Transactional Analysis

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Transactional Analysis How We Spend Our Time

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Transactional Analysis. How We Spend Our Time. Transactional Analysis. A model for explaining why and how: People think like they do People act like they do People interact/communicate with others Based on published ‘psychological’ work such as: Games People Play (Dr. Eric Berne) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Transactional Analysis

Page 1: Transactional Analysis

Transactional Analysis

How We Spend Our Time

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Transactional Analysis

A model for explaining why and how:People think like they doPeople act like they doPeople interact/communicate with others

Based on published ‘psychological’ work such as:Games People Play (Dr. Eric Berne)I’m OK - - You’re OK (Dr. Tom Harris)Born to Win (Dr. Dorothy Jongeward)

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Our Brain (according to Berne)

Determines what we think and how we act Acts like a tape recorder while recording

Events Associated feelings

Has 3 distinct parts or ego states Parent Adult Child

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Transactional Analysis Eric Berne was born in 1910 in Montreal, Canada. His father was a doctor & his mother was an editor.

His father died at age 38, when Eric was 9

Earned an MD in 1935 from McGill Univ

Became a US citizen and served in Utah during WWII, practicing group therapy

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Transactional Analysis Was denied membership in the Psychoanalytic Institute

in 1956

This brought about his rejection of psychoanalysis and was a turning point in his life

Wrote the book Games People Play

Died of a heart attack in 1970 at the age of 60

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Transactional Analysis Four methods of understanding & predicting human

behavior

Structural analysis – within the person

Transactional analysis – 2 or more people

Game analysis – understanding transactions that lead to bad feelings

Script analysis – understand a person’s life plan

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Transactional Analysis

Structural analysis – Natural child – spontaneous, impulsive, feeling

oriented, self-centered & pleasure loving

Adaptive child – compliant, conforms to the wishes & demands of parental figures

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Transactional Analysis

Transactional Analysis or TA is a way of understanding

… and changing human behavior

… why communication fails and how it can be corrected.

… one to one relationships

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Transactional Analysis

TA Ego States or Personality Aspects

Parent Adult Child

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Parent… learned to act and feel much as those that raised us.Parent

Prejudiced/Critical Parent…

follows rules, accepts slogans, holds opinions without thinking first of facts.

Nurturing Parent…

Supportive and protective toward others, offers help and guidance.

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Clues to Someone in Their Parent

… a frown or stern look.… tone of voice.… pointing of the index finger.… arms folded as to say “what are you doing?”… uses phrases like; “you should,” “you ought to,” “that is

right!”… words such as; sympathizing, punishing. moralizing,

judging, giving orders, criticizing.

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Recognizing the Parent State

A person in a NP stated is likely Use words such as well-done, good, gentle, caring,

don't worry Use a loving, caring, comforting or concerned tone of

voice Use open, encouraging gestures, smiling, leaning

forward, nodding of head Have a caring, understanding attitude

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Recognizing the Parent State

A person in CP state may: Use words , such as bad, should, ought, must,

always, ridiculous, unacceptable Use a patronizing, critical or disapproving tone of

voice Use aggressive gestures Come across as judgmental, authoritarian Be intimidating or controlling

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Child… what we were when we were young.Child

Free Child…

Open to life, spontaneous, filled with the sense of wonder and delight, self centered, aggressive, rebellious, does not consider the consequences of feeling or actions.

Adapted Child…

Polite, sociable, recognizes the rights of others,adapts behavior to suit them, can resent the rights/demands of others, complies grudgingly, feels unsure about themselves, procrastinates .

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Clues to Someone in Their Child

… smiling, laughing, having fun.… tone of voice.… crying, having tantrums, getting into trouble.… childlike facial expressions.… uses words/phrases like; “Wow!,” “Gosh!,” “I wish,” “I

feel.”

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Recognizing the Child State

A person in a free child state Use words as wow, great, ouch, want Talk loudly, energetically, free of constraint Use spontaneous gestures and expressions Be curious, fun-loving, changeable

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Recognizing the Child State

A person in adapted child may

Use words such as can’t, try, hope, please, perhaps, wish

Sound sulky whinny, placating

Come across as innocent, helpless, sad, scared

Act in a defiant, ashamed or compliant way

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Adult… looks at the facts and reasons out the answer - the computer ins us.Adult

… figures things out logically.

… takes responsibility for thoughts, feeling and actions.

… solves problems and makes decisions.

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Clues to Someone in Their Adult

… straight forward facial expression.… active listener, eyes blink every 3 to 5 seconds showing

attention.… speaks of probabilities.… uses phrases like; “In my opinion,” “Based on what I

have observed,” “So far the facts seem to indicate.”

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Recognizing the Adult State

A person in as Adult Sated is likely to Speak in an even voice Have an erect posture and use open gestures Be alert and thoughtful about a problem they are

facing Clarify the situation by careful questioning Hypothesize and process information Use words like correct, how, what, why, practical,

quality

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People generally exhibit all three Ego states. All three Ego states are necessary to healthy personality

People can change the frequency of which They use one ego state by concentrating Or developing another

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Ego Portraits People have favorite, preferred ego state, depicted by

larger circle in a diagram

Parent Adult Child

P

A

C

P

A

C

P

A

C

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Human Interaction Analysis A transaction = any interaction or communication between 2

people

People send and receive messages out of and into their different ego states

How people say something (what others hear?) just as important as what is said

Types of communication, interactions1) Complementary2) Crossed3) Ulterior

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Complementary ‘Transactions’ Interactions, responses, actions regarded as

appropriate and expected from another person. Parallel communication arrows, communication

continues.

Example 1: #1 What time do you have?

#2 I’ve got 11:15.

P

A

C

P

A

C

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Complementary ‘Transactions’ cont’d

Example 2:

P

A

C

P

A

C

#1 You’re late again!

#2 I’m sorry. It won’t happen again.

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Crossed ‘Transactions’ Interactions, responses, actions NOT regarded as appropriate or

expected from another person. Crossed communication arrows, communication breakdown.

Example 1 #1 What is the time ?

#2 There’s a clock on the wall, why don’t you figure it out yourself?

P

A

C

P

A

C

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Crossed ‘Transactions’ cont’d

Example 2 #1 You’re late again!

#2 Yeah, I know, I had a flat tire.

P

A

C

P

A

C

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Ulterior ‘Transactions’ Interactions, responses, actions which are different from

those explicitly stated

Example #1 How about coming up to my room and

listening to some music?

P

A

C

P

A

C

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Life Positions

are attitudes which people adoptand act out concerning their self-worth and the value of others

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Life Positions

I’m OK, you’re OK

I’m not OK, you’re OK

I’m OK, you’re not OK

I’m not OK, you’re not OK

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I’m not OK, you’re OK

Submit to, concede You have a low opinion of your own

value and poor self esteem; lack self confidence and expect things to go wrong A negative outlook tends to lead to a self fulfilling prophesy and you often lose out in situations

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I’m OK, you’re not OK

Compete, aggression You will tend to be

competitive. You may not cope well with failure, look down at others, blame other people and see them as cause of your failure

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I’m not OK, you’re not OK

Avoid Life may seem to be futile and that

nothing can be done to improve things. A life of rejecting and feeling rejected

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I’m OK, you’re OK

Cooperate, share

You believe in yourself and

others, are trusting and tend to

get on with life

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Transactional Analysis- Script analysis

Script analysis – everyone develops a life script by age 5 & these scripts determine how one interacts with others based upon the interpretation of external events

A negative life script occurs when the person receives lots of injunctions by the parents that used the word DON’T

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Common negative life scripts: Never – one never gets to do what one wants

Until – one must wait until a certain time or until something is done to be able to do something they want to do

Always – one must continue to do what one has always done

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After – a difficulty is expected after a certain event

Open-ended – one does not know what to do after a given time

Mini-scripts: Hurry up! Try harder! Be perfect! Be strong! Please someone! These drivers allow for temporary escape from life scripts

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Driver Styles or Commands

These are script messages which we have received from our parents when we were very young and which help to form our life script and OK positions

Drivers induce us to act in a particular way

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The 5 Drivers are

Be Prefect – if a job’s worth doing, it’s worth doing well

Please (others) –be nice to everyone, guess what they want you to do and then do it

Try hard – try at something rather than focus energy on its completion

Be strong – I can cope, leave it to me Hurry up

Every time we act out a dominant driver we are responding in the adapted child ego state to an internal voice which is in parent mode.

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Changing Life Script

The main aim of TA is to get an individual in a position of ‘autonomy’

Becoming aware of your life stance Adopting a more positive view of yourself and

other Recognizing that you can alter the way you

behave Recognizing that you and you alone control your

life and destiny

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Strokes

Stroking is an act of recognition for another.

Everyone has to have strokes (affection, recognition and praise).

Strokes may be positive, negative and mixed Conditional and unconditional

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Giving and receiving strokes Don’t be insincere

Accept strokes positively from other people

Make a conscious effort to give strokes to other people

Try to recognize other people’s reaction to strokes and the frequency/kind they appear to appreciate

Ask for strokes when you feel you need them

Give yourself strokes when you feel you deserve/need them

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Games

Games are a set of transactions that have surface logic but hidden meaning and attempt to draw in an unsuspecting participant.

An outcome of games is always a win-lose propositions

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Transactional Analysis- Game analysis

Game analysis - ulteriorly motivated transactions that appear complimentary on the surface but end in bad feelings:

1st Degree games – minor upset, played socially end up with minor discomfort

2nd Degree games – more intimate end up w/bad feelings

3rd Degree games - usually involve physical injury

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Transactional Analysis

Very few games have a positive or neutral outcome

In these games, people play one of three positions:

Victim Persecutor Rescuerhttp://www.ericberne.com/Games_People_Play.htm

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(T.A.) Games

Crooked or covert exchanges of strokes

Regularly repeated interactions with ulterior motives

Often the players of these games are not conscious they are doing this

But sometimes they are!

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(T.A.) Games

An example of a game

Wooden leg:I’d be able to get a job, if only I didn’t

have this wooden leg (or other disability, or long term unemployment or this stupid federal government, or whatever)

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Group Exercise

You have a friend who uses the wooden leg excuse. In their case it is depression.

How are you going to address this issue with them?

What steps are you going to take to stop playing the game?

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(T.A.) Games

An example of games

“I’m only trying to help you!”

“What would you do without me?”

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(T.A.) Games

A good example of a game that we are all familiar with is:

‘Why don’t you/Yes but…’

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‘Why don’t you/Yes but…’

Friend says: ‘I want to work as a waiter but no one will give me a go.’

You say: ‘Why don’t we ring a few restaurants to see whether they are hiring at the moment.’

Friend says: ‘Yes, but my old collegue rang all the restaurants in town a few months ago and nobody was interested.’

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Group Discussion

You have a friend who plays the ‘yes but’ game all the time.

How are you going to address this issue with them? What steps are you going to take to stop playing the

game?

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‘Why don’t you/Yes but…’

How to stop the game Stop making suggestions!

Review how your sessions with friend progress. Need to change format?

Remember, within reason, some approaches are worth giving a second – or third - go

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TA: How to use it

Be aware of your own ego state as well as the other’s

Try and stay in the Adult state

Be aware of any Games being played

If a Game is being played, find a fresh approach that seeks to engage the Adult in the client

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T.A. Final Thoughts

Be aware of your own language/posture

Keep discussions result focussed

Beware going into Parent mode

Some attempts at rapport building may become parent-child interactions if you are being unconsciously patronising

Stick to the agreed Job Search Plan as much as you can

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Thank you