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Transformation in Europe
1400-1800
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ObjectivesHow did exploration and the convergence of the old
and new world’s contribute to the rise of European power?
How did the migration of peoples affect different areas of the world politically, socially, and economically?
How did new ways of thinking challenge traditional authority and usher in the “Age of Revolutions?”
How did the governments of Europe change and affect conflict between the social classes?
How did mercantilism and capitalism drive the slave trade and create a new global interdependence and political tensions?
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Why Explore?With a partner address the following:
Define discoveryWhat are the benefits and costs of exploration?What are the top three reasons for exploration?Would you have decided to go explore?
Crash Course Video- 15th Century Maritime Explorers
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Exploration: Reasons to Explore
Benefits Gold, Glory, and God
Direct route to Asia for spices=direct access to goods=lmore profitable
Humanism and curiosity
European monarchs competed to find new routes, territory
Desire to spread Christianity
Rewards for explorers
Possible boom in economy=trade and jobs
Costs Getting lost, possible death
New technology not perfect
Weather
Unknown inhabitants
Disease and death
Communication nonexistent
Lack of food and resources
Political support and financing=risk and possible failure
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Comparing Ming China and Europe Ming China (1368-1644)
Disrupted by Mongols and plague
Eliminate signs of foreign rule Promotion of Confucian
learning Reestablish civil service exam Created highly centralized
gov’t Maritime venture
Important sailors and traders in region-Zheng He
Launched fleet in 1405 28 years of expeditions No intention of conquering
or establishing settlements Abruptly stopped in 1433
Waste of resources Lost gov’t support
Western Europe Cultural renewal and state building Independent and competitive states Renaissance traditions
Humanism Challenge to traditional ideas Curiosity Patrons finance endeavors
Maritime voyaging Portuguese begin c. 1415 1492-Columbus reaches Americas 1497-1498-Da Gama sails around Africa to
India Small compared to Chinese Unlike Chinese, Euro. seeking wealth,
converts, territory Violence to carve out empires Europe’s voyages escalate
No political authority to stop Competition Elite support and interested Europe needs resources, greater riches,
food production
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How does Spain and Portugal differ in their motives for exploring?
PortugalFirst to venture into I.O.
GOAL: trade monopoly of I.O. trade (Africa and Asia)=SPICES
Set up naval bases and trading forts along coast of Africa and IndiaHenry the Navigator-map
making, promoted explorationDias-1497 Cape of Good Hope
Colonized BrazilEast of Line of DemarcationSugar, tobacco, coffee,
cotton=slave trade
Spain Threes G’s
GOAL: Colonize and set up Spanish settlements, resources, exploitation Conquistadors: Cortes
conquers Aztecs (central Mexico) and Pizarro conquers Inca (Peru)
European guns, germs, and steel
Decimation of population Treaty of Tordesillas Animal hides, sugar, tobacco SILVER mining
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OutlineMigration of peoples:
Columbian Exchange Slave trade
Social changes: Protestant and
Catholic reformations Scientific Revolution Enlightenment
Political changes: State Development Absolutism vs.
Constitutionalism
Economic changes: Mercantilism and
capitalism Global trade Rise of the
bourgeoisie, joint stock, and stock exchanges
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Population Growth and Urbanization
Rapidly growing population due to Columbian Exchange Improved nutrition
Role of the potato (considered an aphrodisiac in 16th and 17th centuries)
Replaces bread as staple of dietBetter nutrition reduces susceptibility to plagueEpidemic disease becomes insignificant for overall
population decline by mid-17th century
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Population Growth in Europe
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Urbanization
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Cause and Effect
Question: What social and economic changes occurred due to Europe’s expansion around the globe?
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Mercantilism Extraction and shipment of gold and silver = money from New
World Old World
Precious metals from Andes and Mesoamerica=rising share of world’s supply of silver
England and others want to share in wealth of Spain and Port.
Failed to find much mining wealth BUT abundance of resources and fertile lands to cultivate tobacco, sugar cane, rice, indigo
New economic philosophy World’s wealth is fixed One country’s wealth could be increased at another’s expense Overseas possessions exist for the benefit of European “motherlands” Colonies closed to competitors Hobbes “Wealth is power and power is wealth”
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Early CapitalismPrivate parties offer goods and services on a
free market
Own means of production
Private initiative, not government control
Supply and demand determines prices
Banks, stock exchanges develop in early modern period
Joint-Stock Companies (English East India Company) Relationship with empire-building
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The BourgeoisieUrban bourgeoisie thrived on manufacturing,
finance, and trade
Netherland’s growth of Amsterdam was built on trade and finance and exemplifies power of 17th century bourgeoisie
Forged mutually beneficial relationships with the monarchs, built ethnic and family networks=facilitation of trade around the world
Partnerships between merchants and gov’t=joint stock companies
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Impact of Capitalism on Social Order
Rural life Improved access to manufactured goods Increasing opportunities in urban centers begins
depletion of the rural population
Inefficient institution of serfdom abandoned in western Europe, retained in Russia until 19th century
Nuclear families replace extended families
Gender changes as women enter income-earning work force
Exploitation of workers ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
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Capitalism and MoralityAdam Smith (1723-1790) argued that capitalism
would ultimately improve society as a whole
What do you think about this statement??
But major social change increases poverty in some sectorsRise in crimeWitch-hunting a possible consequence of capitalist
tensions and gender roles
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Old vs. New World Crops…
Read the article The Columbian Exchange
Purpose for reading:What is the Columbian exchange?What were the major consequences, both + and
--?How is this event a turning point in history?
Columbian Exchange Video
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Migration: Columbian Exchange
New era of interaction
Catastrophe and opportunity Disease Intercontinental exchange of plants and animals
Devastation of Amerindian Population Western hemisphere: 33-50 million 4.5 million (smallpox,
measles, whooping cough influenza, plague) Up to 90% of population dies
Benefits of Columbian exchange Exchange of food sources=facilitated pop. Growth Cassava, maize, white and sweet potato Africa, China, and
Europe Domesticated animals to the New World, Long run=increase world pop. More than 10x: 500 mill6 bill.
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Migration: The Slave Trade
Enforced migration, captives against their will
Africa contributed more immigrants to New World than did Europe
Trading in African slaves not new (Romans, Arabs and Saharan caravans, Eastern Africa Indian Ocean trade)
Europeans reoriented the trade routes of Africa to the Atlantic coast
Trade increased on the Western African coastal cities
Under 1000 1451-75 7500 per year in first ½ of 17th cent. 50,000 through the 18th and ½ of 19th cent. 10 million or more
Atlantic Slave Trade Video
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Triangular Trade1. European manufactured goods (especially firearms) sent to Africa
2. African slaves purchased and sent to Americas
3. Cash crops purchased in Americas and returned to Europe
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The Middle PassageAfrican slaves captured by raiding parties, force-
marched to holding pens at coast
Middle passage under horrific conditions4-6 weeksMortality initially high, often over 50%, eventually
declined to 5%
Total slave traffic, 15th-18th c.: 12 million
Approximately 4 million killed before arrival
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The Middle Passage
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African Exports Per Year
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Slave Destinations
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Regional DifferencesCaribbean, South America: African population
unable to maintain numbers through natural meansMalaria, yellow feverBrutal working conditions, sanitation, nutritionGender imbalance
Constant importation of slaves
North America: less disease, more normal sex ratioSlave families encouraged as prices rise in 18th
century
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Slaves and Economic Importance
Direct proportion to the expansion of the sugar plantation economy in Caribbean after 1650
France held richest, single sugar colony in Caribbean Haiti
Cheaper to work them to death and buy replacements
Fared “better” in North America
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Slaves and AfricaSlave trade influence rise and fall of individual states
in AfricaSlaves represent main forms of wealthSource of labor, a means for their owners to increase
wealthTrade in slaves means of further increase in wealth, for
the state or private owners
Africans active participants in slave trade
African business control trade up to water’s edge
Europeans lacked military strength, immunity, and knowledge of interior
New community of African-Portuguese traders born and had children
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Debate over full effect of slave trade on Africa:Dire economic consequences or small relative
to the total size of Africa’s population and internal economy
Lost opportunities for African development due to export of so many millions of strongest and most resilient men and women
Africa receives new crops maize staple foods and may actually have sustained population more than the export of slaves depleted it
Establishment of new African-American population in the western hemisphere
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Social ChangesReligious Reformation
Scientific Revolution
Enlightenment
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Religious Reformation1500 Catholic Church benefited from European prosperity
Selling INDULGENCES to build St. Peter’s basilica
German Monk, Martin Luther, challenges corruption of church salvation could only be achieved by FAITH alone
Writes and posts 95 THESES against sale of indulgences reproduced quickly with new printing technology
excommunicated by church in 1521
Actions paved way for other reformers and began the Protestant Reformation John Calvin Calvinism
Weakened churches authority and loss of followers to other branches of Christianity
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Martin Luther
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95 Theses
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Catholic Reformation
Roman Catholic church reactsRefining doctrine, missionary activities to Protestants,
attempt to renew spiritual activity
Council of Trent (1545-1563) periodic meetings to discuss reform
Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded by St. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)Rigorous religious and secular educationEffective missionaries
Series of religious wars ending in 1648
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Witch HuntsMost prominent in regions of tension between
Catholics and Protestants
Late 15th century development in belief in Devil and human assistants
16th-17th centuries approximately 110,000 people put on trial, some 60,000 put to deathVast majority females, usually single, widowedHeld accountable for crop failures, miscarriages, etc.
New England: 234 witches tried, 36 hung
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The Copernican UniverseReconception of the Universe
Reliance on 2nd-century Greek scholar Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria
Motionless earth inside nine concentric spheresChristians understand heaven as last sphere
Difficulty reconciling model with observed planetary movement
1543 Nicholas Copernicus of Poland breaks theoryNotion of moving Earth challenges Christian doctrineSuppressed by church
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Scientific RevolutionNew ideas spread by books among European
intellectuals
Johannes Kepler (Germany, 1571-1630) and Galileo (Italy, 1564-1642) reinforce Copernican model
Isaac Newton (1642-1727) revolutionizes study of physics
Did not believe their ideas were in conflict with religious belief
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Galileo Newton
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The Enlightenment "Common sense is the best distributed commodity in the
world, for every man is convinced that he is well supplied with it." –Descartes
“Reason is natural revelation." –John Locke
“In all ages of the world, priests have been enemies of liberty." –David Hume
“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in shackles.”- Rousseau
“Common sense is not so common.” –Voltaire
“It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong.”-Voltaire
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The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters
Francisco de Goya, 1797
“Creates a terrifying scene challenging a key tenet of the Enlightenment: that
human reason will produce progress.
Suggests when the mind’s defenses are down, as in
sleep, we are prey to internal monsters.”
(Spodek, Howard)
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Age of Reason, 18th century
Advances in science inspired European governments and individuals to question the reasonableness of accepted practices: laws, religions, social hierarchies
Social behavior governed by scientific laws and reason
Model for changing European society
Opposition from ABSOLUTE rulers and clergymen
Printing press was key to survival of movement and spread of new ideas
Influence the revolutions in the New World and then spread into Europe and South America
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THINKERS:John Locke (England, 1632-1704), Baron de
Montesquieu (France, 1689-1755) attempt to discover natural laws of politics
Center of Enlightenment: France, philosophers
Voltaire (1694-1778), caustic attacks on Roman Catholic church: écrasez l’infame, “erase the infamy”
Thomas Hobbes, Rousseau
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ActivityRead the handout and take notes on each of the
philosophers of the enlightenment.
Write a short reaction:
Compare 2
Do you agree or disagree with their ideas? Why or why not?
How do these ideas threaten the monarch’s absolute power? How could they contribute to rebellion?
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Political InnovationPolitical changes:
State DevelopmentAbsolutism vs. ConstitutionalismGlorious Revolution 1688
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16th Century Europe
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The Consolidation of Sovereign States
Emperor Charles V (r. 1519-1556) attempts to revive Holy Roman Empire as strong center of EuropeThrough marriage, political alliancesUltimately fails
Protestant Reformation provides cover for local princes to assert greater independence
Foreign opposition from France, Ottoman EmpireUnlike China, India, & Ottoman Empire, Europe
does not develop as single empire, rather individual states
Charles V abdicates to monastery in Spain
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New MonarchsItaly well-developed as economic power through
trade, manufacturing, finance
Yet England, France, and Spain surge ahead in 16th century, innovative new tax revenuesEngland: Henry VIII
Fines and fees for royal services; confiscated monastic holdings
France: Louis XI, Francis INew taxes on sales, salt trade
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Constitutional StatesEngland and Netherlands develop
institutions of popular representationEngland: constitutional monarchyNetherlands: republic
English Civil War, 1642-1649Begins with opposition to royal taxesReligious elements: Anglican church favors
complex ritual, complex church hierarchy, opposed by Calvinist Puritans
King Charles I and parliamentary armies clashKing loses, is beheaded in 1649
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Glorious Revolution:England
Puritans take over, becomes a dictatorship
Monarchy restored in 1660, fighting resumes
Resolution with bloodless coup called Glorious Revolution
King James II deposed, daughter Mary and husband William of Orange take throne, 1688Shared governance between crown and parliamentBill of Rights, 1689
Limited power of crownWilliam and Mary forced to sign
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Absolute MonarchiesTheory of Divine Right of Kings-monarchs have
derived their authority to rule directly from God
French absolutism designed by Cardinal Richelieu (under King Louis XIII, 1624-1642)Destroyed castles of nobles, crushed aristocratic
conspiraciesBuilt bureaucracy to bolster royal power base
Bourbon kings avoid Estates-General and develop absolutist style of gov’t
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Louis XIV (The “Sun King,” 1643-1715)
L’état, c’est moi: “The State – that’s me.”
Magnificent palace at Versailles, 1670s, becomes his courtLargest building in Europe1,400 fountains25,000 fully grown trees transplanted
Power centered in court, important nobles pressured to maintain presence
Symbol of opulence
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Louis XIV
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Versailles
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Versailles Gardens
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Hall of Mirrors
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Warfare and DiplomacyConstant warfare led to military revolution
Cannons, muskets, foot soldiers became commonArmies grew in size
Standing armies maintainsEngland standing navy
Developments in naval technologyWarships with four wheel cannons=easier reloadingEngland’s dominance over Spain in 1588
Continental EuropeFrance rises as new power
Russia’s emergence of as a powerFour powers of Europe France, Britain, Russia, and
Austria maintain balance of power for two centuries
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Europe in 1648