Transactional An

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    Transactional Analysis

    Prof. Shailja Bhakar

    Prof. Shailja Bhakar 1

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    Transactional Analysis

    A model for explaining why and how:

    People think like they do

    People act like they do

    People interact/communicate with others Based on published psychological work such as:

    Games People Play(Dr. Eric Berne)

    Im OK- - Youre OK(Dr. Tom Harris)

    Born to Win (Dr. Dorothy Jongeward)

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    Our Brain (according to Berne)

    Determines what we think and how we act

    Acts like a tape recorder while recording

    1) Events

    2) Associated feelings

    Has 3 distinct parts or ego states

    1) Parent2) Adult

    3) Child

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    Parent Ego State

    Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral patterns based onmessages or lessons learned from parents and otherparental or authoritarian sources

    Shoulds and should nots; oughts and ought nots; always and

    never Prejudicial views (not based on logic or facts) on things such

    as:

    religion dress salespeople

    traditions work products

    money raising children companies Nurturing views (sympathetic, caring views)

    Critical views (fault finding, judgmental, condescending views)

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    Adult Ego State

    Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral

    patterns based on objective analysis of

    information (data, facts)

    Make decisions based on logic, computations,

    probabilities, etc. (not emotion)

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    Child Ego State

    Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioralpatterns based on child-like emotions,

    impulses, feelings we have experienced Child-like examples

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    Impulsive

    Self-centeredAngry

    Fearful

    Happy

    Pleasure seekingRebellious

    Happy

    Curious

    Eager to please

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    Ego Portraits

    People have favorite, preferred ego state,

    depicted by larger circle in a diagram

    Parent Adult Child

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    Human Interaction Analysis

    A transaction = any interaction or communicationbetween 2 people

    People send and receive messages out of and intotheir different ego states

    How people say something (what others hear?) justas important as what is said

    Types of communication, interactions

    1) Complementary

    2) Crossed

    3) Ulterior

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    Types of communication,

    interactions Complementary both people are operatingfrom the same ego state

    Crossed the other person reacts from an

    unexpected ego state Ulterior two ego states within the same

    person but one disguises the other

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    Complementary Transactions

    Interactions, responses, actions regarded as appropriate and

    expected from another person.

    Parallel communication arrows, communication continues.

    Example 1: #1 How much time do you have?#2 Ive got half an hour.

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    Complementary Transactions contd

    Example 2:

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    #1 Youre late again!

    #2 Im sorry. It wont

    happen again.

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    Crossed Transactions

    Interactions, responses, actions NOT regarded as appropriate or expected

    from another person.

    Crossed communication arrows, communication breakdown.

    Example 1 #1 What time is it now?

    #2 Theres a clock on the wall, why dont you

    figure it out yourself?

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    Crossed Transactions contd

    Example 2 #1 Youre late again!

    #2 Yeah, I know, I had a flat tire.

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    Ulterior Transactions

    Interactions, responses, actions which are

    different from those explicitly stated

    Example #1 How about coming up to my room and

    listening to some music?

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    Four basic life scripts:

    Im OK, youre OK ideal

    Im OK, youre not OK get away from me

    Im not OK, youre OK Ill never getanywhere

    Im not OK, youre not OK get rid of each

    other

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    The Johari Window

    The Johari Window is a communication

    model that can be used to improve

    understanding between individuals. Developed by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham

    (the word Johari comes from Joseph Luft

    and Harry Ingham).

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    Two key ideas behind the tool:

    Individuals can build trust between

    themselves by disclosing information about

    themselves.

    They can learn about themselves and come to

    terms with personal issues with the help of

    feedback from others.

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    Using the Johari model, each person is

    represented by their own four-quadrant, or

    four-pane, window. Each of these contains

    and represents personal information -feelings, motivation - about the person, and

    shows whether the information is known or

    not known by themselves or other people.

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    The four quadrants are:

    Quadrant 1: Open Area

    What is known by the person about

    him/herself and is also known by others.

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    Quadrant 2: Blind Area, or "Blind Spot"

    What is unknown by the person about

    him/herself but which others know. This can

    be simple information, or can involve deep

    issues (for example, feelings of inadequacy,

    incompetence, unworthiness, rejection) which

    are difficult for individuals to face directly, and

    yet can be seen by others.

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    Quadrant 3: Hidden or Avoided Area

    What the person knows about

    him/herself that others do not.

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    Quadrant 4: Unknown Area

    What is unknown by the person about

    him/herself and is also unknown by

    others.

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    Key Points: In most cases, the aim in groups should be to develop the

    Open Area for every person.

    Working in this area with others usually allows for enhancedindividual and team effectiveness and productivity. The OpenArea is the space where good communications and

    cooperation occur, free from confusion, conflict andmisunderstanding.

    Self-disclosure is the process by which people expand theOpen Area vertically. Feedback is the process by which people

    expand this area horizontally.

    By encouraging healthy self-disclosure and sensitive feedback,you can build a stronger and more effective team.