An Analysis of Transformational, Transactional and Laissez ...
Transactional An
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Transactional Analysis
Prof. Shailja Bhakar
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Transactional Analysis
A model for explaining why and how:
People think like they do
People act like they do
People interact/communicate with others Based on published psychological work such as:
Games People Play(Dr. Eric Berne)
Im OK- - Youre OK(Dr. Tom Harris)
Born to Win (Dr. Dorothy Jongeward)
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Our Brain (according to Berne)
Determines what we think and how we act
Acts like a tape recorder while recording
1) Events
2) Associated feelings
Has 3 distinct parts or ego states
1) Parent2) Adult
3) Child
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Parent Ego State
Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral patterns based onmessages or lessons learned from parents and otherparental or authoritarian sources
Shoulds and should nots; oughts and ought nots; always and
never Prejudicial views (not based on logic or facts) on things such
as:
religion dress salespeople
traditions work products
money raising children companies Nurturing views (sympathetic, caring views)
Critical views (fault finding, judgmental, condescending views)
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Adult Ego State
Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral
patterns based on objective analysis of
information (data, facts)
Make decisions based on logic, computations,
probabilities, etc. (not emotion)
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Child Ego State
Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioralpatterns based on child-like emotions,
impulses, feelings we have experienced Child-like examples
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Impulsive
Self-centeredAngry
Fearful
Happy
Pleasure seekingRebellious
Happy
Curious
Eager to please
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Ego Portraits
People have favorite, preferred ego state,
depicted by larger circle in a diagram
Parent Adult Child
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Human Interaction Analysis
A transaction = any interaction or communicationbetween 2 people
People send and receive messages out of and intotheir different ego states
How people say something (what others hear?) justas important as what is said
Types of communication, interactions
1) Complementary
2) Crossed
3) Ulterior
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Types of communication,
interactions Complementary both people are operatingfrom the same ego state
Crossed the other person reacts from an
unexpected ego state Ulterior two ego states within the same
person but one disguises the other
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Complementary Transactions
Interactions, responses, actions regarded as appropriate and
expected from another person.
Parallel communication arrows, communication continues.
Example 1: #1 How much time do you have?#2 Ive got half an hour.
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Complementary Transactions contd
Example 2:
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#1 Youre late again!
#2 Im sorry. It wont
happen again.
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Crossed Transactions
Interactions, responses, actions NOT regarded as appropriate or expected
from another person.
Crossed communication arrows, communication breakdown.
Example 1 #1 What time is it now?
#2 Theres a clock on the wall, why dont you
figure it out yourself?
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Crossed Transactions contd
Example 2 #1 Youre late again!
#2 Yeah, I know, I had a flat tire.
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Ulterior Transactions
Interactions, responses, actions which are
different from those explicitly stated
Example #1 How about coming up to my room and
listening to some music?
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Four basic life scripts:
Im OK, youre OK ideal
Im OK, youre not OK get away from me
Im not OK, youre OK Ill never getanywhere
Im not OK, youre not OK get rid of each
other
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The Johari Window
The Johari Window is a communication
model that can be used to improve
understanding between individuals. Developed by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham
(the word Johari comes from Joseph Luft
and Harry Ingham).
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Two key ideas behind the tool:
Individuals can build trust between
themselves by disclosing information about
themselves.
They can learn about themselves and come to
terms with personal issues with the help of
feedback from others.
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Using the Johari model, each person is
represented by their own four-quadrant, or
four-pane, window. Each of these contains
and represents personal information -feelings, motivation - about the person, and
shows whether the information is known or
not known by themselves or other people.
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The four quadrants are:
Quadrant 1: Open Area
What is known by the person about
him/herself and is also known by others.
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Quadrant 2: Blind Area, or "Blind Spot"
What is unknown by the person about
him/herself but which others know. This can
be simple information, or can involve deep
issues (for example, feelings of inadequacy,
incompetence, unworthiness, rejection) which
are difficult for individuals to face directly, and
yet can be seen by others.
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Quadrant 3: Hidden or Avoided Area
What the person knows about
him/herself that others do not.
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Quadrant 4: Unknown Area
What is unknown by the person about
him/herself and is also unknown by
others.
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Key Points: In most cases, the aim in groups should be to develop the
Open Area for every person.
Working in this area with others usually allows for enhancedindividual and team effectiveness and productivity. The OpenArea is the space where good communications and
cooperation occur, free from confusion, conflict andmisunderstanding.
Self-disclosure is the process by which people expand theOpen Area vertically. Feedback is the process by which people
expand this area horizontally.
By encouraging healthy self-disclosure and sensitive feedback,you can build a stronger and more effective team.