TRANSDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH IN HERITAGE AND ARCHEOLOGY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

Dr. Erika M. Robrahn-GonzálezHistorian, Master in Social Anthropology,

Dr. and Lecturer in Archeology University of Campinas, Brazil

DOCUMENTO Institute, São Paulo, Brazil

Regional/Thematic Symposium on Broadening the Application of the Sustainability Science Approach in support of the 2030 Agenda for

Sustainable Development: A Focus on regional Experiences and Inputs for the development of Sustainability Science Policy Guidelines

Kuala Lumpur - Malaysia, 19-21 December 2016

THE ARCHEOLOGICAL CONTEXT

ARCHEOLOGICAL DIVERSITY:

GEOGRAPHICAL EXTENSION

MULTICULTURAL HISTORY

PRECOLONIAL ARCHEOLOGY: THE OLDEST ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES ARE MORE THAN 25,000 YEARS OLD,

RELATED TO THE HISTORY OF NATIVE INDIGENOUS SOCIETIES

HISTORICAL ARCHEOLOGY: SETTLEMENTS AND MATERIAL CULTURE RELATED TO THE SLAVE CONTEXT,

COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL PROCESS

THE LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SOCIETIES

• NATIONAL SOCIETIES WERE FORMED THROUGH A DRASTIC

RUPTURE BETWEEN NATIVE INDIGENOUS CULTURE AND

THE EUROPEAN ELEMENT, IN THE 16th CENTURY

• MANY COMMUNITIES OFTEN DO NOT RECOGNIZE THEIR

TIES TO THE ARCHEOLOGICAL/HISTORICAL HERITAGE

• RECENT POLITICAL AND SOCIAL PROCESSES RESULTING IN A

MORE EFFECTIVE RECOGNITION OF THE ARCHEOLOGICAL

AND HISTORICAL/CULTURAL HERITAGE

• INDIGENOUS AND/OR TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES

CLAIM THEIR RIGHTS TO THE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND

PROTECTION OF THEIR TRADITIONAL TERRITORIES AND

CULTURAL HERITAGE

PUBLIC POLICIES IN CULTURAL AND

ARCHEOLOGICAL HERITAGE

Caribbean Countries A B

Antigua and Barbuda

Bahamas

Barbados

Cuba

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Grenada

Haiti

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago

St. Kitts and Nevis

Sta. Lucia

St. Vincent and Grenadines

Index CULTURAL HERITAGE FACTOR

A Present in the EIA

B Not Present or Other

Central and North America

South America

Caribbean

• EIA recommended by the World Bank since 1992;

• Of the 33 countries in the region, 24 include the preservation of Archeology and Cultural Heritage in the EIA reports as national regulation;

Continental Countries A B

Belize

Costa Rica

El Salvador

Guatemala

Honduras

México

Nicaragua

Panamá

Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Chile

Ecuador

Guyana

Paraguay

Peru

Suriname

Uruguay

Venezuela

Archeology Research in the Environmental Impact Assessment scope:

CULTURAL RISKS

- LACK OF IDENTITY OR SIGNIFICANCE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE FOR THE CURRENT AND FUTURE COMMUNITIES

- LACK OF INTEGRATION WITH GOVERNMENTAL PROGRAMS / CHANGES IN THE GOVERNMENT’S POLITICAL PRIORITIES

- RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES ARE TRADITIONALLY EXCLUDING, RESULTING IN THE TECHNICAL TREATMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL REMAINS AS “ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES”, WITH NO REFERENCE OR PARTICIPATION OF THE COMMUNITIES.

- CULTURAL HERITAGE TREATED IN A DISSOCIATED WAY FROM ENVIRONMENTAL HERITAGE

- LOW/ZERO RECOGNITION OF “SCIENCE OF COMMUNITIES” IN STUDIES AND ACTIONS OF SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVES AND CASE STUDIES IN SUSTAINABILITY

SCIENCE

- DEVELOPMENT OF AN APPLIED SCIENCE THAT ALLIES THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH WITH THE SYMMETRICAL INVOLVEMENT OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES, ESTABLISHING A COMPLEMENTARY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE AND TRADITION

- PERSPECTIVE OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPES, WHICH IS AIMED AT UNDERSTANDING THE PROCESSES OF HISTORICAL FORMATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF A SPECIFIC AREA AS CULTURAL LANDSCAPE, THAT IS, A PLACE WHERE DIFFERENT HUMAN SOCIETIES INTERACTED THROUGH THEIR KNOWLEDGE OR THROUGH THEIR “ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE”.

- PERSPECTIVE OF CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT, INTEGRATING CULTURAL HERITAGE TO ENVIRONMENTAL HERITAGE FOR SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES OF TERRITORY MANAGEMENT

- INTENSIVE USE OF TECHNOLOGY TO INCREASE THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE COMMUNITIES IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF KNOWLEDGE (E-SCIENCE).

SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVES AND CASE STUDIES IN SUSTAINABILITY

SCIENCE

The PIARA Project: community

archeology in Ancash, Peru

Wirikuta, the Wixáricasacred place: IndigenousCultural Heritage in Real

Catorze, Mexico

OUR CASE STUDIES

Strategic project design based on the following concepts:

• Cultural Environment• Community Archeology• Continuous Archeology• Resilience• Consilience

PARANATINGA 2

2 case studies classified as:

Projects with indigenous communities with the establishment of national protocols for research and preservation of traditional territories;

Projects of urban development in the context of Smart Cities

RIO DE JANEIRO PORT

CASE 1: RECOGNITION AND PROTECTION OF SACRED PLACES: XINGU INDIGENOUS GROUPS

www.oficinaxingu.ning.com

Archeological cartographySacred cartography Sangitsegu

Sangitsegu inha Taugi ísi,

sangitsegu apungu, ülepe

ihanügüha suü inha kuãtüngü

inha. Egitsa kitakoha ihatigi

tütelüko heke, tuetüingini

kugiheki, ülehinhe sogoko kilü

ugetiha utetani. Suü etu

ataniha nhatasate, sogoko

etimbelü ete agiponga,

takikotsi itsu, uã uã ogopijü

leha.

Akuakenügü ebege ihekeni

CASE 1: RECOGNITION AND PROTECTION OF SACRED PLACES: XINGU INDIGENOUS GROUPS

FIRST DECLARATION OF INDIGENOUS SACRED PLACES AS BRAZILIAN UNION HERITAGE

APPROACH OF THE BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT APPROACH OF A COMMUNITY ARCHEOLOGY PROJECT

• OBTAINING OF A FEDERAL RESEARCH

ORDINANCE

• ACCEPTANCE FROM THE COMMUNITY

• DEFINITION OF THE RESEARCH’S

GEOGRAPHICAL AREA

• DEFINITION OF AN AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE/ INTEREST AND

PERMISSION FOR ACCESS

• ACCOMPLISHMENT OF PROSPECTION AND

ARCHEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION ACTIVITIES

• DEFINITION OF THE FORMS OF INTERVENTION, INCLUDING

IMPOSSIBILITY OF EXCAVATING OR COLLECTING

• ACCOMPLISHMENT OF DOCUMENTARY

REGISTERS

• INCORPORATION OF OTHER MEANINGS, PERCEPTIONS, AND

FORMS OF REPRESENTATION OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE

• DEVELOPMENT OF ACTIVITIES FOR HERITAGE

EDUCATION

• INCLUSION OF NEW VIEWS OF THE PAST, PRESENT AND

FUTURE.

• PRODUCTION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

AND DISSEMINATION OF THE RESEARCH’S

RESULTS.

• APPROVAL BY THE COMMUNITY OF WHAT CAN BE MADE

PUBLIC (DATA AND IMAGES)

• DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROJECT CONTRIBUTING TO THE

CONTINUITIES AND DEVELOPMENTS AIMED AT SOCIO-

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

CASE 2: URBAN ARCHEOLOGY IN THE CONTEXT OF SMART CITIES

Examples of predictive models of underground archeological heritage.

Example of archeological excavation and reproductive structures. The

use of 3D modeling in the reconstitution of structures and evolutionary

scenarios for the formation of the cultural landscape.

Scientific researches focused on the history of slavery, with ample participation ofrepresentatives from the afro-descendant communities

CASE 2: URBAN ARCHEOLOGY IN THE CONTEXT OF SMART CITIES

Reconstitution of cultural landscapes using PredictiveModeling and Augmented

Reality Technology

Use of technology, information, and science to understand complex systems and establish

predictive models in the planning and managingof smart cities.

CASE 2: URBAN ARCHEOLOGY IN THE CONTEXT OF SMART CITIES

PRIORITIES, NEEDS, AND GAPS IN THE APPLICATION OF SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

Treatment of Cultural Heritage through the concept of CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT, creating an integrated treatment of landscapes and different ways of life that are related to each other, including archeological contexts

Integrate ancestral knowledge to scientific knowledge (concept of COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE) to establish sustainable models of territory management (promoting a MEETING OF SICENCES)

Development of every research project as a project of LEARNING AND EDUCATION

Elaboration of CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLANS aiming at the integration and the handling of cultural heritage included in the research programs after the scientists leave the area

Establishment of COLLABORATIVE GOVERNACE practices

COMPLEMENTARY RESEARCH: PUBLIC POLICIES IN CULTURAL AND

ARCHEOLOGICAL HERITAGE

North and Central Am.

Cultural Heritage Legislation Public Policy Singularity

Belize National Cultural Policy Draft 2014 Cultural Heritage Policy – Tangible and Intangible: Preservation, safeguarding and Promotion

Costa Rica Ley de Património Histórico Arquitectónico de Costa Rica

Distinction between historical architectural heritage and archeology in its Public Policy

El Salvador Ley Especial de Protección del Patrimonio Cultural de El Salvador –1993

National Cultural Heritage Policy: rescue, research, conservation protection, promotion, development, diffusion, and appreciation of the cultural heritage

Guatemala Ley para la Protección del Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación

Cultural Heritage Policy: Tangible and intangible Heritage including underwater heritage

Honduras Ley para la Protección del Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación

Public Policy towards immobile and mobile cultural heritage

México Ley Federal Sobre Monumentos y Zonas Arqueológicos, Artísticos e Históricos

Cultural Heritage Public Policy integrated to Cultural Tourism

Nicaragua Ley para la Protección del Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación

UNESCO Program: Cultural and Productive CreativeDevelopment in the Caribbean Coast

Panamá Medidas sobre custodia, conservación y administración del Patrimonio Histórico de la Nación

Culture Heritage Public Policy Focused on CommunityCultural Heritage and Intangible Heritage

Caribbean Countries Cultural Heritage Legislation Public Policy Singularity

Antigua and Barbuda The Cultural Heritage Protection Bill, 2016 Underwater Cultural Heritage Beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction

Bahamas Antiquities, Monuments and Museum (Underwater Cultural Heritage) Regulations 2012

Public Policy in underwater cultural heritage

Barbados Does not have a specific law to rule Cultural Heritage

The Barbados Museum advises the government in Cultural Heritage issues

Cuba Ley de Protección al Patrimonio Cultural 1976 Literature as Cultural Heritage and the Cultural Heritage ofthe Cuban Revolution

Dominica Does not have a specific law to rule Cultural Heritage

The National Cultural Policy of the Commonwealth of Dominica mentions Cultural Heritage (2017)

Dominican Republic Ley del Património Cultural de la Nación 1968 Cultural Heritage Policy linked to Sustainable and Social Tourism

Grenada Does not have a specific law to rule Cultural Heritage

The Grenada Cultural Foundation advises the government in Cultural Heritage issues

Haiti Loi Sur la Sauvegarde du Patrimoine National Haiti, 1943

The Ministry of Economy and Finance has a Project for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage and Support s the Development of the Tourism Sector

Jamaica Jamaica National Heritage Trust Act 1985 The National Heritage Trust advises government on Cultural Heirtage Policy issues

Trinidad and Tobago National Cultural Policy Cultural Heritage included in the National MulticulturalismFramework

St. Kitts and Nevis Does not have a specific law to rule Cultural Heritage

Is pursuing a legislation to protect the underwater cultural heritage

Sta. Lucia Does not have a specific law to rule Cultural Heritage

Saint Lucia National Trust is responsible for conserving cultural heritage

St. Vincent and Grenadines

Does not have a specific law to rule Cultural Heritage

The department of culture is responsible for promoting cultural heritage

SouthAmerica

Cultural Heritage Legislation Public Policy Singularity

Argentina Ley Nacional de Protección del Patrimonio Cultural The Ministry of Culture is responsible for the Cultural Heritage policies in Argentina

Bolivia Ley del Patrimonio Cultural Boliviano As a country of many nations, Bolivia has a Pluri-national Center for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage

Brazil Lei do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional, 1937

The National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage is responsible for developing the related policies

Colombia Ley General de Cultura, 2008 The Ministry of Culture has a policy for Managing, Safeguarding, and Protecting the Cultural Heritage

Chile Does not have a specific law for Cultural Heritage, has the National Monuments Act 1970

Cultural Heritage protection and valorization is a policy under the National Cultural Council

Ecuador Ley de Patrimonio Cultural, 1978 The Ministry of Knowledge and Human Talent is responsible for maintaining and restoring the Cultural Heritage

Guyana Does not have a specific law to rule Cultural Heritage

The National Trust of Guyana protects Cultural Heritage and advises the government in the issue

Paraguay Ley de Protección del Patrimonio Cultural, 2016 The National Cultural Secretariat is responsible for the protection of the Cultural Heritage

Peru Ley General del Patrimonio Cultural de La Nación The Culture Ministry has a Cultural Heritage Defense Front, that rewards citizens committed to protecting Cultural Heritage

Suriname Does not have a specific law to rule Cultural Heritage

Suriname is part of the Netherlands Mutual Cultural Heritage

Uruguay There is a project of a law for Cultural Heritage The National Commission for the National Cultural and Artistic Heritage is responsible for advising the government in related issues

Venezuela Ley de Proteccion y Defensa del Patrimonio Cultural, 1993

Venezuela´s Institute of Cultural Heritage is responsible for the country´s cultural public policy

THANK YOU FOR YOU ATTENTION

erika@documentocultural.net

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