te$ ni+ues or strate(ies to deal 0it su$translation /ro*le.s' T e follo0in( translations into S/anis of 3aste this +hristmas puddin/ , fore)a./le, $ould illustrate it@

Eorro0in(@ rue*a este+hristmas puddin/ '

Ada/tation@ rue*a este turrDn'


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0 o distin(uis es *et0een i6 o*li+ue translation /ro$edures ada/tation, a./lifi$ation,$o./ensation, e+uivalen$e, e)/li$itation, .odulation, o.ission and trans/osition6 and ii6 dire$t.et ods $al+ue, loan and literal translation6' Gurtado "3-"76 e)/ands t e list 0it strate(ies t ata$$ount for solutions of te)tual nature@ e)tension, a./lifi$ation, $o./ression, dis$ursive $reation,

des$ri/tion, (eneralisation, /arti$ularisation, redu$tion, /aralin(uisti$ or lin(uisti$ su*stitution, and variation'

It is also 0ort .entionin( t at so.e studies fo$us only on s/e$ifi$ translation /ro$edures t at s ould *e used 0 en dealin( 0it $ultural ele.ents' T is is t e $ase 0it :raedler "6, 0 o $ites four@ i6.a in( u/ a ne0 0ord, ii6 e)/lainin( t e .eanin( of t e SL e)/ression in lieu of translatin( it, iii6/reservin( t e SL ter. inta$t, and iv6 re/la$in( it usin( any ter. in t e TL t at as t e sa.erelevan$e as t e SL ter.' Garvey !-36 also /ro/oses four 0ays@ i6 fun$tional e+uivalen$e, usin( ater. 0it t e sa.e fun$tion , ii6 for.al or lin(uisti$ e+uivalen$e, or 0ord *y 0ord translation, iii6trans$ri/tion or *orro0in(, 0 i$ .ay in$lude notes, and iv6 des$ri/tive or self-e)/lanatorytranslation' 9ur OueKas 74-726 la*elled er translation /ro$edures as 16 TL $ultural $o(nateF !6 SL$ultural and lin(uisti$ *orro0in(F "6 SL $ultural *orro0in( /lus e)/lanationF 46 re/la$e.ent of SL$ultural referent *y e)/lanationF 56 TL $ultural referent su//ressionF and 36 literal translation of TL$ultural referent' =inally, 9ar$o Eorillo Les tQ$ni+ues 1"86, $onsiderin( t e intervention of t etranslator and is a//roa$ to t e TC as a $ontinuu., /ro/oses t e follo0in( si) /ro$edures@ i6 /ureor naturalised loan, ii6 literal translation, iii6 neutralisation des$ri/tion, (eneralisation or/arti$ularisation6, iv6 a./lifi$ation or $o./ression, v6 intra$ultural ada/tation, and vi6

inter$ultural ada/tation'

T e afore.entioned /ro$edures 0ill no0 *e *riefly des$ri*ed and illustrated, in al/ a*eti$al order' 2.1. Adaptation

Ada/tation is used in t ose $ases in 0 i$ t e ty/e of situation *ein( referred to *y t e SL .essa(e isun no0n in t e TC and translators $reate a ne0 situation t at $an *e des$ri*ed as situationale+uivalen$e inay and Oar*elnet 5!-5"6' T us, it $an *e understood as 0 at ot er aut ors ave$alled $ultural, dyna.i$ or fun$tional e+uivalen$e $f' !'7'6' It a$tually refers to a SL $ultural ele.entt at is re/la$ed *y anot er ter. in t e TC' T is 0ould a//ly, for e)a./le, to +hristmas puddin/ andits /ossi*le translation into turrDnM .entioned a*ove'

T ere are situations in 0 i$ ada/tation see.s, to so.e e)tent, ne$essary@ in advertisin( slo(ans, or$ ildrenMs stories, for e)a./le' In ot er $ases t ere are $ertain $onventions, .ore or less (enerali?ed,as re(ards ada/ted translations of forei(n $ultural ele.ents in t e TL' T is a//lies, for instan$e, to 0ei( ts and .easures, .usi$al notation, (enerally a$$e/ted titles of literary 0or s or (eo(ra/ i$alna.es, et$' T e *asi$ (oal of t e translator 0 en tryin( to ada/tM t e translation is to ave a si.ilareffe$t on t e TL readers, do.esti$atin(M, in a 0ay, t e $ultural ter.s'

2.2. Borrowing


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Eorro0in( a ter. is ta in( a 0ord or e)/ression strai( t fro. anot er lan(ua(e, 0it out translation'T e /ro$edure is nor.ally used 0 en a ter. does not e)ist in t e TC, or 0 en t e translator tries to(et so.e stylisti$ or e)oti$ effe$t' It $an *e /ure , if t ere is no $ an(e of any ind in t e forei(n ter.*ro er, $ i/, $lo0n, feelin(, sto/, et$'6, or naturali?ed , if t e 0ord as so.e $ an(e in t e s/ellin(,

and /er a/s so.e .or/ olo(i$al or / oneti$ ada/tation as in dis5ette R dis+ueteM, (ormat Rfor.atearM,indent R indentarM,reset R resetearM, et$'6'

So.e aut ors /refer t e ter.s (orei/n 7ord (orei/nism An/licism >ermanism , ''' 0 en referrin( to/ure *orro0in(s t at ave not *een fully assi.ilated into t e TL syste.6, and use *orro0in(s orloans 0 en t e 0ords are naturalised in t e TL, t e differen$e *ein( 0 en t e ter. as *eenin$or/orated and o0 it as *een ada/ted to t e TL Torre 246' In any $ase, *orro0in(s are one of t e.ain 0ays of enri$ in( a lan(ua(e, as t e S/anis 0riter Una.uno indi$ated as re(ards literarytranslation@ .eter /ala*ras nuevas, aya o no aya otras +ue las ree./la$en, es .eter nuevos.ati$es de ideas $f' Loren?o6' And, as far as n(lis is $on$erned, a(ner states t at it is t e onlylan(ua(e 0 ose ele.ents are seventy-five /er$ent of forei(n ori(in $f' =ernande? 5146' entranslatin( te)ts 0it a (reat a.ount of $ultural ter.s, o0ever, 0e s ould *e $autious :ar$;a


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in different 0ays, .ay*e $o./ensatin( *y usin( ot er n(lis 0ords of t e for.al and infor.alre(isters, in order to /reserve t e sa.e level of for.ality'

2.5. Compression / reduction / condensation / omission

T ese four ter.s are o//osed to t e ones .entioned in se$tion !'8' In all of t e. t e translator

synt esi?es or su//resses a SL infor.ation ite. in t e TL te)t, .ainly 0 en t at infor.ation is$onsidered unne$essary >?+ue? Ayora "526 *e$ause t e $ultural ter. does not /erfor. a relevantfun$tion or .ay even .islead t e reader'

Co./ression redu$tion $ondensation o.ission of infor.ation is not $o..on 0 en translatin($ultural ter.s and, 0 en it o$$urs, it is usually to avoid re/etitions, .isleadin( infor.ation, or la$ ofnaturalness'

2.6. Description

As t e ter. itself indi$ates, a ter. or e)/ression is re/la$ed *y a des$ri/tion of its for. or fun$tion' It$ould, t us, *e re(arded as a sort of /ara/ rase, or even as an a./lifi$ation or e)/lanation $f' !'8'6 of a SL ter., as in t e S/anis translation of He's a +oc5ney R s de la /arte este de Londres, de la/arte .>s /o*reM'

2.7. qui!alence

A$$ordin( to inay and Oal*ernet, e+uivalen$e refers to a strate(y t at des$ri*es t e sa.e situation *y usin( $o./letely different stylisti$ or stru$tural .et ods for /rodu$in( e+uivalent te)ts inay andOal*ernet 5!6' T is *asi$ally .eans t at t e translator uses a ter. or e)/ression re$o(nised as anesta*lis ed e+uivalent in t e TL' It is si.ilar to ada/tation $f' !'1'6 and to .odulation $f' !'11'6 in

t at it e)/resses t e sa.e situation in a different 0ay >?+ue? Ayora "!!6, .ainly in $ases of idio.sand for.ulai$ lan(ua(e, as in >od bless you R Salud M, Holy co7* R 9adre .;a M, =ou must be o5in/* R Ni a*lar M,"nly the /ood die youn/ R 9ala ier*a nun$a .uereM' 2.". #plicitation / e#pansion / ampli$ication / di$$usion

T ese ter.s are in o//osition to t e ones .entioned in se$tion !'5' )/li$itation .eans t at 0ee)/ress in t e TL so.et in( t at is i./li$it in t e $onte)t of t e SL >?+ue? Ayora "426, or t at 0eintrodu$e details t at are not e)/ressed in t e SL, su$ as .ore infor.ation, translatorMs notes, ore)/li$ative /ara/ rasin(, as in ,!A R La or(ani?a$iDn terrorista IBAM'

In t e ot er t ree $ases, t ose of e)/ansion inay and Oar*elnet 1846, a./lifi$ation a?+ue? Ayora1"76 and diffusion 9alone 456, t e translator uses, in t e TL, .ore 0ords t an in t e SL to e)/resst e sa.e idea')a./les of t ese /ro$edures $ould *e t e follo0in( ones@ +o((ee brea5 R des$anso /ara to.ar$afPM,3he man ne@t door R el o.*re +ue vive en la /uerta de6 al ladoM, 4uccess(ul (ishermen 7entbac5 home R los /es$adores +ue a*;an tenido P)ito volvieron a $asaM'

2.%. &enerali'ation

it t is /ro$edure, in o//osition to /arti$ularisation, t e translator uses y/erny.s or .ore (eneral

or neutral ter.s, nor.ally for stylisti$ reasons, or to avoid unne$essary re/etitions or a.*i(uity, as int e $ase of ohn has a beauti(ul do/ R Juan tiene un er.oso animal M'


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2.1(. )iteral translation

Literal translation, or 0ord *y 0ord, o$$urs 0 en a SL 0ord or / rase is translated into a TL 0ord or/ rase, 0it out 0orryin( a*out style, *ut ada/tin( t e te)t to t e TL synta$ti$ rules, 0it .ini.alad&ust.ents, so t at it sounds *ot $orre$t and idio.ati$ 0ord order, fun$tional 0ords, et$'6' In

inay and Oal*ernetMs 0ords 486, it is t e dire$t transfer of a SL te)t into a (ra..ati$ally andidio.ati$ally a//ro/riate TL te)t in 0 i$ t e translatorsM tas is li.ited to o*servin( t e ad eren$eto t e lin(uisti$ servitudes of t e TL' An e)a./le of literal translation $ould *e ohn loves Mary R Juan a.a a 9ar;aM, in 0 i$ t e/re/osition aM as *een added *e$ause it is a re+uire.ent for dire$t o*&e$ts denotin( a /erson'

2.11. *odulation

9odulation $onsists of usin( a / rase t at is different in t e SL and TL to $onvey t e sa.e ideainay and Oal*ernet 516' In ot er 0ords, t ere is a $ an(e in t e /oint of vie0, fo$us, /ers/e$tive or

$ate(ory of t ou( t in relation to t e SL, as in Neither head nor tail R ni /ies ni $a*e?aM, 8on't /et soe@citedR tran+uil;?ateM, '''It is si.ilar to trans/osition and, so.eti.es, ne$essary in order to avoid la$ of fluen$y or e)oti$is.in t e translation'

2.12. +articularisation

arti$ularisation is in o//osition to (eneralisation $f' !'2'6' It refers to t e /ro$edure in 0 i$ t etranslator uses in t e TL y/ony.s or .ore /re$ise or $on$rete ter.s, as in 4he's a /reat person Rs una .u&er .aravillosaM, in 0 i$ /arti$ularisation disa.*i(uates 0 et er /ersonM is .ale or

fe.ale, sin$e t ere is no translation of s eM in t is $ase'

2.13. ,u-stitution linguistic paralinguistic0 A$$ordin( to Gurtado "36, lin(uisti$-/aralin(uisti$ su*stitution is t e translation /ro$edure in 0 i$lin(uisti$ ele.ents are re/la$ed *y /aralin(uisti$ ele.ents intonation, (estures, et$'6 or vi$e versa, asin "h 7hat a shame* 0 i$ $ould /er a/s *e translated as VuP /ena - di&o sor/rendidaM, or totranslate t e Ara* (esture of /uttin( your and on your eart as T an youM'

2.14. ransposition

T is /ro$edure involves $ an(in( a (ra..ati$al $ate(ory or re/la$in( one /art of t e s/ee$ foranot er, 0it out $ an(in( t e .eanin( of t e .essa(e inay and Oal*ernet 5#6' T e follo0in(translations are ty/es of trans/osition@3his computer is out o( order R ste ordenador nofun$ionaM, , 5noc5ed him do7n R Le derri*P de un (ol/eM, , touched a (ootbra5e R =renPM''' t is laste)a./le also in$ludes a redu$tion6':ra..ati$al trans/ositions, 0it a//ro/riate .or/ olo(i$al and synta$ti$ ad&ust.ents, are +uitefre+uent in order to o*tain a translation t at sounds as if it ad *een ori(inally 0ritten in t e TL'

2.15. ariation

=inally, variation is a /ro$edure in 0 i$ t e translator $ an(es ele.ents t at affe$t several as/e$ts oflin(uisti$ variation@ $ an(es in tone, style, so$ial diale$t, (eo(ra/ i$al diale$t ''' Gurtado "76, as in t e$ase of , ain't no (ool R No soy nin( n tontoM, or in=ep and it's dirt cheap R S;, y se lo de&o .uy

*aratoM, in 0 i$ t e re(ister used in t e TL is $o./letely different'3. Practical realities: strategies used to translate cultural terms


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$onsiders t at t e strate(ies used *y a translator are s ills and /ro$edures t at /ro.ote t ea$+uisition and use of infor.ation, and .ay *e asso$iated *ot 0it t e /rodu$t t e translated te)t6,as 0ell as 0it t e /ro$ess of translation itself, 0 ose strate(ies are a set of loosely for.ulated6 rulesor /rin$i/les 0 i$ a translator uses to rea$ t e (oals deter.ined *y t e translatin( situation and

$an *e (lo*al or lo$al strate(ies@ (lo*al strate(ies refer to (eneral /rin$i/les and .odes of a$tion andlo$al strate(ies refer to s/e$ifi$ a$tivities in relation to t e translatorMs /ro*le.-solvin( and de$ision-.a in( JHHs elHinen 136' T e fifteen /ro$edures .entioned in t e /revious se$tion are, a$$ordin( to.any e)/erts, t e .ain translation strate(ies t at $ould *e used 0 en dealin( 0it /ro*le.s t atstudents $an fa$e in translatin( te)ts' 9alone !6, for e)a./le, indi$ates t at su$ strate(ies or/ro$edures 0ill serve eit er as tools for t e study of $o./leted translation t e analyti$ .ode6, or asel/.ates in t e a$t of translation t e o/erative .ode6 ' And JHHs elHinen

3.1. mpirical stud

T e follo0in( /a(es s o0 t e results of a study $arried out to analyse t e strate(ies t at 23 studentse./loyed 0 en translatin( $ultural ter.s fro. n(lis into S/anis and vi$e versa' Students 0ere int eir t ird year of a ro(ra..e in n(lis Studies at t e Universitat Jau.e I of CastellDn S/ain6,and t e $ourse t ey 0ere ta in( 0as -n/lish:4panish translation ,, 0 i$ fo$used on t e translationof literary te)ts6' All of t e. 0ere S/anis and t eir level of n(lis 0as $ertainly advan$ed' 9ost oft e. 8"'"W6 ad also stayed in t e U at least one a$ade.i$ ter. as ras.us students6, so one $anindeed assu.e t at t ey 0ere suffi$iently fa.iliar 0it t e $ultural ter.s used for t is study' T eanalysis fo$used on t e translation of fra(.ents of four literary te)ts t0o in S/anis and t0o inn(lis 6, all of t e. in$ludin( a lar(e nu.*er of $ultural ter.s' In ea$ of t e four fra(.ents, a total

of 4# $ultural ter.s 0ere sele$ted, 0 i$ are outlined *elo0@

T1'3he (ood o( (iction 0ritten *y A' Lan(6' In t is /oe. 11 $ultural ter.s 0ere identified@

16 f S$ottMs or Ains0ort Ms venison /asty

!6 Eeefstea /uddin(

"6 9ade *y But To $ eer To. in$

46 :a*riel arden

56 In Era$e*rid(e Gall

36 T e C rist.as roast

76 =ruits fro. t e :o*lin 9ar et :arden

86 Cu/s of tea 0ere ever *re0ed


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26 Li e Sairey :a./Ms-t e dear old sinnerX

1#6 Li e t at for S ortMs and CodlinMs dinnerX

116 To use t e =ot erin(ayMs o0n di$tion - endennis ate, t e love-si$ *oyX

T!' 3he Lon/est ourney novel *y '9' =orster6' Students ad to translate nine $ultural / rasessele$ted fro. t e fra(.ent@

16 Sa0ston S$ ool

!6 It 0as t en a tiny (ra..ar-s$ ool

"6 T e City Co./any 0 o (overned it

46 Innu.era*le residen$es, deta$ ed and se.i-deta$ ed

56 T e *is o/s, li e t e stars fro. a Bo.an $andle

36 It dro//ed t e /refi) :ra..ar

76 T e Co..er$ial S$ ool

86 It ad not t e (ra$ious anti+uity of ton or in$ ester, nor, on t e ot er and, ad it a $ons$ious/oli$y li e Lan$in(, ellin(ton

26 T e avera(e n(lis .an

T"' 8e )viva 4an Ferm6n* a ) obre de m6* narrative story *y =' r*iti a*al?a6, in 0 i$ 1# allusionsto fol lore 0ere $ osen@ 16 l $ u/ina?o del 3 de &ulio

!6 l ini$io de los sanfer.ines

"6 ntonando el o*re de .;M

46 Oe a ; +ue .u$ os /a./loneses, al rit.o de Uno de enero, dos de fe*rero'''M


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56 Casa Consistorial

36 Al /aso de la /ro$esiDn de San =er.;n, .ientras al( n t)istulari o &otero dedi$a al(una /ie?a alsanto

76 Sin . si$a no a*r;a sanfer.ines y sin 9anuel Turrillas al(uien tendr;a +ue inventarla de nuevo

86 n sanfer.ines ta.*iPn suenan el t)istu, la (aita, las fanfarres y .ultitud de (ru/os,

26 A$udir diaria.ente a la $orrida sin ser afi$ionado

1#6 Al(unos tras/asan la *arrera del des.adre /ara instalarse en la i.*e$ilidad $uando a(arran a lostoros en el en$ierro

T4' La romer6a s ort story 0ritten *y C'J' Cela, 0 o 0as a0arded t e 1282 No*el ri?e inLiterature6' T e fra(.ents students ad to translate in$luded t ese 1# $ultural ter.s@

16 La ro.er;a era .uy tradi$ional

!6 Ir todos &untos a .erendar

"6 Los /re/araron de do.in(o

46 Una revista taurina

56 Una /erra (orda

36 To.aron de /ri.er /lato fa*ada asturiana

76 Un tenderete de ros+uillas

86 ues estar;a *ueno

26 YCon esos *>r*arosX Ni a*lar Son todos una /artida de $afres

1#6 A lo e$ o, /e$ o@ a+uello ya no ten;a re.edio y, ade.>s, a *urro .uerto, $e*ada al ra*o

T e different /ro$edures des$ri*ed in se$tion !6 used *y t e students to translate t ese $ultural ter.s


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0ere analysed' f $ourse, translation /ro$edures and strate(ies 0ere e)/lained in detail ande)e./lified in advan$e in several le$tures of a t eoreti$al and /ra$ti$al nature'

3.2. esults

Table 1 s o0s t e results o*tained in t e translation of $ultural ter.s fro. n(lis into S/anis '

Procedure T1 T2 Total (%)

Adaptation 262 205 467 24.32%

Borrowing 233 117 350 18.23%

Calque 15 23 38 1.98%

Co pen!ation 2 21 23 1.20%

Co pre!!ion 9 41 50 2.60%

"e!#ription 271 152 423 22.03%

$qui alen#e 120 114 234 12.18%

$&pli#itation 67 79 146 7.60%

'enerali ation 4 1 5 0.26%

iteral tran!lation 54 64 118 6.14%

+odulation 0 14 14 0.73%

,arti#ulari ation 3 8 11 0.57%

-u !titution 0 0 0 0%

/ran!po!ition 16 25 41 2.13%

ariation 0 0 0 0%

Total 1056 864 1920 100%

a-le 1. -n/lish - 4panish translation o( cultural terms.

As $an *e noti$ed, students used t e /ro$edures of ada/tation !4'"!W6, des$ri/tion !!'#"W6 and *orro0in( 18'!"W6 .u$ .ore often t an t e rest' a$ of t ese t ree /ro$edures is illustrated in t efollo0in( translations@

a6 '''$u/s of tea 0ere ever *re0ed R ''' /re/ara*an $afPM'

*6 t e C rist.as roast R la $ena de Navidad t;/i$a en :ran EretaKaM'


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$6 ,t dropped the pre(i@ B>rammarB ''' R erdiD el /refi&o>rammar M'

In t e $ase of ada/tations, students ave o/ted for ter.s in t e TL 0 ose fun$tion is si.ilar to t at oft e SL ter., and ave ada/ted t e. to t e TC, as in a6 a*ove' In t e $ase of des$ri/tions, studentsso.eti.es /ara/ rased t e .eanin( of t e $ultural lin(uisti$ e)/ression, /ro*a*ly avin( in .ind to/rodu$e a TL te)t t at reads .ore fluently' 9ore t an alf of t e des$ri/tions used *y t e students,o0ever, 0ere in footnotes or translatorMs notes, as $an *e a//re$iated *elo0' =ootnotes $an indeedel/ readers to understand t e SC *ut, 0 en t e translation is s/rin led 0it .any footnotes, t e end/rodu$t .ay not a//eal to t e $o..on reader@

Note@ To. y But in$ son /ersona&es de la novela Martin +huzzle7it , es$rita /or C arles Oi$ ens'

Note on+ommercial 4chool @ 0it t e ai. of trainin( *oys for t e $ivil servi$e, t e ar.y, t e 0orld of$o..er$e and university'

As re(ards *orro0in(s, it is 0ort .entionin( t at in .ost $ases studentsM translations 0ere $ertainlyforei(ni?in(M enuti !4#6 and t e end /rodu$t did not see. natural and $o erent at all, as in t e

follo0in( translation@

l venison /asty, de S$ott o Ains0ort Z'''[ l bee(stea5 puddin/ e$ o /or But '

T eir $ oi$e $ould, o0ever, *e &ustified in so.e translations, as stated *y 9ayoral, 0 o ar(ues t at,de/endin( on t e ai. and t e /otential readers of t e translation, SL $ultural features $an *e/ri.arily /reserved due to stylisti$ reasons, 0 ereas transfor.in( and ada/tin( t e. to t e TC ai.sat o*tainin( a fluent dis$ourse and ensurin( easy reada*ility 886'

Students also .ade re$ourse, +uite often, to ot er t ree /ro$edures@ e+uivalen$e 1!'18W6,e)/lanation 7'3#W6 and literal translation 3'14W6' Si(nifi$ant e)a./les $ould *e@

a6 0ee(stea5 puddin/ R el le$ a?oM'

*6 ,t had not the /racious antiquity o( -ton or Cinchester nor on the other hand had it aconscious policy li5e Lancin/ Cellin/ton ''' R Sa0ston no ten;a la no*le anti(\edad de fa.osasinstitu$iones $o.o ton o in$ ester, ni, /or otra /arte, la orienta$iDn /ro(resiva de Lan$in(,

ellin(ton y otras institu$iones .odernasM'


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$6 4a7ston 4chool had been (ounded by ''' R S0aston S$ ool a*;a sido fundada /orM'''

Instan$es of $o./ression !'3#W6 0ere used, nor.ally, to o.it ele.ents t at 0ere /ro*le.ati$, i'e'not translatin( t e ter.@

,t 7as then a tiny /rammar:school ''' - ra enton$es un /e+ueKo $ole(ioM'''

T e use of $o./ensations 1'!#W6 and (enerali?ations #'!3W6 0as sur/risin(ly lo0' Gere is one oft e $ases of (eneralisation@

To use t e =ot erin(ayMs o0n di$tion R ara utili?ar la /ro/ia di$$iDn del lu(ar' Co./arin( *ot te)ts, it is 0ort notin( t e (reater a.ount of *orro0in(s and des$ri/tions used 0 en translatin( te)t 1, /ro*a*ly 0it t e intention of .aintainin( t e ty/i$al and /er a/s e)oti$na.es in t e $ase of *orro0in(s6, or to e)/lain Eritis dis es and all t e referen$es to Oi$ ensian$ ara$ters as 0ell as t e literary 0or s t at a//ear in t e /oe.'

Table 2. s o0s t e /ro$edures used to translate t e !# $ultural ter.s fro. S/anis into n(lis '

Procedure T3 T4 Total (%)

Adaptation 98 79 177 9.21%

Borrowing 403 318 721 37.55%

Calque 0 0 0 0%

Co pen!ation 0 14 14 0.72%

Co pre!!ion 87 46 133 6.92%

"e!#ription 226 320 546 28.43%

$qui alen#e 82 110 192 10%

$&pli#itation 46 26 72 3.75%

'enerali ation 15 8 23 1.19%

iteral tran!lation 3 24 27 1.4%

+odulation 0 1 1 0.05%

,arti#ulari ation 0 0 0 0%

-u !titution 0 0 0 0%


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/ran!po!ition 0 14 14 0.72%

ariation 0 0 0 0%

Total 960 960 1920 100%

a-le 2. 4panish - -n/lish translation o( cultural terms.T e /ro$edures 0it a i( er rate of use 0ere *orro0in(s "7'55W6 and des$ri/tions !8'4"W6, asillustrated in t e ne)t e)a./les@

a6 -l inicio de los san(ermines ''' R t e start of t e san(ermines '''M'

*6 La romer6a era muy tradicional R T e romer6a 0as very tradi$ionalM'

$6 -l chupinazo del D de ulio R T e chupinazo *urst of fire0or s6 of t e 3t JulyM'

d6 ''' los prepararon de domin/o R '''dressed t e. very smart as in their 4unday best M'

In so.e o$$asions, o0ever, none of t e t0o /ro$edures see.ed a//ro/riate@

a6 ''' ir todos untos a merendar '''R to (o all to(et er to merendar M'''

*6 compr9 el peri9dico de la tarde anterior y una revista taurina... R e *ou( t t e /reviousevenin(Ms ne0s/a/er and a *ull-fi( tin( .a(a?ine, 0 i$ is very ty/i$al for t ose 0 o li e *ullfi( tin(M'''

In t e first e)a./le, t e *orro0in( $ould /er a/s *e avoided, usin( so.e si.ilar ter. in n(lis , asa /i$ni$M, a .id-afternoon sna$ M or even so.et in( to eatM' T e sa.e $an *e said for t e des$ri/tion

or e)/li$itation in t e se$ond e)a./le, 0 i$ see.s totally unne$essary'

As in t e $ase of n(lis -S/anis translation, students 0ere also /rone to resort to e+uivalen$e 1#W6,ada/tation 7'!1W6, $o./ression 3'2!W6 and e)/li$itation "'75W6, as $an *e o*served *elo0@

a6 a lo hecho pechoE aquello ya no ten6a remedio y adem s a burro muerto cebada al rabo R itMsno use $ryin( over s/ilt .il @ t ere 0as not in( t ey $ould do a*out it and, *esides, itMs no (ood *ein( 0ise after t e eventM'

*6 '''asciende por encima de la +asa +onsistorial anunciando el inicio de la (iesta ''' R '''rises u/


18/24

over t e to0n all announ$in( t e start of t e feast'''M

$6 -n san(ermines tambi#n suenan el t@istu la /aita las (an(arres y multitud de /rupos ROurin( san(ermines you 0ill also ear ot er ty/es of .usi$ and a .ultitude of (rou/s of all ty/es and

+ualitiesM'

d6 '''se pas9 el resto de la maana apret ndole una perra /orda contra la picadura R s e 0as t erest of t e .ornin( /ressin( a /erra (orda , a $oin t at e)isted in S/ain in t ose days, on t e stin(M'None of t e students used t e /ro$edure of $al+ue, /arti$ularisation, su*stitution or variation, andonly one of t e students used .odulation@

3ambi#n nos cansamos los dem s y nos a/uantamos. ) ues estar6a bueno* R eMre (ettin( tired tooand 0eMre /uttin( u/ 0it it' T atMs not (ood M

A su..ary and $o./arison of t e /ro$edures follo0ed *y t e 23 students is /resented in =i(ure 1'T e *la$ $olu.ns indi$ate t e /ro$edures used 0 en translatin( fro. n(lis into S/anis and t e values s/e$ified in t e s ado0ed $olu.ns $orres/ond to t e ter.s translated into n(lis '

Fi/ure G. "verall results o( the procedures used.

T e fre+uent use of ada/tations in n(lis -S/anis translation6 and *orro0in(s in S/anis - n(listranslation6 is evident' In t e $ase of ada/tation, 0 i$ is /ro*a*ly t e strate(y t at su*verts t eori(inal .ore t an t e ot ers, t is i( use .ay *e due to learnersM (reater a0areness of t e SL$ulture, 0 i$ .a es it easier for t e. to find $ultural e+uivalents' In t e $ase of *orro0in(s, t e

reasons for /reservin( t e SC ter.s in t eir translations $ould *e t e diffi$ulties involved in *a$translation or translation into a forei(n lan(ua(e6F *ut 0e $an also /er$eive an atte./t to i( li( tt e $onventions of t e SC as different fro. t ose of t e TC, or even as so.e sort of .aintenan$e of t eSC and resistan$e a(ainst t e do.inant TC'

Besults also s o0 so.e /referen$e for des$ri/tions' It see.s t at, 0 en fa$in( $ulture-s/e$ifi$ ter.s,students do really no0 0 at t ey i./ly or denote, *ut $annot al0ays find an e+uivalent ter. in t eTL, so t ey tend to des$ri*e it' As re(ards e+uivalen$e, $o./ression, e)/li$itation and literaltranslation, t ere are no +uantitatively si(nifi$ant differen$es in t e strate(ies used for t e translationof te)ts into t e native lan(ua(e and for t e translation into t eir forei(n lan(ua(e' T e s.all
http://www.sic-journal.org/images/original/graf1_1356468403.jpg


19/24

/er$enta(e of use of t e ot er /ro$edures $al+ue, $o./ensation, (enerali?ation, .odulation,/arti$ulari?ation, su*stitution, trans/osition and variation6 $ould /er a/s *e e)/lained *y t e fa$tt at not all strate(ies $an *e e+ually a//lied to $ulture ter.s'

Still, it is i./ortant to /oint out t at t e use of t ese translation /ro$edures or strate(ies s ould not *e vie0ed in isolation, and t at t ey need to *e /ut into $onte)t' Also, one $annot $onsider so.e/ro$edures as *etter or .ore a//ro/riate t an ot ers, sin$e t eir use de/ends on t e ai. of t etranslation, t e translatorMs atte./t to su*vert or .aintain t e SC, t e /otential readers, t e $ulturaldistan$e *et0een t e SL and t e TL, et$'

=inally, t ou( it does not follo0 dire$tly fro. t e +uantitative results /resented in t e /revious/ara(ra/ s, referen$e s ould *e .ade to t e fa$t t at in .any instan$es t ere 0as not .u$$o eren$e in t e translation .et od used *y t e students' T ey translated several $ultural ter.savin( re$ourse, in t e sa.e te)t, to ada/tations or $ultural e+uivalents, as 0ell as *orro0in(s, t us$o.*inin( indis$ri.inately a forei(ni?in( and a do.esti$atin( a//roa$ ' In so.e ot er o$$asions,one $ould also dis$ern t at students see.ed to fo$us only on translation /ro*le.s t e $ultural ter.st at ad no e+uivalent in t e TL6, and not on t e te)t as a 0 ole and t e $o eren$e it s ould ave' 4. Conclusion

T e /resent /a/er as first .ade a +ui$ referen$e to so.e t eoreti$al as/e$ts $on$ernin( $ulturalter.s, .ainly to t e .ost i./ortant ty/olo(ies and $lassifi$ations /ro/osed, as 0ell as t e translation

/ro$edures or strate(ies t at $an *e used to translate t ese ter.s'

Oes/ite t e fa$t t at translators ave *een $arryin( out t eir tas for .ore t an t0o t ousand years,so.e s$ olars Santoyo, :ar$;a


20/24

*orro0in(s and $al+ues, for instan$e, are not really translation /ro$edures, 0 ile ot ers es/e$iallyada/tation6 are *eyond t e li.its of translation, or t at t ere is no $lear *oundary *et0een t e.'ro$edures ave also *een $riti$ised ar(uin( t at no0in( t e. is not useful for t e translator andt at studies on t e several ty/es of strate(ies or /ro$edures are .ere la*els used to desi(nate 0 at

translators do intuitively and 0 at t ey ave done for $enturies, *efore lin(uists (ave t ose/ro$edures a na.e elly 1556' Understandin( and no0in( 0 en to a//ly su$ /ro$edures, o0ever,$an *e very el/ful and .et odolo(i$ally useful for students Gurtado 4"-446'

T is /a/er as also s o0n t e results of an e./iri$al study, in 0 i$ 23 students translated $ulture- *ound literary te)ts, in order to find out t e /ro*le.s t ey fa$ed in translatin( 4# $ultural ter.s andt e strate(ies used to solve t e.' Translatin( $ulture-s/e$ifi$ $on$e/ts see.s indeed a very$ allen(in( tas and t e $ oi$e of $ertain strate(ies $an reveal eit er t e su*versiveness of t etranslator leadin( to a do.esti$ation of t e SL te)t in t e TC, translatin( in a fluent and invisi*lestyle so as to .ini.i?e t e forei(nness of t e te)t6, or t e resistan$e and .aintenan$e of t e SCleadin( to forei(ni?ation, .aintainin( t e do.inant $ultural values of t e SL and t e ideolo(i$aldo.inan$e of t e SC6' In t is study, results s o0 a $lear /referen$e for *orro0in(s, des$ri/tions andada/tations *ot in dire$t and *a$ translation6, so one $an say t at t is ty/ifies, to a (reater or lessere)tent, studentsM *ot su*version and /reservation of SC ele.ents'

In so.e o$$asions students s ould also try, /er a/s, to ave so.e freedo. 0 en translatin( t ese$ultural ele.ents, sin$e t eir .ain /ro*le.s 0ere *asi$ally t at t ey eit er 16 fo$used /ri.arily on

t e $ultural ele.ents and not on t e lan(ua(e and t e style of t e te)t, &ust tryin( to ada/tM t e SL$ulture to t e TL $ulture, or !6 t ey fo$used .ainly on lan(ua(e and style, /reservin( ele.ents of t eori(inal $ulture and not renderin( t e .essa(e a$$urately enuti !4#6' A *alan$e *et0eendo.esti$atin( and forei(ni?in( t e TL te)t 0ould *e t e .ost a//ro/riate, t ou( , in line 0it Levine, 0e $an say t at, to a $ertain e)tent, a translation .ust su*vert t e ori(inal $onsiderin( 0 at is lostand $an *e (ained in $rossin( t e lan(ua(e *arrier Levine 8"6'

f $ourse, t e results o*tained ere $annot *e e)tra/olated, sin$e t ey 0ould /ro*a*ly ave *eendifferent if 0e ad analysed a lar(er nu.*er of literary translations, a lar(er nu.*er of students, a(reater variety of te)ts, or even if .ore lan(ua(es and $ultures ad *een involved' It 0ould ave *eene+ually interestin( to $o./are studentsM translations 0it t e ones $arried out *y reno0nedtranslators, *ut t at $ertainly e)$eeds t e s$o/e of t is /a/er' e!erences

Ea er, 9ona' ,n other 7ords. A courseboo5 on translation ' London@ Boutled(e, 122!' rint'

Cerd> 9assD, Ba.Dn' 8iccionario de lin/ 6stica. 9adrid@ Anaya, 1283' rint'

C u+uet, GPlQne and 9i$ el aillard' Approche lin/uistique des problImes de la traductionE an/lais:


21/24

(ranJais ' aris@ / rys, 1287' rint'

=ern>nde? :uerra, Ana' Tradi$ionalis.o y tradu$$iDn@ a/orta$iones del /aradi(.a lin(\;sti$otradi$ional a la teor;a y /r>$ti$a de la tradu$$iDn' ,nsi/hts into 3ranslation ' d' Adolfo L' Soto

>?+ue?' La CoruKa@ Universidade da CoruKa, !##"' 112-15!' rint'

=ern>nde? :uerra, Ana' T e issue of un6translata*ility revisited@ t eoreti$al and /ra$ti$al/ers/e$tives' F"!1M 1#'! !#1!6@ "5-3#' rint'

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:ar$;a


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Larose, Bo*ert'3h#ories contemporaines de la traduction ' VuP*e$@ resses de lMUniversitP de VuP*e$,1282' rint'

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Loren?o, .ilio' Utru. lin(ua an lo+uentesX So*re las /resuntas dolen$ias y $aren$ias de nuestroidio.a6' 8iscurso de in/reso en la !A-. ublicaciones de la !A- , 1281' e*' 12 Nov !#1!'

L rs$ er, olf(an(' 3ranslation er(ormance 3ranslation rocess and 3ranslation 4trate/ies. A sycholin/uistic ,nvesti/ation ' T\*in(en@ Narr, 1221' rint'

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9olina 9art;ne?, Lu$;a' An>lisis des$ri/tivo de la tradu$$iDn de los $ulture.as >ra*e-es/aKol' Odiss' Universitat Aut^no.a de Ear$elona, !##1' rint'

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Santoyo, Julio CPsar' Tradu$$iDn de $ultura, tradu$$iDn de $ivili?a$iDn' -studis sobre la traducci D'd' A./aroGurtado Al*ir' CastellDn@ Universitat Jau.e I, 1224' 141-15!' rint'

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