Transactional Analysis- Anugrha

Transactional Analysis/NNRTransactional Analysis/NNR 11

TRANACTIONAL ANALYSIS

People can change. We all have a right to be in

the world and to be accepted.


ACTION

THOUGHTS

FEELINGS


In 1951 Dr Wilder Penfield's experiments concluded that

1.The human brain acts like a tape recorder, and whilst we may 'forget' experiences, the brain still has them recorded.2.Along with events the brain also records the associated feelings, and both feelings and events stay locked together.3.It is possible for a person to exist in two states simultaneously (because patients replaying hidden events and feelings could talk about them objectively at the same time).4.Hidden experiences when replayed are vivid, and affect how we feel at the time of replaying.5.There is a certain connection between mind and body, i.e. the link between the biological and the psychological, eg a psychological fear of spiders and a biological feeling of nausea


INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPINTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP

I I

OTHERSOTHERS

OPENOPENAREAAREA

DARKDARKAREAAREA

BLINDBLINDAREAAREA

HIDDEN HIDDEN AREAAREA

KNOWKNOW

DO NOTDO NOTKNOWKNOW

DO NOTDO NOTKNOWKNOW

KNOWKNOWJO HARI WINDOW

JO HARI WINDOW


Transactional AnalysisTransactional Analysis

• A model for explaining why and how:– People think like they do– People act like they do– People interact/

communicate with others


LIFE LIFE POSITIONSPOSITIONS

STRUCTURALSTRUCTURALANALYSISANALYSIS

STROKES

STROKESGAMESGAMES

TRANACTIONAL

TRANACTIONALANALYSISANALYSIS

BRAIN’S

BRAIN’S

FUNCTION

FUNCTION

BERNE’S THEORYBERNE’S THEORY


STRUCTURALSTRUCTURAL

ANALYSISANALYSIS

EGO STATESEGO STATES

Who am I? Why do I act the way I do? How did I get this way?


EGO STATESEGO STATES• Penfield study revealed the recording capacity

of the Brain.

• These recordings distinctly occur in 3 distinct parts.

Eric Berne termed them as ego states

1)Parent

2)Adult

3)Child


PARENT Ego state is our ingrained voice of authority, absorbed conditioning, learning and attitudes from when we were young.

We were conditioned by our real parents, teachers, older people, next door neighbors, aunts and uncles and Religious leaders.

Our Parent is made up of a huge number of hidden and overt recorded playbacks. Typically embodied by phrases and attitudes starting with 'how to', 'under no circumstances', 'always' and 'never forget', 'don't lie, cheat, steal', etc, etc.


Parent Ego State PortraitsParent Ego State Portraits Nurturing Parent Controlling Parent

Nurturing (Positive) (sympathetic, caring)

Nurturing Parent Spoiling (Negative) (Pampering) Structuring (Positive) (Norms building)

Controlling Parent Critical (Negative) (fault finding, judgmental)


Parent Ego StateParent Ego State• Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral

patterns based on messages or lessons learned from parents and other ‘parental’ or authoritarian sources

• Shoulds and should nots; oughts and ought nots; always and never

• Prejudicial views (not based on logic or facts) on things such as:

religion dress salespeopletraditions work productsmoney raising children companies


PARENT EGO STATE CAN BE IDENTIFIED IF WE OBSERVE

Physical - angry or impatient body-language and expressions, finger-pointing, patronizing gestures

Verbal - always, never, for once and for all, judgmental words, critical words, patronizing language


Only 7% of meaning is in the words spoken.

38% of meaning is paralinguistic (the way that the words are said).

55% is in facial expression.


Adult Ego StateAdult Ego State• Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral

patterns based on objective analysis of information (data, facts)

• Make decisions based on logic, computations, probabilities, etc. (not emotion)


Our 'Adult' is our ability to think and determine action for ourselves, based on received data.

The adult in us begins to form at around ten months old, and is the means by which we keep our Parent and Child under control.

If we are to change our Parent or Child we must do so through our adult.


ADULT can be understood if one observes

Physical - attentive, interested, straight-forward, tilted head, non-threatening and non-threatened.

Verbal - why, what, how, who, where and when, how much, in what way, comparative expressions, reasoned statements, true, false, probably, possibly, I think, I realize, I see, I believe, in my opinion.


Child Ego StateChild Ego State

• Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral

patterns based on child-like emotions,

impulses, feelings we have experienced

during childhood

• Child-like examples

ImpulsiveSelf-centeredAngryFearful

HappyPleasure seekingRebelliousCuriousEager to please


Our internal reaction and feelings to external events form the 'Child'.

This is the seeing, hearing, feeling, and emotional body of data within each of us.

When anger or despair dominates reason, the Child is in control. Like our Parent we can change it, but it is no easier.


Child Ego PortraitsChild Ego Portraits

Natural ChildNatural Child

Spontaneous(Positive)

Immature (Negative)

Adapted ChildAdapted Child Cooperative (Positive)

Rebellious (Negative)


CHILD ego states can be understood if one observes Physical - emotionally sad expressions, despair, temper tantrums, whining voice, rolling eyes, shrugging shoulders, teasing, delight, laughter, speaking behind hand, raising hand to speak, squirming and giggling.Verbal - baby talk, I wish, I don’t Know, I want, I don't care, oh no, not again, things never go right for me, worst day of my life, bigger, biggest, best, many superlatives, words to impress


Ego PortraitsEgo Portraits• People have favorite,

preferred ego state, depicted by larger circle in a diagram

P

A

C

P

A

C

P

A

C

PARENTPARENT ADULTADULT CHILDCHILD


Simply Ego states can be said as

Parent is our 'Taught' concept of life

Adult is our 'Thought' concept of life

Child is our 'Felt' concept of life


A college student discussing her roommate says: " She's a foolish, irresponsible, silly girl [CP], who needs me to smooth the way for her, so I go out of my way to help her [NP].Sometimes I wonder if that's a good idea [A], but I want to be a helpful person like mother taught me to be [AC] even though I feel like telling her to leave me alone [FC]."


EGOGRAM


An egogram is an analysis of ego states.

This was created by John M. Dusay

Egogram is a diagram drawn intuitively and based on our perception (or that of an outside person) of how we function from our different ego- states or parts of our personality.


TRANSACTIONAL

TRANSACTIONAL

ANALYSISANALYSIS


Human Interaction AnalysisHuman Interaction Analysis• A transaction = any interaction or

communication between 2 people

• People send and receive messages out of and into their different ego states

• How people say something (what others hear?) just as important as what is said


Intonations: It’s the Way You Say It!Intonations: It’s the Way You Say It!

Placement of the emphasis

Why don’t I take you to dinner tonight?



WhyWhy don’t I take you to dinner tonight?


Why don’t I take you to dinnerdinner tonight?

Why don’t I take you to dinner tonighttonight?

What it means

I was going to take someone else.

Instead of the guy you were going with.

I’m trying to find a reason why I shouldn’t take you.

Do you have a problem with me?

Instead of going on your own.

Instead of lunch tomorrow.

Not tomorrow night.


Types of communication, Types of communication, interactionsinteractions

ERIC BERNE divided communication into three

1)Complementary

2) Crossed

3) Ulterior


Complementary ‘Transactions’Complementary ‘Transactions’

• Interactions, responses, actions regarded as appropriate and expected from another person.• Parallel communication arrows, communication continues.

Example 1:

#1 What time do you have?

#2 I’ve got 11:15.

PP

AA

CC cc

AA

P


Complementary ‘Transactions’ Complementary ‘Transactions’ cont’dcont’d

#1 You’re late again!

#2 I’m sorry. It won’t happen again.

PP

AA

CC

PP

AA

CC

Example


Crossed ‘Transactions’Crossed ‘Transactions’• Interactions, responses, actions NOT regarded as appropriate

or expected from another person.• Crossed communication arrows, communication breakdown.

Example 1 #1 What time do you have?#2 There’s a clock on the wall, why don’t you

figure it out yourself?

PP

AA

CC

PP

AA

CC


Crossed ‘Transactions’ cont’dCrossed ‘Transactions’ cont’d

Example 2 #1 You must come in time #2 I know, you need not tell.

PP

AA

CC

PP

AA

CC


Ulterior ‘Transactions’Ulterior ‘Transactions’• Interactions, responses, actions which are

different from those explicitly stated

ExampleExample

#1#1 How about coming up to my How about coming up to my room and listening to some music?room and listening to some music?

PP

AA

CC

PP

AA

CC


Ulterior ‘Transactions’ contdUlterior ‘Transactions’ contd……

PP

AA

CC

PP

AA

CC

• Car salesman says to his customer, "This is our finest sports car, but it may be too racy for you," he is sending a message that can be heard by either the customers Adult or Child ego state

Any smiling response to a person's misfortunes may serve as a gallows transaction.when a teacher acts amused at a pupil's "stupid behavior.“when a mother laughs at her accident-prone three-year-old.when a father beams over the risks that his son takes.


Any time one person recognizes another with a smile, a nod, a frown, a verbal greeting, etc., this recognition, in TA language, is called a stroke.Two or more strokes make a transaction.


Claude Steiner lists five restrictive rules regarding stroking with which many children are taught, and suggests that following one or more of these rules results in what he calls a loveless script.

1. Don't give strokes if you have them to give.2. Don't ask for strokes when you need or want them.3. Don't accept strokes even if you want them.4. Don't reject strokes when you do not want them, even if you do not like them.5. Don't give yourself strokes.

Unfortunately, most people follow some or all of these rules and so remain at least a little stroke-deprived.


•give strokes when we have them to give•ask for strokes when we want them•accept strokes if we want them•reject manipulative strokes•give ourselves positive strokes


1 positive stroke -- "Hi!"10 positive strokes -- "Hi, Vishnu!"50 positive strokes -- "You're doing great!"100 positive strokes -- "I love you!" delivered with a warm smile and a soft touch.

1 negative stroke -- " Hi," in a disinterested tone

10 negative strokes -- "I don't like what you just did."50 negative strokes -- "That's terrible! Don't do that!"

100 negative strokes -- An angry " Go away!"200 negative strokes -- "You're just like your father!" Slap!

1000 negative strokes -- A beating with unintelligible anger.


STROKESSTROKES

POSITIVEPOSITIVE NEGATIVENEGATIVE PLASTICPLASTIC

Golden StampGolden Stamp Black StampBlack Stamp Blank stampBlank stamp

ParallelParallel CrossedCrossed UlteriorUlterior


LIFE POSITIONS


Four basic life positions are 1 "'I am ok, you are ok," which is short for "I am ok with myself and with you too." 2 "I am ok, you are not ok," short for "I am ok, but I can't rely on or trust you. I feel there is something wrong with other people around me."3 "I am not ok, you are ok," short for "There is something fundamentally wrong with me, but everybody else is ok." 4 "I am not ok, you are not ok," short for "There is something fundamentally wrong with me and other people are unreliable, untrustworthy, wrong in some way too."


I am not ok, you are ok(Therefore the best I can do is to get away from others or hide myself)DEPRESSIVE POSITION

I am ok, you are ok(Therefore you and me can get on with being open with each other)GOOD LIFE POSITION

I am not ok,you are not ok(Therefore there is no hope. I can never be ok nor could you give me what I need)FUTILE POSITION

I am ok, you are not ok(Therefore I best get rid of you to be ok)

PARANOID POSITION

"The OK Corral" by Franklin Ernst


A game is a series of transactions that is complementary (reciprocal), ulterior, and proceeds towards a predictable outcome. Games are often characterized by a switch in roles of players towards the end. Games are usually played by Parent, Adult, and Child ego states, and games usually have a fixed number of players; however, an individual's role can shift, and people can play multiple roles

Transactional Analysis- Anugrha

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