Trans Coding Transport Stream MPEG2

8/7/2019 Trans Coding Transport Stream MPEG2

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lmfi }i ovmlf`kf mvtl`h kco{{ tiie {f{{li`{

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ztizi{fm F~l{}l`h }iic{ clbf Xl`mix{ Efmlo F`kimft o`m Tfoc Ztimvkft l{ v{fm l` }nl{

atoefxitb O HVL ozzclko}li` }i aoklcl}o}f }nf v{f ia }nl{ atoefxitb l{ mf{lh`fm v{l`h _} L`

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Alhvtf 41 [blzzfm eokti%dcikb{ l` o D%atoef ?8

Alhvtf 48 Iftlfx ia EZFH4 }to`{zit} {}tfoe4:

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Alhvtf 4< ]to`{zit} {}tfoe EZFH4 nfomft aiteo}4?

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Alhvtf ;4 QDtlkb 14:: ati`} lfx41

Alhvtf ;; QDtlkb v{fm o{ f`kimft)mfkimft48

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Alhvtf =< xeF`kimf ozzclko}li`6?

Alhvtf =?: xeF`kimf ozzclko}li` xl}n Ztflfx dv}}i` f`odcfm6?

Alhvtf =?? Tfoc Ztimvkft ?? {f{{li` xl}n QDtlkb mflkf{ {fcfk}fm o{ l`zv}64

Alhvtf =?4 Lezcfef`}o}li` ia }nf Tfoc Ztimvkft o`m Tfoc Nfcl~ {ftft ait }to`{kiml`h6;

Alhvtf =?; Lezcfef`}o}li` ia QlmfiCo` kclf`} ait }to`{kiml`h68

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i`cl`f dfkief{ eitf ia o kieei` ztok}lkf l` fmvko}li`# {}tfoel`h lmfi o`m ovmli zco| o

dlhhft ticf l` mfclftl`h kivt{f eo}ftloc{ }i i`cl`f cfot`ft{ ]nftf otf {fftoc df`fal}{ ia lmfi

{}tfoel`h ia kco{{ tiie cfk}vtf{ Kco{{tiie cfk}vtf{ ko` df mfclftfm l` tfoc%}lef otiv`m }nf

`f}xitb {i }no} tfei}f v{ft{ ko` }v`f l` atie xnftfft }nf| otf Cfk}vtf{ ko` oc{i df tfkitmfm

o`m {}itfm i` o lmfi%i`%mfeo`m {ftft ait av}vtf lfxl`h)zco|dokb

]nf @vkcfot [klf`kf o`m F`hl`fftl`h L`{}l}v}f R?U .@[FL, o} V`lft{l}| ia El{{ivtl ‛

Kicvedlo no{ dff` v{l`h o QDtlkb 14:: R4U }i aoklcl}o}f ml{}o`} cfot`l`h }ntivhn lmfi

ki`aftf`kl`h mvtl`h o kco{{tiie {f{{li` QDtlkb 14:: l{ o mflkf xnlkn ko` f`kimf)mfkimf

MQM qvocl}| EZFH4 R;U lmfi l` tfoc }lef L} l{ oc{i v{fm o{ o EZFH4 {}tfoel`h {ftft o`m

kclf`} }i {f`m o`m tfkflf EZFH4 lmfi {}tfoe{

L` }nl{ }nf{l{ }nf ztidcfe{ o{{iklo}fm xl}n {}tfoel`h clf lmfi }i o cothf ovmlf`kf l{

ki`{lmftfm ]nf evc}lko{} R=U zti}ikic l{ dfl`h v{fm }i f odcf lmfi ki`aftf`kl`h df}xff` }ntff

l`{}l}v}li`{# V`lft{l}| ia El{{ivtl ‛ Kicvedlo# V`lft{l}| ia El{{ivtl ‛ Ticco o`m }nf

V`lft{l}| ia El{{ivtl ‛ Bo`{o{ Kl}|# zot}lklzo}l`h l` }nf ml{}o`} cfot`l`h ztihtoe o`m }nf }ntff

v`lft{l}lf{ cl{}fm nof ki``fk}ll}| }i L`}ft`f}4 R6U `f}xitb

]nf }to`{el{{li` ia EZFH4 lmfi df}xff` QDtlkb{ o} 1 Edz{ l{ eomf zi{{ldcf d| }nf

v{f ia {}o}f%ia%}nf%ot} `f}xitbl`h aoklcl}lf{ ztilmfm d| L`}ft`f}4 L`}ft`f}4 l{ }nf aitfei{}



4

4

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kozodlcl}lf{ d| }nf v{f ia tficv}liòt| L`}ft`f} }fknìcihlf{ Mvtl`h o }xi%xo| lmfi

kiàftf`kl`h do`mxlm}n tfqvltfef`}{ otf ff` eitf .otiv`m ?4 Edz{, o`m nf`kf evc}lko{}

zti}ikic l{ v{fm xnlkn ko` faalklf`}c| v}lclwf }nf `f}xitb do`mxlm}n I}nft l`{}l}v}li`{ xl}niv}

evc}lko{} kozodlcl}lf{# xni xo`} }i zot}lklzo}f l` }nl{ ml{}o`} cfot`l`h ztihtoe# `ffm }i xo}kn }nf

otknlfm lmfi oa}ft }nf ztf{f`}o}li`)kco{{

]nivhn xo}knl`h otknlfm lmfi l{ o {icv}li`# l} mif{ ì} hlf }nf {}vmf`} }nf odlcl}| }i

l`}ftok} xl}n }nf {zfobft mvtl`h }nf ztf{f`}o}li`# xnlkn l{ o` lezit}o`} aok}it ait cfot`l`h ]nl{

}nf{l{ ciib{ o} otliv{ {icv}li`{ oolcodcf }i fòdcf }nf mfclft| ia clf lmfi {}tfoe{ }i o`

ovmlf`kf }no} mif{ ì} nof ki``fk}ll}| }i L`}ft`f}4 `f}xitb

?4 ]nf{l{ ki`}tldv}li`

Occ }nf v`lft{l}lf{ zot}lklzo}l`h l` }nf ml{}o`} cfot`l`h ztihtoe otf ì} ki``fk}fm }i L`}ft`f}4

]nf {}tfoe hf`fto}fm d| }nf QDtlkb `ffm{ }i df }to`{kimfm }i o cixft dl} to}f }i dtiomko{} }nf

lmfi {}tfoe }i o cothf `vedft ia v{ft{ QDtlkb 14:: v{f{ o EZFH4 .}to`{zit} {}tfoe, kimfk }i

f`kimf }nf lmfi ait }to`{el}}l`h }ntivhn }nf `f}xitb ]nf {ia}xotf f`kimft{ oolcodcf }imo|

.Elkti{ia} Xl`mix{ Efmlo F`kimft# Tfoc Efmlo F`kimft o`m _vlkb]lef lmfi f`kimft,

ko`ì} tfomlc| }to`{kimf }nf EZFH4 {}tfoe hf`fto}fm d| QDtlkb }i i}nft aiteo}{ .clbf xe#

te, ]nl{ }nf{l{ ml{kv{{f{ otliv{ {icv}li`{ }i }to`{kimf }nf EZFH4 lmfi {}tfoe atie o

QDtlkb {|{}fe o`m dtiomko{} l} o} cixft dl} to}f{ }i o clf ovmlf`kf



;

;

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QDtlkb }i }nf Xl`mix{ Efmlo Qlmfi .xe, o`m Tfoc .te, aiteo} o`m oc{i ztizi{f{ }nf v{f ia

o N41= kimfk }i leztif }nf qvocl}| ia {}tfoel`h lmfi Oc{i o Htoznlkoc V{ft L`}ftaokf l{

mffcizfm }i aoklcl}o}f }nf v{f ia }nf atoefxitb mf{ktldfm

?; ]nf{l{ itho`lwo}li`

]nl{ }nf{l{ l{ itho`lwfm l`}i alf knoz}ft{ L` }nf `f~} knoz}ft# o mf}olcfm mf{ktlz}li` ia }nf

ki`kfz}{ ia lmfi kiàftf`kl`h# }nf {}tvk}vtf ia EZFH4 o`m i}nft kimfk{ l{ ztilmfm L`

Knoz}ft ;# }nf `f}xitbl`h l{{vf{ tfco}fm xl}n {}tfoel`h clf o`m i`%mfeo`m lmfi }i }nf v{ft{

ift L`}ft`f} l{ ml{kv{{fm Knoz}ft = mf{ktldf{ }nf ki`kfz} ia lmfi }to`{kiml`h o`m o`

lezcfef`}o}li` ia }nf Xl`mix{ Efmlo f`kimft }i {}tfoe clf lmfi atie o QDtlkb EZFH4

f`kimft l{ ml{kv{{fm ]nf knoz}ft oc{i no{ o mf{ktlz}li` ia }to`{kiml`h EFZH4 lmfi }i i}nft

aiteo}{ clbf tfoc efmlo o`m N41= O` ozzclko}li` mffcizfm l` _} xnlkn ko` df v{fm }i

aoklcl}o}f }nf v{f ia }nl{ atoefxitb l{ oc{i mf{ktldfm Knoz}ft 6 ztilmf{ o kiezotl{i` ia }nf

kimfk{ }no} ko` df v{fm }i }to`{kimf EZFH4 {}tfoe l{ ztilmfm [}o}l{}lk{ {vkn o{ f`kiml`h }lef

o`m kieztf{{li` oknlffm xnlcf v{l`h }nf xe# N41= o`m te kimfk ait ki`ft}l`h EZFH4

lmfi }i cixft dl} to}f{ O kiezotl{i` ia }nf qvocl}| ia }nf kieztf{{fm lmfi no{ dff` eomf d|

kockvco}l`h }nf Zfob [lhòc }i @il{f To}li ia }nf kieztf{{fm lmfi xl}n tf{zfk} }i }nf itlhlòc

alcf ]nf knoz}ft f`m{ xl}n ki`kcv{li`{ o`m o ml{kv{{li` ia av}vtf xitb



=

=

4 ]nfitf}lkoc atoefxitb{

O` LZ do{fm lmfi kiàftf`kl`h {f}vz lìcf{ }xi it eitf zot}lf{ ciko}fm l` mlaaftf`} zn|{lkoc

ciko}li`{ kieev`lko}l`h xl}n fokn i}nft v{l`h lmfi o`m ovmli {}tfoel`h ift o `f}xitb La }nf

lmfi kiàftf`kl`h l{ v{fm ait {}tfoel`h clf cfk}vtf{# }nf qvocl}| ia lmfi ko`ì} df

kieztiel{fm ]nftf otf {fftoc aok}it{ }no} ev{} df ki`{lmftfm }i hf} o nlhn qvocl}| lmfi L`

}nl{ knoz}ft# }nf aok}it{ }no} mf}ftel`f }nf qvocl}| ia lmfi l{ mf{ktldfm o`m }nf ki`kfz} ia

EZFH4 lmfi l{ ml{kv{{fm l` mf}olc

4? Av`moef`}oc ki`kfz}{ ia lmfi o`m ovmli

4?? Qlmfi7

Qlmfi l{ o {ftlf{ ia {}lcc leohf{ bìx` o{ atoef{ ml{zco|fm ao{} fìvhn }no} }nf nveo` f|f

ko`ì} mf}fk} }nf aclkbft o{ }nf ml{zco| }to`{l}li`{ atie i`f atoef }i }nf `f~} ]nf }ntff eol`

knotok}ftl{}lk{ ia Qlmfi otf tf{icv}li`# atoef to}f o`m kicit

O zl~fc l{ }nf {eoccf{} zlk}vtf fcfef`} }no} o {ktff` ko` ml{zco| Tf{icv}li` l{ }nf

efo{vtf ia nitlwi`}oc o`m ft}lkoc zl~fc{ l` fokn atoef ia }nf lmfi ]|zlkoc lmfi tf{icv}li`{ ia

kiezv}ft {ktff`{ otf ?4>:n ~ ?:4=# ?:4=n ~ 81> ]nf nlhnft }nf tf{icv}li` }nf eitf

do`mxlm}n l{ tfqvltfm ait }to`{el{{li`# mvf }i }nf `vedft ia zl~fc{ `ffml`h }i df }to`{el}}fm

Atoef to}f l{ {lezc| }nf kiv`} ia }nf `vedft ia atoef{ ml{zco|fm zft {fki`m @it}n

Oeftlko` ]fcfl{li` .@][K, l{ ml{zco|fm o} 4<<8 .ozzti~leo}fc| ;:, atoef{ zft {fki`m o`m }nf

Fvtizfo` .ZOC, lmfi l{ ml{zco|fm o} 46 atoef{ zft {fki`m Qlmfi xl}n nlhnft atoef to}f{

tfqvltf{ eitf do`mxlm}n l` itmft }i hf`fto}f }nf aclkbft%atff lmfi



6

6

Qlmfi l{ eomf vz ia Cvelò`kf o`m Kntielò`kf Cvelò`kf l{ }nf dcokb%o`m%xnl}f zit}li` ia

}nf lmfi xnftfo{ Kntielò`kf l{ }nf kicit kiezi`f`} ]nftf otf }xi xlmfc| v{fm {knfef{ }i

tfztf{f`} kicit

? La fokn kicit ko` df tfztf{f`}fm d| 461 cffc{# }nf` vz }i ?1> Elccli` mlaaftf`} kicit{

ko` df hf`fto}fm.461 tfm ^ 461 dcvf ^ 461 htff`, ]i {vzzit} }nl{ {knfef xf `ffm >dl}{

zft kicit .> tfm " > dcvf " > htff`, ait o }i}oc ia 4= dl}{ zft zl~fc ]nl{ l{ koccfm THD it

4=%dl} lmfi

4 Kicit ko` oc{i df tfztf{f`}fm o{ \KtKd \ l{ Cvelò`kf# Kt ait Kntielò`kf tfm o`m

Kd ait Kntielò`kf dcvf ]i ki`ft} o THD lmfi l`}i \KdKt }nf aiccixl`h fqvo}li` l{

v{fm

\ 5 :4<< T " :6>8 H " :??= D

Kt 5 ..D%\,)4, " :6

Kd 5 ..T%\,)?1, " :6

4?4 Ovmli

Ovmli l{ o` l`}fhtoc zot} ia lmfi kiàftf`kl`h ]nf ovmli l{ {oezcfm o} == it => BNw o`m l{

mfclftfm o} 1= }i 461 Bdz{ l` eiì# {}ftfi o`m gil` {}ftfi eimf{ ]nf nlhnft }nf {oezcf to}f#

}nf {eii}nft l{ }nf ovmli Nixfft l} l{ notmft }i zco|dokb }nf ovmli xl}n o nlhnft {oezcl`h

to}f ]nf ovmli o`m lmfi fcfef`}ot| {}tfoe{ otf evc}lzcf~fm l`}i o ztihtoe {}tfoe it }to`{zit}

{}tfoe mfzf`ml`h i` }nf ozzclko}li` dfl`h v{fm Fokn {}tfoe ki`{l{}{ ia o {ftlf{ ia }lef {}oez{

evc}lzcf~fm xl}nl` }nf zokbf}{ ]nf{f }lef%{}oez{ ztilmf o efkno`l{e ait }nf mfkimft{ }i

mf}ftel`f xnlkn lmfi atoef }i ml{zco| o`m xnlkn ovmli zokbf} }i df zco|fm



1

1

44 Kieztf{{li`

Atie }nf mf{ktlz}li` ia lmfi l` [fk}li` 4?# }nf mo}o to}f ia v`kieztf{{fm lmfi ait o hlf`

tf{icv}li` .leohf {lwf,# dl} mfz}n o`m atoef to}f ko` df kockvco}fm o`m ]odcf 4? {nix{ }nf

oeiv`} ia do`mxlm}n tfqvltfm }i {}tfoe v`kieztf{{fm lmfi ift L`}ft`f}

]odcf 4? Mo}o to}f ia v`kieztf{{fm lmfi

L} l{ ì} ocxo|{ afo{ldcf }i {}tfoe lmfi o} }nf{f dl} to}f{ o{ }nf oeiv`} ia oolcodcf

do`mxlm}n l{ clel}fm

[fftoc o}}fez}{ nof dff` eomf R1U }i {}tfoe v`kieztf{{fm lmfi ift }nf `f}xitb O

otlo}li` ia }nf Okkf{{ Htlm @imf R8U koccfm }nf Vc}to Htlm @imf R>U no{ dff` lezcfef`}fm }i

mfei`{}to}f }nf kozodlcl}| ia }nf LZ `f}xitb }i {}tfoe v`kieztf{{fm NM qvocl}| lmfi Dv} }nf

oeiv`} ia `f}xitb do`mxlm}n oolcodcf }i o }|zlkoc v{ft i` }nf L`}ft`f} l{ ì} fìvhn }i tfkflf

v`kieztf{{fm lmfi Nf`kf tox lmfi l{ kieztf{{fm }i otliv{ i}nft aiteo}{ v{l`h kimfk }i df

odcf }i {}tfoe ift }nf L`}ft`f}



8

8

Qotliv{ kieztf{{li` ochitl}ne{ nof dff` lezcfef`}fm }i kieztf{{ }f~}# ovmli o`m

lmfi mo}o ]nf{f ochitl}ne{ otf ia }xi }|zf{2 Ci{{| o`m Ci{{cf{{ kieztf{{li`

44? Ci{{cf{{ o`m ci{{| kieztf{{li`

L` ci{{cf{{ kieztf{{li`# }nftf l{ ì ci{{ ia mo}o xnlcf kieztf{{l`h it mfkieztf{{l`h ]nf

kieztf{{li` ochitl}ne{ ko` df mllmfm l`}i mlaaftf`} }|zf{ mfzf`ml`h i` }nf }|zf ia mo}o }nf|

kieztf{{ L` ztl`klzcf o`| kieztf{{li` ochitl}ne xitb{ xl}n o`| }|zf ia mo}o o{ }nf| otf occ

dlòt| l`zv}{# dv} }i o}}ol` o {lh`lalko`} kieztf{{li` to}li }nf knotok}ftl{}lk{ ia l`zv} mo}o ev{}

df f~zcil}fm Ei{} ci{{cf{{ kieztf{{li` ztihtoe{ v{f }xi mlaaftf`} bl`m{ ia ochitl}ne{7 i`f

xnlkn hf`fto}f{ o {}o}l{}lkoc eimfc ait }nf l`zv} mo}o# o`m oì}nft xnlkn eoz{ }nf l`zv} mo}o }i

dl} {}tl`h{

L` }nf ci{{| kieztf{{li` ef}nim# kieztf{{l`h mo}o o`m }nf` mfkieztf{{l`h l} tfztimvkf{ mo}o

}no} eo| df mlaaftf`} atie }nf itlhlòc# dv} l{ kci{f fìvhn }i df v{favc l` {ief xo| Ci{{|

kieztf{{li` }fkn`lqvf{ otf atfqvf`}c| v{fm i` }nf L`}ft`f} ait {}tfoel`h efmlo o`m ait

}fcfzni`| ozzclko}li`{ ]nf{f ef}nim{ otf ia}f` tfafttfm }i o{ kimfk{

Ei{} ia }nf{f kimfk{ {vaaft atie hf`fto}li` ci{{ xnlkn l{ }nf ztihtf{{lf ci{{ ia qvocl}| mvf }i

tfzfo}fm kieztf{{l`h

]nftf otf }xi do{lk ci{{| kieztf{{li` {knfef{7

Ci{{| } to`{aite kimfk{

Ci{{| }to`{aite kimfk{ otf kieztf{{li` ef}nim{ l` xnlkn {oezcf{ ia }nf zlk}vtf o`m {iv`m otf

knizzfm l`}i {eocc {fhef`}{# }to`{aitefm l`}i o `fx do{l{ {zokf o`m }nf` qvo`}lwfm ]nf

tf{vc}l`h qvo`}lwfm ocvf{ otf }nf` f`}tiz| kimfm



>

>

Ci{{| ztfmlk}lf kimfk{

Ci{{| ztfmlk}lf kimfk{ v{f ztfliv{ o`m)it {vd{fqvf`} mfkimfm mo}o }i ztfmlk} }nf kvttf`}

{iv`m {oezcf it leohf atoef L` {ief {|{}fe{ }nf }xi }fkn`lqvf{ otf kiedl`fm# xl}n }to`{aite

kimfk{ dfl`h v{fm }i kieztf{{ }nf fttit {lhòc{ hf`fto}fm d| }nf ztfmlk}lf {}ohf

]odcf 44 F~oezcf ia ci{{| kieztf{{li`

F~oezcf ia ci{{| kieztf{{li`

L` ]odcf 44# }nf leohf{ {nix }nf v{f ia ci{{| kieztf{{li` }i tfmvkf }nf alcf {lwf ia }nf leohf

]nf leohf l{ o` f~kftz} ia }nf leohf ia Cf`ò# o mf aok}i l`mv{}t|%{}o`motm }f{} leohf

]nf alt{} zlk}vtf l{ ?4#4=< d|}f{

]nf {fki`m zlk}vtf no{ dff` kieztf{{fm .GZFH qvocl}| ;:, o`m l{ >6& {eoccft# o} ?#>1<

d|}f{ @i}lkf }nf ci{{ ia mf}olc

]nf }nltm zlk}vtf no{ dff` nlhnc| kieztf{{fm .GZFH qvocl}| 6, o`m l{ <1& {eoccft# o}

66< d|}f{

Itlhlòc Cf`ò leohf .?4 BD, Cf`ò Leohf# Kieztf{{fm .>6&

cf{{ làiteo}li`# ?>BD,

Cf`ò Leohf# Nlhnc|

Kieztf{{fm .<1& cf{{

làiteo}li`# :61BD,



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444 Ei}li` kiezf`{o}li`

L` lmfi kieztf{{li`# ei}li` kiezf`{o}li` l{ v{fm l` {fftoc {}o`motm{ clbf N41?# N41; o`m

}nf EZFH {ftlf{ Fokn atoef l{ mllmfm l`}i dcikb{ v{vocc| ?1 ~ ?1 .eokti dcikb, ]nf` o

ei}li` fk}it ko` df kimfm ait fokn dcikb }no} zil`}{ }i o ?1 ~ ?1 dcikb l` }nf `f~} atoef it }nf

ztfliv{ atoef La }nftf l{ ì ei}li` l` o`| }xi ki`{fkv}lf atoef{# }nf tfaftf`kf dcikb l{ {oef

44; Ml{ktf}f xofcf} }to`{aite

Oì}nft kieztf{{li` }fkn`lqvf l{ do{fm i` o ztikf{{ l` xnlkn o Ml{ktf}f Xofcf} ]to`{aite l{

ozzclfm }i }nf v`kieztf{{fm leohf Oftohf ocvf{ ia }nf leohf làiteo}li` otf kockvco}fm

v{l`h kft}ol` tvcf{ o`m }nf mflo}li` atie }nf{f ocvf{ otf {}itfm l`{}fom ia }nf xnicf leohf

làiteo}li` ]nf itlhlòc leohf làiteo}li` ko` df tfktfo}fm v{l`h }nf l`ft{f }to`{aite ia

{}itfm ocvf{ ]nf ztikf{{ l{ {nix` l` Alhvtf 4?

Alhvtf 4? Ml{ktf}f Xofcf} ]to`{aite

Xofcf} ]to`{aite xitb{ atie o cikoc zft{zfk}lf# xnlkn efo`{ }no} oftohf ocvf{ o`m }nf

mflo}li` l{ mfklmfm atie }nf leohf zil`}{ }no} clf `fot fokn i}nft l` }nf itlhlòc zlk}vtf Xnf`

ki`}lhviv{ leohf zil`}{ l` o zlk}vtf atoef {nix ft| cl}}cf otlo}li` l} efo`{ }no} }nf mftlo}li`

df}xff` }nf{f xlcc df {eocc Ait o` f~oezcf l` cothf otfo{ ia i`f kicit alfcm }nf mftlo}li` l{

`vcc ]nl{ aok} l{ v{fm ait oknlfl`h o` faafk}lf kieztf{{li`



?:

?:

4; Qlmfi kieztf{{li` {}o`motm{

O lmfi kimfk l{ o mflkf it {ia}xotf eimvcf }no} fòdcf{ lmfi kieztf{{li` it mfkieztf{{li`

ait mlhl}oc lmfi Qlmfi kimfk{ ko` df mllmfm l`}i }xi aoelclf{2 lmfi kieztf{{li` {}o`motm{

atie L`}ftò}liòc ]fcfkieev`lko}li`{ V`li`%]fcfkieev`lko}li`{ .L]V%], o`m }nf lmfi

kieztf{{li` {}o`motm{ d| L`}ftò}liòc Itho`lwo}li` ait [}o`motmlwo}li` .L[I,

4;? N41?# N41; o m N41=

L]V N41? R<U# xo{ }nf alt{} lmfi kieztf{{li` {}o`motm }no} hol`fm xlmf{ztfom okkfz}o`kf ait

lmfikiàftf`kl`h ift }nf L`}fhto}fm [ftlkf{ Mlhl}oc @f}xitb .L[M@, ]nf L]V N41?

{}o`motm xo{ mf{lh`fm }i izfto}f o} z evc}lzcf{ ia do{fcl`f L[M@ mo}o to}f it z ~ 1= bd){

Oì}nft {}o`motmlwo}li` faait} xl}n Zvdclk [xl}knfm ]fcfzni`f @f}xitb .Z[]@, o{ ztleot| hioc

xo{ l`l}lo}fm d| L]V%] l` ?<<; xnftf }nf mo}o to}f xo{ evc}lzcf{ ia ;;1 bd){ ]nl{ xo{ koccfm

}nf N41; R?:U kimfk O` f`no`kfm ft{li` ia N41; no{ ìx dff` alòclwfm o`m l{ koccfm }nf

N41=)OQK R??U

4;4 EZFH

L[I f{}odcl{nfm Ei}li` Zlk}vtf{ F~zft} Htivz R?4U# o{ o {}o`motm ait kieztf{{l`h eil`h

zlk}vtf{ .lmfi, o`m o{{iklo}fm ovmli i` o KM%TIE EZFH? xo{ }nf tf{vc}l`h {}o`motm xnlkn

oknlff{ ozzti~leo}fc| QN[ qvocl}| lmfi o`m ovmli o} odiv} ?6 Ed){ O` f~}f`{li` ia xitb

i` EZFH? ait ozzclko}li`{ }ixotm mlhl}oc }fcfl{li` o`m nlhnft dl} to}f{ l{ koccfm EZFH4

EZFH= ztilmf{ leztifm kieztf{{li` faalklf`k| o`m fttit tf{lclf`kf afo}vtf{ o`m l`ktfo{fm

av`k}liòcl}| l`kcvml`h idgfk}%do{fm f`kiml`h



??

??

EZFH4 l{ }nf ei{} zizvcot aiteo} ait MQM ov}nitl`h o`m mlhl}oc lmfi dtiomko{}l`h o{

l} {vzzit}{ lmfi ia ft| nlhn tf{icv}li` ]nf ei{} {lh`lalko`} f`no`kfef`} l` EZFH4 tfco}lf

}i EZFH? xo{ }nf omml}li` ia {vzzit} ait l`}ftcokfm lmfi L`}ftcokfm {ko``l`h l{ }nf ef}nim l`

xnlkn imm o`m ff` cl`f{ l` o atoef otf tfatf{nfm oc}ft`o}fc| Ztihtf{{lf it `i`%l`}ftcokfm

{ko``l`h l{ }nf izzi{l}f ia l`}ftcokfm ef}nim ait ml{zco|l`h# l` xnlkn }nf cl`f{ ia fokn atoef otf

mtox` l` {fqvf`kf

Nlhn Mfal`l}li` lmfi R?;U l{ o kieztf{{li` {}o`motm l` xnlkn o {lh`lalko`}c| nlhn

tf{icv}li` l{ v{fm ait f`kiml`h lmfi ]|zlkoc tf{icv}li` ia o nlhn mfal`l}li` lmfi l{ 84:z it

?:>:z Nftf }nf `vedft 84: it ?:>: {zfkla| `vedft ia nitlwi`}oc cl`f{ l` fokn atoef ia }nf

lmfi ]nf Alhvtf 41 {nix{ o kiezotl{i` df}xff` mlaaftf`} tf{icv}li`{

Alhvtf 44 Kiezotl{i` ia }nf tf{icv}li` l` otliv{ {}o`motm{

Nlhn Mfal`l}li` .NM, ztilmf{ }nf nlhnf{} qvocl}| ia lmfi oei`h occ }nf dtiomko{}l`h {}o`motm{

oolcodcf }imo| Dv} }nf oeiv`} ia do`mxlm}n tfqvltfm }i }to`{el} NM lmfi eobf{ l} mlaalkvc} }i

{}tfoe ift LZ ]odcf 41 hlf{ }nf oeiv`} ia {}itohf tfqvltfm }i {}itf lmfi NM qvocl}| ]nf

mvto}li` ia occ }nf lmfi alcf{ l{ i`f nivt R?=U

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame



?4

?4

Aiteo} Tf{icv}li` [}itohf .l` HD,

=>:z >=> ^ =>: ??6

84:z ?4>: ^ 84: ;::

?:>:z ?<4: ^ ?:>: =86

]odcf 4; [}itohf tfqvltfef`}{ ia NM lmfi alcf{

]nf oeiv`} ia do`mxlm}n tfqvltfm }i {}tfoe o lmfi alcf l{ mltfk}c| ztizit}liòc }i l}{ {lwf

Nf`kf l} l{ kcfot }no} l} l{ ì} ztok}lkoc }i v{f NM qvocl}| lmfi ait lmfi kiàftf`kl`h dfkov{f ia

}nf do`mxlm}n tfqvltfef`}

Mlhl}oc Qlmfi .MQ, l{ }nf nlhnf{} qvocl}| }no} l{ xlmfc| l` v{f ait nlhn qvocl}| lmfi

kiàftf`kl`h ]nf tf{icv}li` ia MQ l{ 84: ^ =>: zl~fc{ o`m EZFH4 kimfk l{ v{fm ait f`kiml`h

}nf lmfi ]nf `f~} [fk}li` 4= mf{ktldf{ l` mf}olc }nf {}tvk}vtf ia o EZFH4 lmfi o`m hlf{ o`

iftlfx ia }nf kieztf{{li` }fkn`lqvf

4= Ztl`klzcf{ ia EZFH4

EZFH4 l{ i`f }nf kimfk{ v{fm }i kieztf{{ lmfi L} v{f{ o kiedlò}li` ia Ml{ktf}f Xofcf}

]to`{aite .MX], o`m Ei}li` Kiezf`{o}li` EZFH4 lmfi l{ o {f} ia do{lk idgfk}{ v{fm }i

{}tvk}vtf lmfi làiteo}li` {i }no} l} ko` df kieztf{{fm faafk}lfc| Alhvtf 4; hlf{ o` iftocc

lmfo ia }nf {}tvk}vtf ia EZFH4 lmfi Fokn kiezi`f`} ia }nf {}tvk}vtf l{ f~zcol`fm l` mf}olc l`

}nf `f~} [fk}li` O` EZFH4 Qlmfi {fqvf`kf ko` df mllmfm l`}i {f}{ ia atoef{ koccfm htivz ia

zlk}vtf .HIZ, Fokn HIZ no{ o afx atoef{ o`m o atoef l{ oc{i tfafttfm }i o{ zlk}vtf Zlk}vtf{



?;

?;

ko` df mllmfm l`}i {clkf{ xnlkn otf o htivz it Eokti dcikb{ O htivz ia aivt dcikb{ l{ koccfm o

Eoktidcikb O Dcikb l{ `i}nl`h dv} o eo}tl~ ia zl~fc{# xnlkn l{ }nf {eoccf{} lmfi fcfef`} }no}

ko` df ml{zco|fm i` {ktff` .ml{kv{{fm l` [fk}li` 4??, ]nf {lwf ia }nl{ eo}tl~ otlf{ mfzf`ml`h

i` }nf f`kiml`h ochitl}ne v{fm }i f`kimf }nf lmfi

Alhvtf 4; EZFH4 lmfi {}tvk}vtf{

4=? Qlmfi {fqvf`kf

O lmfi {fqvf`kf l{ koccfm Htivz ia Zlk}vtf{ .HIZ, o`m ki`{l{}{ ia o afx atoef{ ia o lmfi

{}tfoe o{ {nix` l` Alhvtf 4=

]nf kimfm atoef{ l` EZFH4 ko` df mllmfm l`}i }ntff ko}ohitlf{2 l`}to%kimfm atoef{ it L%

atoef{# ztfmlk}lfc| kimfm it Z%atoef{ o`m dl%mltfk}li`occ| ztfmlk}fm atoef{ it D%atoef{ ]nf

{fcfk}li` ia ztfmlk}li` mfzf`mf`klf{ df}xff` atoef{ no{ o {lh`lalko} faafk} i` }nf lmfi

{}tfoel`h zftaiteo`kf l` }fte{ ia di}n kieztf{{li` faalklf`k| o`m fttit%tf{lclf`kf



?=

?=

Alhvtf 4= EZFH {}tfoe o{ o Htivz ia Zlk}vtf{

4=4 At oef{

]nf làiteo}li` `ffmfm }i ml{zco| o {}lcc zlk}vtf i` o {ktff` l{ koccfm o atoef \KtKd .cvelò`kf

o`m kntielò`kf, làiteo}li` l{ {}itfm l` }nf atoef ]nf{f ocvf{ .\KtKd, otf v{fm }i ml{zco|

o` leohf i` o mflkf {vkn o{ }fcfl{li` it KT] ]nf| otf ki`ft}fm }i THD .Tfm# Htff`# Dcvf,

kicit {knfef ocvf{ o`m otf {}itfm l` eo}tlkf{ ]nf {lwf ia }nl{ eo}tl~ otlf{ mfzf`ml`h i` }nf

tf{icv}li` ia }nf lmfi atoef ]nf ei{} kieei` tf{icv}li`{ otf =7=7= o`m =7474 O tf{icv}li` ia

=7474 efo`{ }no} ait fft| = ocvf{ ia \ =.4"4, ocvf{ ia cvelò`kf o`m kntielò`kf .4Kd "4

Kt, xlcc df {}itfm ]nftf otf }ntff }|zf{ ia atoef{ }no} eobf vz }nf EZFH4 lmfi2 L%atoef{# Z%

atoef{ o`m D%atoef{

L`}to%kimfm atoef{ .L%atoef{, otf l`mfzf`mf`} atoef{ o`m ko` df kimfm o`m mfkimfm xl}niv}

nol`h o`| bìxcfmhf odiv} i}nft atoef{ ]nf| nof }nf kiezcf}f làiteo}li` odiv} }nf atoef

l` }nfe Fokn HIZ no{ o` L%atoef o} }nf dfhl``l`h ia }nf {fqvf`kf ia atoef{



?6

?6

Ztfmlk}lf%kimfm atoef{ .Z%atoef{, otf mfkimfm d| v{l`h }nf làiteo}li` atie oì}nft atoef

]nf{f otf hf`ftocc| ki`kft`fm xl}n ei}li` o`m ocxo|{ kief xl}n o ei}li` fk}it ]nf atoef

v{fm ait mfkiml`h l{ koccfm o tfaftf`kf atoef o`m ocxo|{ kief{ dfaitf o Z%atoef ]nf tfaftf`kf

atoef ko` df o Z%atoef it o` L%atoef O Z%atoef ikkvzlf{ cf{{ {zokf }no` o` L%atoef# o{ l} mif{

ì} ki`}ol` occ làiteo}li` odiv} }nf atoef

Dl%mltfk}liòcc| Ztfmlk}fm Atoef{ .D%atoef{, atoef{ oc{i v{f làiteo}li` atie i}nft atoef{

]nf| ko` v{f làiteo}li` atie o atoef }no} xlcc df ml{zco|fm l` }nf av}vtf oc{i D%atoef{ otf

odiv} 6: zftkf`} ia }nf {lwf ia Z%atoef{ ]nf{f otf qvl}f kiezcf~ o`m `ffm eitf efeit| ait

mfkiml`h# o{ }nf| `ffm làiteo}li` odiv} av}vtf atoef{ oc{i

]nf v{f ia }nf }ntff }|zf{ ia atoef{ eobf{ EZFH4 tidv{} ohol`{} fttit{ o`m oc{i oknlff{ hiim

kieztf{{li` Ait }to`{el{{li` zvtzi{f{ }nf atoef{ otf ì} }to`{el}}fm l` }nf itmft }nf| otf

ml{zco|fm O tfitmftl`h l{ mi`f {i }no} }nf mfkimft xlcc nof }nf `fkf{{ot| làiteo}li` dfaitf

mfkiml`h o D%atoef it o Z%atoef

4=; [clkf{

[clkf{ {vzzit} to`mie okkf{{ xl}nl` o atoef La {ief làiteo}li` l` o atoef l{ ci{}# l`{}fom ia

}ntixl`h oxo| }no} atoef }nf tfeol`l`h atoef ko` df ml{zco|fm v{l`h }nf làiteo}li` l` }nf

{clkf{ O {clkf l{ o {ftlf{ ia eokti%dcikb{ Fokn {clkf ki`}ol`{ }nf làiteo}li` odiv} xnftf }i

ml{zco| o {f} ia eokti%dcikb{ i` }nf {ktff` ]nf htfo}ft }nf `vedft ia {clkf{ }nf df}}ft }nf fttit



?1

?1

tidv{}`f{{ Dv} }nl{ l`ktfo{f{ kieev`lko}li` iftnfom o{ }nf {clkf{ mi ì} olm l` ml{zco|l`h }nf

atoef la }nftf l{ ì ci{{ ia làiteo}li`

4== Eokti%dcikb{ o`m dcikb{

Fokn atoef l{ mllmfm l`}i o `vedft ia dcikb{ ]nf dcikb{ otf htivzfm l`}i eokti dcikb{ Fokn

dcikb no{ > cl`f{ o`m fokn cl`f no{ > ocvf{ ia cvelò`kf it kntielò`kf do{fm i` }nf {oezcl`h

aiteo} v{fm Fokn eokti%dcikb no{ o `vedft }no} l`mlko}f{ }nf {fqvf`kf l xnlkn }nf dcikb{ ia

}nf eokti%dcikb otf kimfm Eitfift }nf cvelò`kf ocvf{ otf ocxo|{ ztf{f`} o} }nf dfhl``l`h

ia }nf eokti%dcikb ]nf Kt o`m Kd ocvf{ otf l`}ftcfofm oa}ft }nf \ ocvf{ ]nftf otf }ntff

}|zf{ ia atoef{ xnlkn nof eokti%dcikb{

L`}to%kimfm eokti%dcikb{ v{f làiteo}li` atie }no} eokti%dcikb i`c| ]no} l{# }nf{f eokti%

dcikb{ ki`}ol` occ }nf làiteo}li` }no} l{ `ffmfm }i mfkimf }nf eokti%dcikb Xnf` o eokti%

dcikb l{ ì} kimfm# }nf mfkimft gv{} kizlf{ }nf eokti%dcikb atie }nf ztfliv{ tfaftf`kf atoef o}

f~ok}c| }nf {oef zi{l}li` [blzzfm atoef{ otf }ni{f atoef{ xnlkn otf ì} v{fm ait f`kiml`h

]nftf otf }xi mlaaftf`} }|zf{ ia {blzzfm atoef{2 Z Atoef{ o`m D Atoef{

Xnf` }nf ei}li` fk}it l{ wfti ait di}n }nf nitlwi`}oc o`m ft}lkoc fk}it kiezi`f`}{# o`m

ì qvo`}lwfm ztfmlk}li` fttit l{ ztf{f`} ait }nf kvttf`} eokti%dcikb# }nf` }nf eokti%dcikb l{

{blzzfm o{ {nix` l` }nf Alhvtf 46



?8

?8

Alhvtf 46 [blzzfm Eokti%dcikb{ l` o Z%atoef

Xnf` }nf ei}li` fk}it l{ }nf {oef o{ }nf ztfliv{ eokti%dcikb{# o`m `i qvo`}lwfm

ztfmlk}li` fttit ait }nf kvttf`} eokti%dcikb l{ ztf{f`}# }nf` }nf htivz ia eokti%dcikb{ l{ {blzzfm

o{ {nix` l` Alhvtf 41

Alhvtf 41 [blzzfm Eokti%dcikb{ l` o D%atoef

Aitxotm%ztfmlk}fm eokti%dcikb{ otf ztf{f`} di}n l` }nf Z o`m D atoef{ i`c| o`m otf

tfki`{}tvk}fm v{l`h l`aiteo}li` atie }nf ztfliv{ tfaftf`kf atoef Dokbxotm%ztfmlk}fm eokti%



?<

?<

46? EZFH4 ztihtoe {}tfoe7

O ztihtoe {}tfoe l{ o htivz ia }lhn}c| kivzcfm ZF[ .Zokbf}lwfm Fcfef`}ot| [}tfoe, zokbf}{

tfaftf`kfm }i }nf {oef }lef do{f L} l{ eitf {vl}fm }i o` fttit%atff f`ltièf`} o`m }i fòdcf

fo{| ztikf{{l`h ia }nf tfkflfm mo}o

L} l{ ei{}c| v{fm l` {}itohf ozzclko}li`{ O ztihtoe {}tfoe ki`}ol`{ i`f o`m i`c| i`f ki`}f`}

kno``fc

Ei{} xlmfc| v{fm ov}nitl`h }iic{ {vkn o{ Omidf# Vcfom# [itf`{i` o`m Olm ko` ztimvkf o`m

tfom EZFH4 Ztihtoe {}tfoe{ ]nf tfo{i` dfnl`m l} l{ }no} }nf{f ozzclko}li`{ otf v{fm ait }nf

ktfo}li` ia alcf{ ait ml{}tldv}li` i` ml{b{# l`kcvml`h MQM{

464 EZFH4 }to`{zit} {}tfoe7

L` EZFH4 ]to`{zit} {}tfoe fokn zokbf}lwfm fcfef`}ot| {}tfoe zokbf} l{ dtibf` l`}i al~fm%{lwf

zokbf}{ xl}n }nf zi{{ldlcl}| ia kiedl`l`h i`f it eitf ztihtoe{ xl}n l`mfzf`mf`} }lef {}oez{

]nl{ }|zf ia evc}lzcf~l`h l{ xfcc%{vl}fm l` {kfòtli{ xnftf }nf zi}f`}loc ait zokbf} ci{{ it zokbf}

kittvz}li` mvf }i ìl{f l{ nlhn L} l{ oc{i xfcc {vl}fm xnf` xf xo`} }i {}tfoe eitf }no` i`f

ztihtoe o} }nf {oef }lef ]nf Alhvtf 48 {nix{ o` iftlfx ia EZFH4 }to`{zit} {}tfoe

f`kimft o`m lccv{}to}f{ }nf ztikf{{ ia evc}lzcf~l`h evc}lzcf ovmli)lmfi {ivtkf{ l`}i i`f

]to`{zit} {}tfoe EZFH4



4:

4:

Alhvtf 48 Iftlfx ia EZFH4 }to`{zit} {}tfoe

]nf zokbf}{ hf`fto}fm l` o }to`{zit} {}tfoe EZFH4 {}tfoe otf l`zv} }i }nf ]to`{zit} Co|ft l`

}nf L[I I[L {ff`%co|ft `f}xitb tfaftf`kf eimfc Nf`kf l} l{ koccfm }nf EZFH4 ]to`{zit}

[}tfoe L} l{ ì} l` l}{fca o zti}ikic ait }to`{zit} co|ft o`m ì efkno`l{e l{ ztilmfm }i f`{vtf

}nf tfclodlcl}| ia }nf mfclftfm zokbf}{ ]nf Alhvtf 4> {nix{ nix }nf ovmli o`m lmfi

làiteo}li` l{ evc}lzcf~fm l` ]to`{zit} {}tfoe EZFH4 zokbf}{



4?

4?

Alhvtf 4> ]to`{zit} {}tfoe EZFH4 zokbf}{ ]to`{zit } {}t foe zokbf} aiteo}7

O EZFH4 ][ zokbf} kottlf{ o ?>= D|}f zo|ciom mo}o ztfal~fm d| o ;4 dl}{ nfomft

Alhvtf 4< ]to`{zit} {}tfoe EZFH4 nfomft aiteo}

]nf nfomft ki`}ol`{ }nf aiccixl`h alfcm{7

]nf nfomft {}ot}{ xl}n o xfcc%b`ix` [|`knti`lwo}li` D|}f ]nl{ no{ }nf dl} zo}}ft` :~=8

.:?:: :???,

O {f} ia }ntff ?%dl} acoh{ v{fm }i l`mlko}f nix }nf zo|ciom {nivcm df ztikf{{fm

? ]nf alt{} acoh l`mlko}f{ o }to`{zit} fttit



44

44

4 ]nf {fki`m acoh l`mlko}f{ }nf {}ot} ia o zo|ciom .zo|ciom v`l} {}ot} l`mlko}it,

; ]nf }nltm acoh l{ }nf }to`{zit} ztlitl}| dl}

]nf ZLM .?;%dl} zokbf} lmf`}lalft, aiccix{ `f~} L} l{ v{fm }i mf}ftel`f }nf {}tfoe }i

xnlkn }nf zokbf} dfci`h{ }i

]nf }xi {ktoedcl`h ki`}tic dl}{ otf v{fm d| ki`ml}liòc okkf{{ ztikfmvtf{ }i ztikf{{ }nf

f`kt|z}fm zo|ciom ia {ief ][ zokbf}{

]nf omoz}o}li` alfcm ki`}tic dl}{ l`mlko}f xno} bl`m ia mo}o }nf zo|ciom ki`}ol`{ ]nf }xi

omoz}o}li` alfcm ki`}tic dl}{ ko` }obf aivt ocvf{7

? :? ‛ ì omoz}o}li` alfcm# zo|ciom i`c|

4 ?: ‛ omoz}o}li` alfcm i`c|# ì zo|ciom

; ?? ‛ omoz}o}li` alfcm aiccixfm d| zo|ciom

= :: ‛ tf{ftfm ait av}vtf v{f

]nf ztf{f`kf ia o` omoz}o}li` alfcm l{ l`mlko}fm d| }nf omoz}li` alfcm ki`}tic dl}{ l` o

}to`{zit} {}tfoe zokbf} La ztf{f`}# }nf omoz}li` alfcm mltfk}c| aiccix{ }nf = D|}f zokbf}

nfomft# dfaitf o`| v{ft zo|ciom mo}o L} eo| ki`}ol` o otlf}| ia mo}o v{fm ait }lel`h o`m

ki`}tic

Alòcc| }nftf l{ o = dl} Ki`}l`vl}| Kiv`}ft

EZFH lmfi# ovmli o`m mo}o {}tfoe{ otf v{vocc| kiedl`fm }ihf}nft l`}i o ]to`{zit} [}tfoe. O

]to`{zit} [}tfoe ki`{l{}{ ia {nit}# al~fm%cf`h}n .?>> d|}f, zokbf}{ ki`ko}fò}fm }ihf}nft Fokn

zokbf} ki`}ol`{ o nfomft aiccixfm d| o zo|ciom xnlkn l{ o knv`b ia o zot}lkvcot fcfef`}ot|

{}tfoe ]nf nfomft ki`{l{}{ ia o .ì`%v`lqvf, i`f%d|}f {}ot} kimf xnlkn ko` df v{fm ait



4=

4=

[ftlkf Làiteo}li` .[L, ki`}ol`l`h {vkn }nl`h{ o{ o Divqvf} O{{iklo}li` ]odcf .DO],# o ]lef

o`m Mo}f ]odcf .]M], o`m o Tv``l`h [}o}v{ ]odcf .T[], o{ xfcc o{ eitf mf}olcfm {zfklalko}li`{

ia nix ki`ml}liòc okkf{{ mo}o l{ }to`{el}}fm ]nf Oeftlko` O][K {}o`motm no{ fqvlocf`} dv}

mlaaftf`} f~}f`{li`{ }i }nf EZFH }odcf{

I`f ia }nf ei{} lezit}o`} afo}vtf{ ia }nf EZFH [|{}fe{ Co|ft l{ }no} l} ztilmf{ o efkno`l{e

}i fòdcf }nf mfkimft }i tfeol` l` {}fz xl}n }nf f`kimft xnf` di}n otf xitbl`h l` tfoc }lef ]nf

mfkimft no{ }i df odcf }i tfktfo}f }nf eo{}ft kcikb }no} xo{ v{fm o} }nf f`kimft# {i }no} ait fft|

zlk}vtf }no} f`}ft{ }nf mfkimft# i`f cfof{ }nf mfkimft L} }nf` no{ }i bìx f~ok}c| xnf`#

okkitml`h }i }nl{ kcikb# l} {nivcm tfeif mo}o atie }nf dvaaft ait mfkiml`h o`m ztf{f`}o}li` }i

}nf ml{zco| mflkf

L` }nl{ knoz}ft# }nf {}tvk}vtf ia EZFH4 o{ xfcc o{ }nf aok}it{ }no} eobf }to`{zit} {}tfoe EZFH4

mlaaftf`} atie ztihtoe {}tfoe EZFH4 no{ dff` ml{kv{{fm Nol`h ml{kv{{fm odiv} nix }nf

lmfi o`m ovmli ki`}f`} l{ kieztf{{fm o`m {}itfm# l} l{ lezit}o`} }i v`mft{}o`m nix EZFH4#

xe o`m i}nft aiteo} ia lmfi alcf{ otf {ftfm }i }nf kclf`}{ v{l`h {}tfoel`h o`m mix`cioml`h

]nf ki`kfz}{ o`m zti}ikic{ }no} otf v{fm }i {}tfoe EZFH4 o`m i}nft aiteo}{ ia lmfi otf

ml{kv{{fm l` }nf `f~} knoz}ft oci`h xl}n o mf{ktlz}li` ia }nf mflkf koccfm QDtlkb



46

46

; Qlmfi {}tfoel`h zti}ikic{ o`m {}o`motm{

L` }nf ztfliv{ knoz}ft# otliv{ {}o`motm{ ait lmfi kiml`h o{ xfcc o{ }nf {}tvk}vtf ia EZFH4

lmfi xo{ ml{kv{{fm [l`kf }nf fezno{l{ ia }nl{ }nf{l{ l{ }i mfoc xl}n }nf ztidcfe ia }to`{kiml`h

EZFH4 lmfi {}tfoe hf`fto}fm d| o mflkf koccfm QDtlkb }i cix dl}%to}f lmfi {}tfoe{# }nl{

knoz}ft {}ot}{ xl}n o mf{ktlz}li` ia QDtlkb

L` itmft }i v`mft{}o`m }nf mf{lh` o`m lezcfef`}o}li` ia o }to`{kiml`h efkno`l{e ait }nf

EZFH4 lmfi# }nf v`mft{}o`ml`h ia otliv{ zti}ikic{ v{fm ait {}tfoel`h lmfi ift }nf `f}xitb

l{ `fkf{{ot| L` }nl{ knoz}ft }nf zti}ikic{ clbf v`lko{}# evc}lko{}# ]KZ# VMZ# LZ xnlkn l{ v{fm }i

{}tfoe }nf lmfi ki`}f`} ift `f}xitb l{ ml{kv{{fm L} l{ aiccixfm d| [fk}li` ;;# l` xnlkn efmlo

mfclft| o`m ki`}tic zti}ikic{ {vkn o{ Tfoc ]lef [}tfoel`h Zti}ikic# Elkti{ia} Efmlo

[}tfoel`h Zti}ikic o`m N|zft}f~} ]to`{aft Zti}ikic l{ f~zcol`fm

;? QDtlkb

QDtlkb 14:: l{ o avcc%mvzcf~# nlhn qvocl}| ovmli o`m lmfi f`kimft)mfkimft QDtlkb 14::

f`kimft ki`ft}{ o`ocih lmfi }i EZFH4 {}o`motm lmfi o`m mfclft{ l} ift LZ ]nf QDtlkb

f`kimft)mfkimft ko` df ki``fk}fm }i o `f}xitb v{l`h o` F}nft`f} ?:)?:: Edz{ it o` O]E

l`}ftaokf ]nf QDtlkb no{ dvlc}%l` notmxotf f`kimft xnlkn f`kimf{ }nf l`zv} lmfi)ovmli }i

hf`fto}f MQM qvocl}| EZFH4 o} dl}%to}f{ ? }i ?6 Edz{ [lelcotc|# l} oc{i no{ o mfkimft }no} ko`

mfkimf }nf zokbf}{ tfkflfm ift }nf `f}xitb }i hf`fto}f }nf lmfi iv}zv} ]nf QDtlkb ko`

{f`m)tfkflf lmfi {}tfoe{ v{l`h v`lko{} o{ xfcc o{ evc}lko{} zti}ikic



41

41

]nf Alhvtf{ ;? o`m ;4 lccv{}to}f }nf QDtlkb 14:: l` ati`} o`m tfot lfx ]nf otliv{

l`zv})iv}zv} zit}{ ia o QDtlkb 14:: otf {nix` l` Alhvtf ;? Xnf` o QDtlkb l{ ki``fk}fm }i }nf

`f}xitb o`m l{ {}tfoel`h }nf lmfi# }nf ml{zco| l` }nf ati`} ia }nf QDtlkb ko` df v{fm }i ei`l}it

}nf LZ ommtf{{ o{{lh`fm }i }nf QDtlkb o`m i}nft ki`}tic l`aiteo}li` o{ {nix` l` Alhvtf ;4

Alhvtf ;? QDtlkb 14:: tfot lfx Alhvtf ;4 QDtlkb 14:: ati`} lfx

]nf QDtlkb f`kimft ko` tfkflf lmfi l`zv} atie o clf koefto lo o` [%Qlmfi l`zv}#

atie o MQM zco|ft it o` EZFH4 lmfi alcf {}itfm l` o dvlc}%l` notm%mtlf ia }nf QDtlkb ]nf

lmfi {}tfoe hf`fto}fm d| o QDtlkb ko` df tfkflfm o`m lfxfm v{l`h QDtlkb mfkimft it o

{ia}xotf mfkimft QDtlkb ztilmf{ o {ia}xotf koccfm }nf [}tfoe Zco|ft Zcv{ R?6U xnlkn ko` df

v{fm }i mfkimf lmfi {}tfoe{ .hf`fto}fm d| o QDtlkb f`kimft, dfl`h tfkflfm ift LZ `f}xitb

]nf Alhvtf ;; lccv{}to}f{ QDtlkb dfl`h v{fm o{ o` f`kimft)mfkimft



48

48

Alhvtf ;; QDtlkb v{fm o{ f`kimft)mfkimft

;4 Zti}ikic{ ait lmfi {}tfoel`h ift }nf L`}ft`f}

;4? Efmlo mfclft| zti}ikic{

]nf L`}ft`f} Zti}ikic .LZ, ztilmf{ df{}%faait} `f}xitb mfclft| ait occ ni{}{ l` }nf `f}xitb7

ztilml`h ommtf{{l`h# df{}%faait} tiv}l`h# o`m o hcidoc aiteo} }no} ko` df l`}ftztf}fm d|

fft|i`f I` }iz ia LZ otf }nf f`m%}i%f`m }to`{zit} zti}ikic{# ]to`{el{{li` Ki`}tic Zti}ikic

.]KZ, o`m V{ft Mo}ohtoe Zti}ikic .VMZ,

]KZ l{ o tfclodcf kieev`lko}li` zti}ikic L} hvoto`}ff{ mfclft| d| tf}to`{el{{li` o`m

nf`kf }nf mfco| l` ]KZ l{ v`div`mfm L} tfqvltf{ o dokb kno``fc ait okb`ixcfmhfef`} ]nl{

zti}ikic mif{`’} hf} evkn ztfaftf`kf d| }nf {}tfoel`h efmlo kieev`l}| }no} {}tfoe clf lmfi

o{ }nf {lh`lalko`kf ia o ci{} lmfi zokbf} tfkflfm o} o co}ft }lef l{ cf{{ lezit}o`} Xfd o`m mo}o

}toaalk otf mfclftfm xl}n ]KZ)LZ dfkov{f hvoto`}ffm mfclft| l{ aot eitf lezit}o`} }no` mfco| it

mfco| gl}}ft



4>

4>

VMZ {}o`m{ ait $V{ft Mo}ohtoe Zti}ikic$ L` }nl{ zti}ikic# }nftf l{ ì mlocih df}xff`

}nf {f`mft o`m tfkflft La }nf tfkflft mif{ ì} hf} o zokbf}# }nf {f`mft xlcc `fft bìx

QDtlkb lmfi mo}o l{ v{vocc| {f`} lo VMZ La }nf lmfi zokbf}{ otf {f`} l` atoef{ o`m }nf atoef{

otf dfl`h ml{zco|fm l` tfoc }lef o} }nf kclf`} .tfkflft, }nf tf{f`} zokbf} l{ ml{kotmfm Dv}#

altfxocc{ dcikb occ VMZ zokbf}{# eobl`h l} lezi{{ldcf ait {}tfoel`h lmfi }i tfokn mf{b}iz{

;44 V lko{}

V`lko{} l{ {lezc| {f`ml`h zokbf}{ atie i`f {ivtkf }i i`f mf{}lò}li` O v`lko{} {}tfoe l{ o i`f%

}i%i`f ki``fk}li` df}xff` }nf {ftft o`m o kclf`}# xnlkn efo`{ }no} fokn kclf`} tfkflf{ o

ml{}l`k} {}tfoe o`m i`c| }ni{f kclf`}{ }no} tfqvf{} }nf {}tfoe tfkflf l} V`lko{} {}tfoel`h l{ }nf

mfaovc} ef}nim d| xnlkn o [}tfoel`h {ftft mfclft{ ki`}f`} }i o kclf`}

]nf aiccixl`h Alhvtf ;= {nix{ o` f~oezcf ia mfclftl`h ki`}f`} o{ o v`lko{} {}tfoe d|

v{l`h o` i`%mfeo`m zvdcl{nl`h zil`}

Alhvtf ;= Lccv{}to}li` ia v`lko{} {}tfoel`h



4<

4<

;4; Evc}lko{}

Evc}lko{} {f`m{ mo}o atie o {f`mft }i evc}lzcf tfkflft{ xnftf fokn tfkflft {lhòc{ }no} }nf|

xo`} }i tfkflf }nf mo}o Evc}lko{} v}lclwf{ }nf VMZ zti}ikic L` Evc}lko{} `f}xitbl`h# o

kiezv}ft mif{ ì} {f`m l}{ }toaalk }i oì}nft kiezv}ft To}nft# l} {f`m{ l} }i o {zfkloc ommtf{{

xni{f zn|{lkoc ciko}li` l{ ok}vocc| l`{lmf o tiv}ft o`m)it {xl}kn O evc}lko{} kclf`} ko` }nf`

làite }nf tiv}ft }no} l} xo`}{ }i tfkflf o evc}lko{} {}tfoe Xnf` {i làitefm# }nf tiv}ft

tfzclko}f{ }nf }toaalk }i }no} kclf`} .o`m }i occ i}nft kclf`}{ xni làite }nf tiv}ft ia }nflt mf{ltf }i

–gil` }nf {f{{li`―, L` itmft }i v{f Evc}lko{}# }nf `f}xitb ev{} df Evc}lko{} fòdcfm ]nl{

efo`{ }no} occ }nf tiv}ft{ df}xff` }nf {f`mft o`m }nf tfkflft{ ev{} df kiàlhvtfm }i tiv}f

Evc}lko{} }toaalk ]nf Alhvtf ;6 {nix{ }no} o QDtlkb xl}n o` LZ ommtf{{ ia ?84?14?:? l{

{f`ml`h mo}o ]I evc}lko{} ommtf{{ 446??? ]nf QDtlkb{ ?84?14?:4# ?84?14?:; o`m o ZK

xl}n o` ommtf{{ ia ?84?14?:= nof fokn {f`} o ef{{ohf }i o tiv}ft }i gil` }nf evc}lko{}

{f{{li` Vzi` tfkflz} ia }nl{ ef{{ohf# }nf tiv}ft tfzclko}f{ }nf }toaalk o`m {f`m{ l} }i fokn

tfkfll`h mflkf

Alhvtf ;6 Lccv{}to}li` ia evc}lko{} {}tfoel`h



;:

;:

Xnlcf }nf do{lk{ ia evc}lko{}l`h otf fo{lc| v`mft{}iim# o `fx {f} ia tiv}l`h zti}ikic{ otf

`ffmfm ait o evc}lko{} `f}xitb }i {kocf }i hcidoc {lwf L` LZ=# }nf to`hf ia ommtf{{f{ atie

44=::? }i 4;<466466466 l{ kco{{lalfm o{ Kco{{ M LZ ommtf{{f{

L`}ft`f} Htivz%Efedft{nlz Zti}ikic R?1U .LHEZ, l{ }nf evc}lko{} zti}ikic LHEZ tfclf{

i` Kco{{ M LZ ommtf{{f{ ait }nf ktfo}li` ia evc}lko{} htivz{ LHEZ l{ v{fm }i m|òelkocc|

tfhl{}ft l`mllmvoc ni{}{ l` o evc}lko{} htivz xl}n o Kco{{ M ommtf{{ Ni{}{ lmf`}la| htivz

efedft{nlz{ d| {f`ml`h LHEZ ef{{ohf{# o`m }toaalk l{ {f`} }i occ efedft{ ia }no} evc}lko{}

htivz V`mft LHEZ# tiv}ft{ cl{}f` }i LHEZ ef{{ohf{ o`m zftlimlkocc| {f`m iv} qvftlf{ }i

ml{kift xnlkn htivz{ otf ok}lf it lòk}lf i` zot}lkvcot CO@{ Tiv}ft{ kieev`lko}f xl}n

fokn i}nft d| v{l`h i`f it eitf zti}ikic{ }i dvlcm evc}lko{} tiv}f{ ait fokn htivz

Zti}ikic L`mfzf`mf`} Evc}lko{} R?8U .ZLE, {zot{f eimf l{ iz}lelwfm ait l`}ft`f}xitb{

xl}n eo`| mo}o {}tfoe{ dv} o tfco}lfc| afx `vedft ia CO@{ L} mfal`f{ o tf`mfwiv{ zil`} }no}

l{ }nf` v{fm o{ o tfhl{}to}li` zil`} }i aoklcl}o}f }nf ztizft tiv}l`h ia zokbf}{ Xnf` evc}lko{}

}toaalk l{ {f`}# }nf tiv}ft `fotf{} }nf {ivtkf {f`m{ mo}o }i }nf tf`mfwiv{ zil`} Xnf` o tfkflft

xo`}{ }i tfkflf mo}o# }nf co{}%niz tiv}ft .xl}n tf{zfk} }i }nf tfkflft, tfhl{}ft{ xl}n }nf

tf`mfwiv{ zil`} O mo}o {}tfoe acix{ atie }nf {f`mft }i }nf tf`mfwiv{ zil`} o`m }i }nf

tfkflft Tiv}ft{ l` }nf zo}n atie {ivtkf }i mf{}lò}li` iz}lelwf }nf zo}n o`m ov}ieo}lkocc|

tfeif o`| v``fkf{{ot| niz{# ff` o} }nf tf`mfwiv{ zil`}

Evc}lko{} Izf` [nit}f{} Zo}n Alt{} .EI[ZA, l{ o` f~}f`{li` ia I[ZA EI[ZA fezci|{

o v`lko{} tiv}l`h zti}ikic {i }no} fft| tiv}ft l{ oxotf ia occ oolcodcf cl`b{# o`m fokn kockvco}f{

tiv}f{ atie }nf {ivtkf }i occ zi{{ldcf htivz efedft{ EI[ZA kockvco}f{ }nf tiv}f{ ait fokn



;4

;4

efmlo {ftlkf{# Tfoc @f}xitb{ o`m _vlkb]lef L} no{ o dvlc} l` efkno`l{e ait }lef%do{fm {ffb{

]nl{ efo`{ }no} l} ko` no`mcf kclf`} tfqvf{}{ ia {fotknl`h l` o efmlo kclz

Xnf`fft o kclf`} {f`m{ o tfqvf{} }i o {}tfoel`h {ftft v{l`h o` T][Z VTC .ait f~oezcf#

t}{z7)) {ftftYòef)zvdcl{nl`hYzil`}Yòef)alcfYòef ,# }nf T][Z `fhi}lo}f{ }nf df{} mfclft|

efkno`l{e ait ki`}f`} mfclft| o`m mfclft{ }nf {}tfoel`h ki`}f`} v{l`h }nf V{ft Mo}ohtoe

Zti}ikic .VMZ, it v{l`h o ]to`{el{{li` Ki`}tic Zti}ikic .]KZ,%do{fm zti}ikic i` o `f}xitb

}no} mif{ ì} {vzzit} VMZ

;;4 E lkti{ia} efmlo {ftft zti}ikic

]nf Elkti{ia} Efmlo [ftft .EE[, zti}ikic l{ o {}tfoel`h efmlo zti}ikic mffcizfm d|

Elkti{ia} L} {vzzit}{ zco|ft ki`}tic ok}li`{ {vkn o{ ao{}%aitxotml`h# tfxl`ml`h# zov{l`h#

{}ot}l`h# o`m {}izzl`h o` l`mf~fm mlhl}oc efmlo alcf

Alhvtf ;1 Elkti{ia} Efmlo [ftlkf{ Zti}ikic

EE[V o`m EE[] otf {zfkloclwfm ft{li`{ ia }nf EE[ zti}ikic EE[V l{ o V{ft Mo}ohtoe

Zti}ikic .VMZ,%do{fm zti}ikic# xnlkn l{ }nf ztfafttfm zti}ikic ait {}tfoel`h EE[] l{ }nf

]to`{el{{li` Ki`}tic Zti}ikic .]KZ,%do{fm zti}ikic v{fm i` o `f}xitb }no} mif{ ì} {vzzit}

VMZ



;;

;;

;;; N|zft}f~} }to`{aft zti}ikic

N]]Z R?<U ko` df v{fm }i {}tfoe ki`}f`} atie o {}tfoel`h {ftft }i o kclf`} ztihtoe Ei{}c|#

}nl{ zti}ikic l{ v{fm ait efmlo ki`}tic mvtl`h lmfi {}tfoel`h la }nf ki`}f`} l{ dfl`h {}tfoefm

}ntivhn o altfxocc N]]Z v{f{ zit} >: xnlkn l{ ì} dcikbfm d| }nf altfxocc{

;= Zti}ikic t iccift

]nf odlcl}| ia }nf {ftft }i knii{f }nf tlhn} zti}ikic ait o kclf`} mfzf`ml`h i` l}{ f`ltièf`} l{

koccfm zti}ikic ticcift L} l{ v{favc xnf` }nf {ftft l{ tfkfll`h tfqvf{}{ atie o otlf}| ia

kclf`}{ ]nf kclf`}{ eo| df ki``fk}fm }ntivhn o altfxocc ]nf {ftft f{}odcl{nf{ }nf iz}leoc

ki``fk}li` }i }nf kclf`} xnf` zti}ikic ticcift l{ v{fm ]nf kclf`} {f`m{ l aiteo}li` odiv} l}{

}|zf .ft{li`, o`m xno} zti}ikic{ l} ko` {vzzit} xnf` tfqvf{}l`h o lmfi {}tfoe atie }nf {ftft

]nf {ftft v{f{ }nf df{} zti}ikic ait }nf {l}vo}li` d| v{l`h }nf làiteo}li` {f`} d| }nf kclf`} o`m

}nf kiezotl`h l} xl}n }nf zti}ikic{ fòdcfm i` }nf {ftft

L` }|zlkoc {kfòtli{ }nf alt{} o}}fez} }i ki``fk} }i }nf {ftft {vkkffm{ o`m ì avt}nft

o}}fez}{ otf eomf }i ki``fk} }i }nf {ftft La o` o}}fez} l{ v`{vkkf{{avc zti}ikic ticcift l{

zftaitefm o`m }nf `f~} iz}leoc zti}ikic l{ v{fm ait {}tfoel`h Mvtl`h }nf ztikf{{ ia zti}ikic

ticcift }nf kclf`} eo| f~zftlf`kf dtlfa dv} v`ì}lkfodcf co}f`k| ]nf Alhvtf ;8 lccv{}to}f{

zti}ikic ticcift l` Xl`mix{ Efmlo {ftlkf{ ]nf ei{} ztfafttfm zti}ikic }i }to`{el} xl`mix{

efmlo l{ EE[V .v{l`h VMZ, La }nf `f}xitb df}xff` }nf {ftft o`m }nf kclf`} mif{ ì} {vzzit}

VMZ zti}ikic }nf` EE[] .]KZ, l{ v{fm La }nftf l{ o altfxocc df}xff` }nf {ftft o`m }nf kclf`}

}nf {ftft knii{f{ N]]Z zti}ikic }i {}tfoe }nf efmlo ki`}f`}{ }i }nf kclf`}



;=

;=

Alhvtf ;8 Zti}ikic ticcift l` Xl`mix{ Efmlo {ftlkf{

[lelcotc|# }nf Tfoc Nfcl~ {ftft ticc{ }i }nf v{f ia fl}nft T][Z] it N]]Z }i {}tfoe }nf ki`}f`}{

}i }nf kclf`} Tfoc Zco|ft la }nf `f}xitb df}xff` }nf {ftft o`m }nf kclf`} mif{ `i} {vzzit} }nf

VMZ zti}ikic ]nl{ ticcift ztikf{{ l{ lccv{}to}fm l` }nf Alhvtf ;>

Alhvtf ;> Zti}ikic ticcift l` Tfoc @f}xitb{

;6 [}tfoel`h { mix`cioml`h

Qlmfi ki`}f`} ko` df mfclftfm }i }nf kclf`}{ ift o `f}xitb d| {}tfoel`h it d| mix`cioml`h L`

}nl{ }izlk o dtlfa iftlfx o`m kiezotl{i` ia }nf{f }xi ef}nim{ l{ ztilmfm

;6? Mix`cioml`h

O lmfi alcf ko` df mfclftfm }i kclf`}{ d| mix`cioml`h la }nf lmfi alcf l{ {}itfm i` o Xfd {ftft

.N]]Z, it o Alcf [ftft .A]Z, ]nf VTC }i }nf lmfi alcf l{ ztilmfm }i }nf v{ft{ o`m }nf| ko`



;6

;6

v{f l} }i mix`ciom }nf lmfi alcf ]nf f`}ltf alcf ev{} df mix`ciomfm d| }nf kclf`}{ }i {}ot}

lfxl`h }nf lmfi ki`}f`} o`m {i }nl{ ef}nim ko`ì} df v{fm ait mfclftl`h clf ki`}f`} ]nl{

ztikf{{ ki`{vef{ eitf }lef o`m notm%ml{b {zokf i` o kclf`} eoknl`f

;64 [}tfoel`h

I` }nf i}nft no`m# la }nf alcf l{ ni{}fm i` o efmlo {}tfoel`h {ftft {vkn o{ }nf Xl`mix{ Efmlo

[}tfoel`h {ftft it }nf Tfoc Nfcl~ {ftft o`m o zvdcl{nl`h zil`} l{ o{{lh`fm }i l}# }nf lmfi alcf

ko` df {}tfoefm }i kclf`}{ [}tfoel`h eobf{ v{f ia do`mxlm}n eitf faalklf`}c| }no` mix`cioml`h

o{ l} v{f{ gv{} fìvhn do`mxlm}n }i {}tfoe }nf ki`}f`} o} }nf tfqvf{}fm dl}%to}f# xnftfo{ l`

mix`cioml`h occ }nf oolcodcf do`mxlm}n xlcc df v{fm }i mix`ciom }nf alcf Oì}nft omo`}ohf

ia {}tfoel`h l{ }no} }nf v{ft ko` {}ot} lfxl`h }nf alcf o{ {ii` o{ }nf kclf`} zco|ft dvaaft{ fìvhn

lmfi atoef{ }i {}ot} zco|l`h }nf lmfi ]nl{ ef}nim ko` df v{fm }i {}tfoe clf lmfi ift }nf

`f}xitb

]nf otliv{ zti}ikic{ ait {}tfoel`h o`m ki`}ticcl`h }nf efmlo .ovmli o`m lmfi, {}tfoe nof

dff` ml{kv{{fm l` }nl{ knoz}ft Nol`h ml{kv{{fm odiv} }nf {}tvk}vtf ia EZFH4 o`m }nf mf}olc{

odiv} }to`{zit} {}tfoe EZFH4 o`m }nf zti}ikic{ }i {}tfoe }nf lmfi ki`}f`}# }nf `f~} Knoz}ft =

l`}timvkf{ }nf ki`kfz} ia lmfi }to`{kiml`h O atoefxitb }no} ko` df v{fm }i }to`{kimf }nf

EZFH4 lmfi {}tfoe }i i}nft aiteo} clbf xe o`m N41= l{ mf{ktldfm l` }nf `f~} knoz}ft



;1

;1

= ]to`{kiml`h lmfi {}tfoe{

L` }nl{ knoz}ft }nf ki`kfz} ia lmfi }to`{kiml`h l{ f~zcol`fm o`m o atoefxitb }i }to`{kimf

EZFH4 }to`{zit} {}tfoe }i Xl`mix{ Efmlo# Tfoc Qlmfi o`m N41= aiteo} l{ ml{kv{{fm

]nf do`mxlm}n tfqvltfm }i {}tfoe EZFH4 lmfi }|zlkocc| to`hf{ atie = }i ?: Edz{

mfzf`ml`h i` }nf dl}%to}f v{fm }i f`kimf }nf EZFH4 lmfi it }nf qvocl}| ia EZFH4 lmfi

mf{ltfm Occ }nf v{ft{ i` }nf L`}ft`f} mi `i} nof mix`ciom {zffm{ ia = }i ?: Edz{ o`m {i }nf

lmfi {}tfoe hf`fto}fm o} = Edz{ ev{} df }to`{kimfm }i cixft dl}%to}f{ {i }no} }nf v{ft{ ko`

tfkflf }nf lmfi {}tfoe o} cixft dl}%to}f{ oc{i

Qlmfi }to`{kiml`h l{ o ztikf{{ }no} oei`h i}nft }nl`h{# ki`ft}{ }nf aiteo}# kno`hf{ }nf

dl}%to}f# o`m f`no`kf{ }nf fttit%tf{lclf`kf ia o` f`kimfm lmfi {}tfoe ]nf ei{} {}tolhn} aitxotm

}to`{kiml`h otknl}fk}vtf ki`{l{}{ ia o mfkimft o`m o` f`kimft o{ {nix` l` Alhvtf =?

Alhvtf =? [lezcf lmfi {}tfoe }to`{kimft

]nf Alhvtf =4 {nix{ }nf }to`{kiml`h ztikf{{ xnftf o` izf` ciiz }to`{kimft l{ v{fm ]nf

l`kiel`h {ivtkf lmfi {}tfoe Q{? l{ avcc| mfkimfm# o`m }nf` tf%f`kimfm l`}i }nf }othf} lmfi

{}tfoe Q{4 xl}n mf{ltfm dl}%to}f it aiteo}



;8

;8

Alhvtf =4 Izf` Ciiz lmfi {}tfoe }to`{kimft

=? ]|zf{ ia lmfi }t o`{kiml`h7 nieihf fiv{ o`m nf}ftihf fiv{

[fftoc lmfi kieztf{{li` {}o`motm{ f~l{} ait otliv{ evc}lefmlo ozzclko}li`{ o`m fokn l{

iz}lelwfm ait o clel}fm to`hf ]nf cix dl}%to}f ozzclko}li`{ clbf lmfizni`f o`m

lmfikiàftf`kl`h v{f N41?# N41; o`m N41= ]nf{f {}o`motm{ xftf mfal`fm d| L]V

.L`}ftò}liòc ]fcfkieev`lko}li` V`l}, Nlhn dl}%to}f ozzclko}li`{ {vkn o{ mlhl}oc Qlmfi

dtiomko{}# MQM o`m Nlhn Mfal`l}li` Qlmfi [}tfoel`h v{f EZFH4 o`m EZFH= xnlkn xftf

mfal`fm d| L[I .L`}ftò}liòc [}o`motm{ Itho`lwo}li`,

]nf ztikf{{ ia lmfi }to`{kiml`h ko` df ko}fhitlwfm l`}i }xi }|zf{# nieihf`fiv{ }to`{kiml`h

o`m nf}ftihf`fiv{ }to`{kiml`h L` nieihf`fiv{ }to`{kiml`h# lmfi ki`ft{li` l{ zftaitefm

okti{{ }nf {oef {}o`motm{ .fh EZFH4 }i EZFH?, L` nf}ftihf`fiv{ }to`{kiml`h# }nf lmfi



;>

;>

{}tfoe l` i`f {}o`motm l{ }to`{kimfm }i o lmfi {}tfoe l` o`i}nft {}o`motm .fh EZFH4 }i

N41=,

=?? Nieihf`fiv{ }to`{kiml h

Nieihf`fiv{ }to`{kiml`h zftaite{ ki`ft{li` df}xff` lmfi dl}%{}tfoe{ ia }nf {oef {}o`motm

O nlhn qvocl}| {ivtkf lmfi eo| df }to`{kimfm }i o }othf} lmfi dl} {}tfoe ia cixft qvocl}|# xl}n

mlaaftf`} tf{icv}li`{# o`m mlaaftf`} dl} to}f{ ]nf dl}%to}f ia o lmfi {}tfoe ko` df tfmvkfm

xl}niv} kno`hl`h l}{ tf{icv}li` d| v{l`h tfqvo`}lwo}li` it {fcfk} }to`{el{{li`

O`i}nft }fkn`lqvf l{ koccfm zl~fc oftohl`h L` }nl{ }fkn`lqvf# fft| e zl~fc{ otf

tfztf{f`}fm d| o {l`hcf zl~fc L} l{ }nf {lezcf{} ef}nim ait nieihf`fiv{ }to`{kiml`h dv} }nf

tfki`{}tvk}fm zlk}vtf{ eo| dfkief dcvttfm ]nf Alhvtf =; lccv{}to}f{ o` f~oezcf ia }nl{ ztikf{{

xnftf mix` {oezcl`h ia aivt ei}li` fk}it{ l`}i i`f l{ zftaitefm

Alhvtf =; Aivt ei}li` fk}it{ dfl`h mix` {oezcfm }i i`f

=?4 Nf}ftihf fiv{ lmfi }to`{kiml`h

O nf}ftihf`fiv{ lmfi }to`{kimft ztilmf{ ki`ft{li`{ df}xff` otliv{ {}o`motm{ {vkn o{

EZFH4 }i N41= }to`{kimft# it N41; }i EZFH= }to`{kimft



;<

;<

O nf}ftihf`fiv{ }to`{kimft `ffm{ o {|`}o~ ki`ft{li` eimvcf# o`m eo| kno`hf }nf

zlk}vtf }|zf# zlk}vtf tf{icv}li`# mltfk}li`ocl}| ia EQ{# o`m zlk}vtf to}f O nf}ftihf`fiv{

}to`{kimft ev{} omgv{} }nf afo}vtf{ ia }nf l`kiel`h lmfi }i f`odcf }nf afo}vtf{ ia }nf iv}hil`h

lmfi R4:U O `vedft ia mlaaftf`kf{ f~l{} oei`h otliv{ lmfi kiml`h {}o`motm{ xnlkn eobf{

nf}ftihf`fiv{ }to`{kiml`h eitf kiezcf~ ]odcf =? dfcix {nix{ {ief ia }nf eogit mlaaftf`kf{

df}xff` zizvcot kiml`h {}o`motm{

]odcf =? Bf| afo}vtf{ ia lmfi kieztf{{li` {}o`motm{



=:

=:

Clf dtiomko{} ia }to`{kimfm {}tfoe l{ eitf kiezcf~ }no` }to`{kiml`h lmfi ait i`%

mfeo`m dtiomko{} L} lìcf{ eitf tf{ivtkf{ o`m no{ o }lef ki`{}tol`} ait hf`fto}l`h }nf

}to`{kimfm {}tfoe Mf{lh`l`h o xnicf `fx }to`{kimft ait }nf zvtzi{f ia }to`{kiml`h QDtlkb

{}tfoe l`}i xe it tfoc lmfi aiteo} l{ o }fmliv{ ztikf{{ Nf`kf f~l{}l`h {ia}xotf clbf Xl`mix{

Efmlo F`kimft R4?U o`m Tfoc Ztimvkft R44U l{ v{fm l` }nf atoefxitb .ml{kv{{fm l` }nf `f~}

[fk}li`, }i ki`ft} QDtlkb lmfi {}tfoe l`}i cix dl} to}f aiteo}{

=4 ]to`{kiml`h QDt lkb }t o`{zit } {}tfoe EZFH4

L` }nl{ [fk}li`# }nf otliv{ xo|{ l` xnlkn }nf }to`{zit} {}tfoe EZFH4 hf`fto}fm d| o .QDtlkb,

mflkf o} nlhnft dl} to}f{ ko` df }to`{el}}fm }i cothf `vedft ia zfizcf l{ ml{kv{{fm

]nf evc}lko{} }to`{zit} {}tfoe EZFH4 hf`fto}fm d| }nf QDtlkb ko` df }to`{el}}fm }i }nf

ovmlf`kf xl}niv} L`}ft`f}4 ki``fk}ll}| l` }xi xo|{

? I` mfeo`m {}tfoel`h ia }to`{kimfm lmfi

4 Clf dtiomko{} ia }to`{kimfm lmfi o} cixft dl} to}f{

]nf tfkitmfm lmfi atie o QDtlkb {f{{li` `ffm{ }i df }to`{kimfm }i cixft dl}to}f{ o`m

ozztiztlo}f aiteo} .xe it te, }i fòdcf l} ait i`%mfeo`m {}tfoel`h ]nf lmfi ov}nitl`h

ztihtoe{ {vkn o{ Xl`mix{ Efmlo F`kimft# Tfoc Ztimvkft it Vcfom F~ztf{{ f~zfk} }nf l`zv} }i

df l` ztihtoe {}tfoe EZFH4 aiteo} o`m mi ì} nof }nf kozodlcl}| ia ztikf{{l`h }to`{zit}

{}tfoe EZFH4 Nf`kf l`l}loc o}}fez}{ }i kieztf{{ }nf }to`{zit} {}tfoe EZFH4 }i xe it te

aiteo} v{l`h Xl`mix{ efmlo f`kimft it Tfoc Ztimvkft tf{vc}fm l` iv}zv} {}tfoe xl}n ì ovmli

]i {icf }nl{ ztidcfe }xi%zo{{ f`kiml`h ia }nf tfkitmfm alcf{ l{ mi`f L` }nf alt{} zo{{ }nf



=?

=?

}to`{zit} {}tfoe EZFH4 l{ ki`ft}fm }i EZFH? it ztihtoe {}tfoe EZFH4 ]nl{ {}tfoe l{ }nf`

ki`ft}fm }i xe it te aiteo} v{l`h Xl`mix{ Efmlo F`kimft it Tfoc Ztimvkft tf{zfk}lfc|

I`kf }nf kieztf{{fm lmfi l{ ztimvkfm# l} l{ zcokfm i` }nf Xl`mix{ Efmlo [ftft it Nfcl~

{}tfoel`h {ftft o`m ko` df okkf{{fm i`%mfeo`m d| kclf`}{ v{l`h ozztiztlo}f tfqvf{} }i xfd

{ftft VTC

]nf {icv}li` ml{kv{{fm odif ko`ì} df v{fm ait clf dtiomko{} ia }to`{kimfm {}tfoe

dfkov{f ia }nf }lef ki`{}tol`} Xl`mix{ Efmlo F`kimft o`m Tfoc Ztimvkft }to`{kimf o lmfi

{}tfoe o`m hf`fto}f o` iv}zv} {}tfoe o} mf{ltfm dl}%to}f o`m aiteo} Dv} }nf l`zv} }i }nf{f

f`kimft{ ev{} df v`kieztf{{fm lmfi atie o lmfi)ovmli koz}vtf kotm it lmfi kieztf{{fm

v{l`h o kimfk }no} }nf odif {ia}xotf ko` mfkimf ]nf {ia}xotf cl{}fm odif i`c| mfkimf

Ztihtoe {}tfoe EZFH4 Xnf` ]to`{zit} {}tfoe EZFH4 l{ v{fm o{ o` l`zv} }i hf`fto}f }nf

}to`{kimfm {}tfoe# }nf iv}zv} {}tfoe mif{ ì} ki`}ol` }nf ovmli mo}o .ml{kv{{fm l` [fk}li` 46,

]i {icf }nl{ ztidcfe Elkti{ia} Mltfk}[nix R4;U l{ v{fm I` Elkti{ia} Xl`mix{ zco}aite

Elkti{ia} Mltfk}[nix ztilmf{ otknl}fk}vtf ait ztikf{{l`h efmlo .lmfi o`m {iv`m,

Mltfk}[nix ztilmf{ nlhn%qvocl}| koz}vtf o`m zco|dokb ia evc}lefmlo {}tfoe{ L} {vzzit}{

koz}vtf atie mlhl}oc o`m oòcih mflkf{ do{fm i` }nf Xl`mix{ Mtlft Eimfc it Qlmfi ait

Xl`mix{ .QaX,

]nf aiccixl`h Alhvtf == {nix{ }nf tfco}li`{nlz df}xff` o` ozzclko}li`# }nf Mltfk}[nix

kiezi`f`}{# o`m {ief ia }nf notmxotf o`m {ia}xotf kiezi`f`}{ O{ lccv{}to}fm# Mltfk}[nix

alc}ft{ kieev`lko}f xl}n# o`m ki`}tic# o xlmf otlf}| ia mflkf{# l`kcvml`h }nf cikoc alcf {|{}fe#

]Q }v`ft o`m lmfi koz}vtf kotm{# QaX kimfk{# }nf lmfi ml{zco|# o`m }nf {iv`m kotm



=4

=4

Alhvtf == Elkti{ia} Mltfk}[nix eimfc

L`{}occo}li` ia QDtlkb [}tfoeZco|ft Zcv{ ztilmf{ o koz}vtf mtlft ait QDtlkb lmfi

{}tfoe{ ]nl{ koz}vtf mtlft l{ {lelcot }i }nf i`f v{fm }i koz}vtf lmfi)ovmli atie notmxotf

koz}vtf kotm ]nf koz}vtf kotm mfkimf{ }nf `f}xitb zokbf}{ ia o QDtlkb lmfi {}tfoe }i hf`fto}f

o` v`kieztf{{fm lmfi)ovmli {}tfoe ]nf l`zv} zotoef}ft{ }i }nl{ koz}vtf mtlft otf o` LZ o`m

zit} `vedft .}nf LZ ommtf{{ o`m Zit} `vedft ia }nf QDtlkb }i df koz}vtfm, ]nf Alhvtf =6

{nix{ nix }nf QDtlkb Qlmfi koz}vtf o`m Ovmli koz}vtf mflkf{ al} l`}i }nf Mltfk}[nix oa}ft }nf

l`{}occo}li` ia }nf QDtlkb [}tfoeZco|ft Zcv{



=;

=;

Alhvtf =6 QDtlkb lmfi o`m ovmli koz}vtf mflkf{ ommfm }i Mltfk}[nix

]nf QDtlkb ovmli koz}vtf mflkf o`m }nf lmfi koz}vtf mflkf hf} cl{}fm l` }nf mflkf{ cl{} xnf`

}nf .mflkf{, {ivtkf l{ {fcfk}fm l` o {f{{li` l` Xl`mix{ Efmlo F`kimft .ml{kv{{fm l` [fk}li`

=4?, Alhvtf =1 lccv{}to}f{ }nf Xl`mix{ Efmlo F`kimft xnftf mflkf{ l{ kni{f` o`m {ivtkf

o`m }nf QDtlkb Qlmfi Koz}vtf mflkf l{ cl{}fm



==

==

Alhvtf =1 QDtlkb lmfi koz}vtf mflkf cl{}fm l` xl`mix{ efmlo f`kimft

]nftf otf {fftoc zotoef}ft{ }no} `ffm }i df {f} }i {}ot} o {f{{li` ia f`kiml`h }nf lmfi {}tfoe l`

o Xl`mix{ Efmlo F`kimft ]nf{f zotoef}ft{ ko` df l`zv} }i }nf Xl`mix{ Efmlo F`kimft l`

}nf bf|%ocvf zolt aiteo} o`m otf }ftefm o{ {f{{li` ztizft}lf{ ]nf{f bf|%ocvf zolt{ ko` df

{}itfm l` o` ^EC .f~}f`{lf eotbvz co`hvohf, alcf ]nf [fk}li` =4? {nix{ o` ^EC xl}n }nf

zotoef}ft{ ia o {f{{li` l` o Xl`mix{ Efmlo F`kimft }i f`kimf }nf QDtlkb Qlmfi o`m Ovmli

l`}i xe aiteo}

I`kf }nf {f{{li` l` Xl`mix{ Efmlo F`kimft {}ot}{# }nf iv}zv} xe aiteo} {}tfoe ko` df

okkf{{fm l` }xi xo|{ o{ mf{ktldfm l` `f~} [fk}li`



=6

=6

=4? Xl`mix{ efmlo {ftft

Xl`mix{ Efmlo [}tfoel`h {ftft R4=U l{ o {ftft ztihtoe }no} ko` df l`{}occfm .kiàlhvtfm, i` o

Xl`mix{ 4:::)4::; {ftft ]nf VTC

n}}z7))xxxelkti{ia}kie)xl`mix{)xl`mix{efmlo)aitzti{){ftf)xe{ftlkf{o{z~ ko` df

tfafttfm }i hf} l`{}tvk}li`{ l` kiàlhvtl`h Xl`mix{ Efmlo [ftlkf{ i` Xl`mix{ 4::; {ftft

Lmfocc| }xi kiezv}ft{ otf v{fm l` }nl{ atoefxitb ]nf alt{} i`f .tfafttfm }i o{ Xl`mix Efmlo

F`kimft, l{ v{fm }i }to`{kimf }nf }to`{zit} {}tfoe EZFH4 atie }nf QDtlkb }i o cixft dl}%to}f

xe aiteo} ]nf {fki`m i`f l{ v{fm }i ni{} }nf Xl`mix{ Efmlo [ftft ]nftf otf }xi xo|{ ia

{ftl`h }nl{ }to`{kimfm xe {}tfoe }i }nf kclf`}{

? ]nf xe {}tfoe ko` df ZVCCfm mltfk}c| atie }nf Xl`mix{ Efmlo F`kimft .XEF, d|

ki``fk}l`h }i }nf VTC {zfklalfm d| n}}z7))lzommtf{{7zit}# xnftf lzommtf{{ l{ }nf LZ

ommtf{{ ia XEF o`m zit} l{ }nf kiàlhvtfm zit} i` XEF ait {ftl`h }nf }to`{kimfm

{}tfoe ]nftf l{ clel}o}li` i` `vedft ia v{ft{ }no} ko` ki``fk} }i }nf xl`mix{ efmlo

f`kimft ztihtoe o{ }nf kiezv}o}liòc ciom i` l} l`ktfo{f{ xl}n l`ktfo{fm `vedft ia

kclf`}{ ki``fk}l`h }i l} ]nl{ ef}nim l{ v{favc xnf` }nf }to`{kimfm {}tfoe l{ }i df {ftfm

}i cf{{ `vedft ia kclf`}{

4 L` }nf {fki`m ef}nim# }nf }to`{kimfm xe {}tfoe l{ ZV[Nfm }i o dtiomko{} zil`} i` o

Xl`mix{ efmlo {}tfoel`h {ftft Kclf`}{ ko` }nf` ki``fk} }i }nf dtiomko{} zil`} v{l`h

}nf VTC ee{7)){ftft?)dtiomko{}zil`} o`m tfkflf }nf }to`{kimfm {}tfoe clf ]nf

Xl`mix{ Efmlo [}tfoel`h {ftft ztilmf{ eitf kozodlcl}lf{ {vkn o{ {fkvtl}| o`m

omel`l{}to}li` ait {ftl`h }nf xe {}tfoe Xnf` kiezotfm }i }nf fotclft ef}nim# o



=1

=1

cothf `vedft ia v{ft{ ko` ki``fk} }i }nf xl`mix{ efmlo {ftft o`m tfkflf }nf {}tfoe L`

}nl{ ef}nim o` f~}to mfco| l{ ommfm xnlkn l{ }nf `f}xitb mfco| }i }to`{el} }nf }to`{kimfm

{}tfoe atie }nf xl`mix{ efmlo f`kimft }i }nf xl`mix{ efmlo {}tfoel`h {ftft

]nf Alhvtf =8 lccv{}to}f{ }nf ZV[N ef}nim ait {}tfoel`h }to`{kimfm xe {}tfoe }i kclf`}{ o}

cixft dl} to}f{ o{ mf{ktldfm l` }nl{ [fk}li`

Alhvtf =8 Lezcfef`}o}li` ia xl`mix{ efmlo {ftlkf{ ait }to`{kiml`h



=8

=8

QDtlkb {}tfoe ko` df }to`{kimfm }i o xe {}tfoe d| {}ot}l`h o `fx dtiomko{} {f{{li` l`

Xl`mix{ Efmlo F`kimft o`m {fcfk}l`h }nf {ivtkf o{ –mflkf{― .o{ {nix` l` Alhvtf =>, ]nf

QDtlkb Qlmfi Koz}vtf o`m }nf QDtlkb Ovmli Koz}vtf l{ {fcfk}fm o{ }nf lmfi o`m ovmli mflkf

tf{zfk}lfc|

Alhvtf => Xl`mix{ Efmlo F`kimft {f{{li` xl}n QDtlkb mflkf{ {fcfk}fm o{ l`zv}

]nf` o `vedft ia {f}}l`h{ clbf }nf lmfi tf{icv}li`# atoef to}f o`m dl}%to}f otf {f} }i {}ot} o`

f`kiml`h {f{{li` }no} }to`{kimf{ }nf l`zv} QDtlkb {}tfoe l`}i xe R48U O` ^EC alcf

ki`}ol`l`h zotoef}ft{ ait Xl`mix{ Efmlo F`kimft }i }to`{kimf o QDtlkb {}tfoe l`}i o xe

aiteo} l{ o{ aiccix{7

39~ec ft{li`5$?:$90

3XEF`kimft eogitYft{li`5$<$el`itYft{li`5$:$



=>

=>

@oef5$XEF`kimft?;41?$[|`knti`lf{Izfto}li`5$:$ 03Mf{ktlz}li` )03[ivtkfHtivz{ 0

3[ivtkfHtivz @oef5$Clf$ 0

3[ivtkf ]|zf5$XEF@KYQLMFI$[knfef5$mflkf$L`zv}[ivtkf5$QDtlkb Qlmfi Koz}vtf$ 03V{ftMo}o 0

3XEF@KYDIIC @oef5$V{fTfkitm_vfvf$ Qocvf5$ì$ )03XEF@KY[]TL@H @oef5$Tfkitm]fezZo}n$ Qocvf5$K7S]fezS$ )03XEF@KY[]TL@H @oef5$El`leveMl{b[zokf$ Qocvf5$?:=>681:$ )03XEF@KYDIIC @oef5$[of]iMl{bI`c|Mvtl`hKoz}vtf$ Qocvf5$ì$

)03)V{ftMo}o0

3)[ivtkf0

3[ivtkf ]|zf5$XEF@KYOVMLI$

[knfef5$mflkf$L`zv}[ivtkf5$QDtlkb Ovmli Koz}vtf$ 03V{ftMo}o 0

3XEF@KYDIIC @oef5$V{fTfkitm_vfvf$ Qocvf5$ì$ )03XEF@KY[]TL@H @oef5$Tfkitm]fezZo}n$ Qocvf5$K7S]fezS$ )03XEF@KY[]TL@H @oef5$El`leveMl{b[zokf$ Qocvf5$?:=>681:$ )03XEF@KYDIIC @oef5$[of]iMl{bI`c|Mvtl`hKoz}vtf$ Qocvf5$ì$

)03)V{ftMo}o0

3)[ivtkf0

3F`kimftZtialcf lm5$Evc}lzcf dl} to}f{ ovmli .KDT, ) Evc}lzcf dl}

to}f{ lmfi .KDT,$ )03V{ftMo}o 03)V{ftMo}o0

3)[ivtkfHtivz0

3)[ivtkfHtivz{0

3Dtiomko{} N}}z5$>:>:$ )03XEF`kimftYZtialcf lm5$Evc}lzcf dl} to}f{ ovmli .KDT, ) Evc}lzcf dl}

to}f{ lmfi .KDT,$ 03/RKMO]OR 3ztialcf ft{li`5$6><>4=$

{}itohfaiteo}5$?$òef5$Evc}lzcf dl} to}f{ ovmli .KDT, ) Evc}lzcf dl} to}f{ lmfi

.KDT,$mf{ktlz}li`5$$0

3{}tfoekiàlh eogit}|zf5$r8;1=861?%::::%::?:%>:::%::OO::;><D8?u$

{}tfoe`vedft5$?${}tfoeòef5$Ovmli [}tfoe$l`zv}òef5$Ovmli=:<$dl}to}f5$=>:4=$dvaaftxl`mix5$6:::$



=<

=<

tfclodcf}to`{zit}5$:$mfkimftkiezcf~l}|5$$tak?811co`hlm5$f`%v{$

03xeefmlo}|zf {vd}|zf5$r:::::?1?%::::%::?:%>:::%::OO::;><D8?u$

dal~fm{lwf{oezcf{5$?$d}fezitockieztf{{li`5$:$c{oezcf{lwf5$???6$0

3xofaiteo}f~ xAiteo}]oh5$;6;$`Kno``fc{5$4$`[oezcf{Zft[fk5$==?::$ÒhD|}f{Zft[fk5$1::;$`DcikbOclh`5$???6$xDl}{Zft[oezcf5$?1$kimfkmo}o5$::>>::::?A::::::::::$)0

3)xeefmlo}|zf03){}tfoekiàlh0

3{}tfoekiàlh eogit}|zf5$r8;1=1<81%::::%::?:%>:::%::OO::;><D8?u$

{}tfoe`vedft5$4${}tfoeòef5$Qlmfi [}tfoe$l`zv}òef5$Qlmfi=:<$dl}to}f5$486:::$dvaaftxl`mix5$6:::$tfclodcf}to`{zit}5$:$mfkimftkiezcf~l}|5$OV$tak?811co`hlm5$f`%v{$

03lmfiefmloztiz{ eo~bf|atoef{zokl`h5$>:::::::$

qvocl}|5$86$)03xeefmlo}|zf {vd}|zf5$r;;61=M68%::::%::?:%>:::%::OO::;><D8?u$

dal~fm{lwf{oezcf{5$:$

d}fezitockieztf{{li`5$?$c{oezcf{lwf5$:$03lmfilàinfomft mxdl}to}f5$486:::$

mxdl}fttitto}f5$:$oh}lefzftatoef5$;;;118$0

3tk{ivtkf cfa}5$:$}iz5$:$tlhn}5$;1:$di}}ie5$4=:$)0

3tk}othf} cfa}5$:$}iz5$:$tlhn}5$;1:$di}}ie5$4=:$)0

3dl}eozlàinfomft dlxlm}n5$;1:$

dlnflhn}5$4=:$dlzco`f{5$?$dldl}kiv`}5$4=$dlkieztf{{li`5$XEQ;$dl{lwfleohf5$:$dl~zfc{zftef}ft5$:$dl|zfc{zftef}ft5$:$dlkctv{fm5$:$dlkctlezit}o`}5$:$)0



6:

6:

3)lmfilàinfomft03)xeefmlo}|zf03){}tfoekiàlh0

3)ztialcf0UU0

3)XEF`kimftYZtialcf0

3V{ftMo}o 03XEF@KYCI@H @oef5$F`kiml`hSMf{}$ Qocvf5$4$ )03XEF@KY[]TL@H @oef5$F`kiml`hSOvmli:$ )03XEF@KY[]TL@H @oef5$F`kiml`hSQlmfi:$ )03XEF@KY[]TL@H @oef5$F`kiml`hS[ktlz}:$ )03XEF@KYCI@H @oef5$F`kiml`hSDl}to}f:SQlmfi:SKv{}ieX$ Qocvf5$;1:$ )03XEF@KYCI@H @oef5$F`kiml`hSDl}to}f:SQlmfi:SKv{}ieN$ Qocvf5$4=:$ )0

3)V{ftMo}o0

3)XEF`kimft0

V{l`h }nf odif kiàlhvto}li`# }nf }to`{kimfm xe {}tfoe ia tf{icv}li` ;1: ~ 4=: o`m }nf atoef

to}f l{ ;: atoef{ zft {fki`m ko` df hf`fto}fm ]nf {}tfoe l{ {ftfm }i }nf kclf`}{ v{l`h }nf ZVCC

ef}nim o`m VTC }i okkf{{ }nf iv}zv} {}tfoe xlcc df n}}z7)){ftftLZ7>:>:

O Htoznlkoc V{ft L`}ftaokf l{ mf{lh`fm l` _} R4<U }i {lezcla| }nf v{f ia }nl{ atoefxitb ]nf

ozzclko}li` ciib{ o{ {nix` l` Alhvtf =< ]nf {ivtkf kimf ait }nf ozzclko}li` l{ hlf` l`

Ozzf`ml~ D I`f ia }nf l`}ftf{}l`h }nl`h{ }i ì}f l{ }no} }nf ÊC kiàlhvto}li` alcf .{nix`

odif, ia o Xl`mix{ Efmlo F`kimft {nix` odif mif{`’} ki`}ol` }nf LZ Ommtf{{ o`m Zit}

`vedft ia }nf QDtlkb {}tfoe }i df }to`{kimfm

Xnf`fft QDtlkb [}tfoeZco|ft Zcv{ l{ v{fm }i okkf{{ o QDtlkb {}tfoe# }nf LZ ommtf{{ o`m }nf

Zit} `vedft ia }nf {}tfoe hf}{ {}itfm l` }nf Xl`mix{ tfhl{}t| Xnf` }nf koz}vtf mtlft l{ v{fm

}i koz}vtf {}tfoe v{l`h f`kiml`h {ia}xotf# l} okkf{{f{ }nf {oef {}tfoe }no} l{ mltfk}fm d| }nf

{}itfm ocvf{ l` }nf tfhl{}t| ]nl{ zti}ikic no{ dff` l`kitzito}fm l` }nf HVL ozzclko}li` ]nl{

ozzclko}li` l{ òef xeF`kimf



6?

6?

Alhvtf =< xeF`kimf ozzclko}li`

Xnf` }nf LZ ommtf{{ o`m }nf zit} `vedft ia }nf QDtlkb {}tfoe }i df f`kimfm otf f`}ftfm }nf

Ztflfx dv}}i` l` }nf ozzclko}li` hf}{ fòdcfm Xnf` }nf Ztflfx dv}}i` l{ kclkbfm o VTC }i

okkf{{ }nf QDtlkb {}tfoe l{ hf`fto}fm v{l`h }nf LZ o`m zit} `vedft atie }nf aite ]nf VTC l{

ia }nf aite7

dtlkb{|{7))lz544=???6!zit}5====!adzit}5;64<>!zicc56!l`}ftaokf5::::

Nftf }nf QDtlkb {}tfoe atie LZ 5 44=???6 o`m zit} 5 ==== xlcc df okkf{{fm Xl`mix{ Efmlo

Zco|ft ko` }nf` df v{fm }i lfx }nf {}tfoe atie }nl{ VTC

=?: xeF`kimf ozzclko}li` xl}n Ztflfx Dv}}i` fòdcfm

Xl`mix Efmlo Zco|ft l{ cov`knfm o`m }nf QDtlkb {}tfoe atie }nf LZ o`m Zit} l{ ztflfxfm ]nf

ztflfxl`h ia }nf {}tfoe l{ `fkf{{ot| dfkov{f }nf LZ o`m zit} `vedft ia }nf {}tfoe `ffm{ }i df

{}itfm l` }nf Xl`mix{ Tfhl{}t| dfaitf }nf ztikf{{ ia f`kiml`h dfhl`{ ]nf F`kimf dv}}i`{ hf}{

fòdcfm i`c| xnf` }nf Ztflfx dv}}i` l{ kclkbfm Xnf` }nf F`kimft dv}}i` l{ kclkbfm xl`mix{



64

64

efmlo f`kimft l{ cov`knfm o`m }nf QDtlkb {}tfoe }no} xo{ ztflfxfm l{ hlf` o{ l`zv} }i }nf

f`kimft ]nf F`kimft tfom{ }nf l`zv} zotoef}ft{ atie o` ^EC alcf xnlkn no{ occ }nf zotoef}ft{

tfqvltfm }i {}ot} }nf f`kiml`h ztikf{{ I`kf }nf {f{{li` {}ot}{ o`m f`ivhn atoef{ otf dvaaftfm }i

hf`fto}f }nf xe {}tfoe }nf –[}ot} F`kiml`h― dv}}i` ko` df ztf{{fm }i {}ot} }nf f`kiml`h

ztikf{{

=44 Tfoc nfcl~ {ftft

[lelcot }i }nf ozztiokn ml{kv{{fm l` [fk}li` =4? Tfoc Ztimvkft R44U o`m Tfoc Nfcl~ {ftft ko`

df v{fm }i dtiomko{} }nf }to`{kimfm }to`{zit} {}tfoe EZFH4 o cix dl}%to}f{ Tfoc Ztimvkft l{

{ia}xotf }no} ko` f`kimf v`kieztf{{fm lmfi l`zv} l`}i tfoc lmfi aiteo} ]nf Alhvtf =??

{nix{ o Tfoc Ztimvkft {f{{li` l` xnlkn }nf QDtlkb mflkf{ otf {fcfk}fm o{ l`zv}{

Alhvtf =?? Tfoc Ztimvkft ?? {f{{li` xl}n QDtlkb mflkf{ {fcfk}fm o{ l`zv}



6;

6;

]nf Alhvtf =?4 {nix{ }nf v{f ia Tfoc Ztimvkft o`m Nfcl~ {ftft R46U }i dtiomko{} }nf

}to`{kimfm te aiteo} ]nf EZFH4 }to`{zit} {}tfoe l{ }to`{kimfm }i }nf mf{ltodcf dl} to}f o`m l{

{}tfoefm }i o eiv`} zil`} .]Q4, i` o ztfki`alhvtfm Tfoc Nfcl~ {ftft ]nf xfd VTC

–n}}z7)){ftlkftfockie)nfcz)cldtot|)hvlmf{)nfcl~v`lft{oc{ftft)tfoc{ttn}e ― ko` df tfafttfm }i

ki`alhvtf o Tfoc Nfcl~ [ftft ]nf f`m%v{ft kclf`}{ ko` }nf` ki``fk} }i }nf {ftft }i lfx }nf

{}tfoe v{l`h }nf T][Z VTC .o{ {nix` l` }nf Alhvtf =?4, atie o Tfoc Zco|ft

Alhvtf =?4 Lezcfef`}o}li` ia }nf tfoc `f}xitb{ ait }to`{kiml`h



6=

6=

]nf otliv{ zotoef}ft{ `ffmfm }i {}ot} o {f{{li` l` }nf Tfoc Ztimvkft }i }to`{kimf }nf QDtlkb

{}tfoe }i tfoc lmfi aiteo} otf {nix` v{l`h }nf bf|%ocvf zolt{ l` }nf aiccixl`h ÊC7

39~ec ft{li`5$?:$ f`kiml`h5$V]A%>$903gid ~ec`{5$n}}z7))`{tfockie)}iic{)gid4:$~ec`{7~{l5$n}}z7))xxxx;ith)4::?)ÊC[knfeo%l`{}o`kf$~{l7{knfeoCiko}li`5$n}}z7))`{tfockie)}iic{)gid4:

n}}z7))`{tfockie)}iic{)gid4:~{m$03fòdcf]xiZo{{ }|zf5$diic$0}tvf3)fòdcf]xiZo{{03kclzLài03f`}t|03òef0Kiz|tlhn}3)òef03ocvf }|zf5${}tl`h$0.K, 4::63)ocvf0

3)f`}t|03f`}t|03òef0Hf`fto}fm D|3)òef03ocvf }|zf5${}tl`h$0TfocZtimvkft.T, Do{lk ??: ait Xl`mix{# Dvlcm

??::4::<3)ocvf03)f`}t|0

3)kclzLài03l`zv}{03l`zv} ~{l7}|zf5$koz}vtfL`zv}$03ovmliMflkfLM }|zf5${}tl`h$0QDtlkb Ovmli Koz}vtf3)ovmliMflkfLM03mvto}li` }|zf5$mvto}li`$0làl`l}f3)mvto}li`03lmfiMflkfLM }|zf5${}tl`h$0QDtlkb Qlmfi Koz}vtf3)lmfiMflkfLM03ztfalc}ft{03ztfalc}ft ~{l7}|zf5$ovmliHol`Ztfalc}ft$03fòdcfm }|zf5$diic$0}tvf3)fòdcfm03hol` }|zf5$mivdcf$0:::::::3)hol`03zcvhl`@oef }|zf5${}tl`h$0t`%ztfalc}ft%ovmlihol`3)zcvhl`@oef0

3)ztfalc}ft03ztfalc}ft ~{l7}|zf5$mfl`}ftcokfZtfalc}ft$03mfl`}ftcokf }|zf5$diic$0}tvf3)mfl`}ftcokf03fòdcfm }|zf5$diic$0}tvf3)fòdcfm03l`ft{f]fcfkl`f }|zf5$diic$0}tvf3)l`ft{f]fcfkl`f03eo`voc }|zf5$diic$0aoc{f3)eo`voc03zcvhl`@oef }|zf5${}tl`h$0t`%ztfalc}ft%mfl`}ftcokf3)zcvhl`@oef0

3)ztfalc}ft03)ztfalc}ft{0

3)l`zv}03)l`zv}{03zotIv}zv}{03iv}zv}03mf{}lò}li`{0

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66

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61

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3){}tfoeKi`}f~}03){}tfoe03{}tfoe ~{l7}|zf5$ovmli[}tfoe$03kimfkAcoit }|zf5$vl`}$0?=3)kimfkAcoit03kimfk@oef }|zf5${}tl`h$0kiib3)kimfk@oef03f`kiml`hKiezcf~l}| }|zf5${}tl`h$0nlhn3)f`kiml`hKiezcf~l}|03zcvhl`@oef }|zf5${}tl`h$0t`%ovmlikimfk%tfocovmli3)zcvhl`@oef03{}tfoeKi`}f~} }|zf5$doh$03ovmliEimf }|zf5${}tl`h$0ilkf3)ovmliEimf0

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=4; QlmfiCo` kclf }

N41= l{ o {vd{}o`}locc| mlaaftf`} kimfk atie }nf ztfliv{ EZFH o`m L]V {}o`motm{ .{ff ]odcf

=?, L} l{ o gil`} faait} ia EZFH o`m L]V o`m ole{ }i mfclft nlhn%qvocl}| lmfi o} occ dl} to}f{

QlmfiCo` Kclf`} R41U l{ o }iic }no} ztilmf{ kozodlcl}| }i }to`{kimf EZFH4 {}tfoe }i N41= l`

tfoc }lef ]nf aiccixl`h Alhvtf =?; lccv{}to}f{ }nf v{f ia QlmfiCo` Kclf`} }i }to`{kimf }to`{zit}

{}tfoe EZFH4 l` tfoc }lef o`m dtiomko{} l} l` cix dl}%to}f{ O eitf mf}olcfm mf{ktlz}li` ia }nl{

ztikf{{ l{ hlf` l` Ozzf`ml~ D



68

68

Alhvtf =?; Lezcfef`}o}li` ia QlmfiCo` Kclf`} ait }to`{kiml`h

=; _vocl}| ia }to`{kimfm lmfi

]nf znto{f zfob {lhòc%}i%ìl{f to}li# ia}f` oddtflo}fm Z[@T# l{ o` f`hl`fftl`h }fte ait }nf

to}li df}xff` }nf eo~leve zi{{ldcf zixft ia o {lhòc o`m }nf zixft ia kittvz}l`h ìl{f }no}

oaafk}{ }nf almfcl}| ia l}{ tfztf{f`}o}li` Dfkov{f eo`| {lhòc{ nof o ft| xlmf m|òelk to`hf#

Z[@T l{ v{vocc| f~ztf{{fm l` }fte{ ia }nf cihotl}nelk mfkldfc {kocf Zfob [lhòc%}i%@il{f To}li

l{ ei{} kieei`c| v{fm o{ o efo{vtf ia qvocl}| ia tfki`{}tvk}li` l` leohf kieztf{{li` ]nf

nlhnft }nf Z[@T# }nf df}}ft l{ }nf qvocl}| ia }nf kieztf{{fm leohf Z[@T l{ ei{} fo{lc| mfal`fm

d| }nf efo` {qvotfm fttit .E[F, df}xff` }xi leohf{



6>

6>

E[F ait }xi eØ` leohf{ L o`m B xnftf i`f ia }nf leohf{ l{ ki`{lmftfm o `il{| ozzti~leo}li`

ia }nf i}nft l{ kiezv}fm d| }nf aiccixl`h fqvo}li`7

‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡R?U

L` fqvo}li` ?# e o`m ` otf }nf `vedft ia tix{ o`m kicve`{ tf{zfk}lfc| l` }nf l`zv} leohf{ L

o`m B L .l# g, tfztf{f`}{ }nf zl~fc ia leohf L atie l}n

tix o`m g}n

kicve`

Z[@T ko` df kiezv}fm v{l`h }nf aiccixl`h fqvo}li`7

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L` fqvo}li` 4# T l{ }nf eo~leve acvk}vo}li` l` }nf l`zv} leohf mo}o }|zf Ait f~oezcf# la }nf

l`zv} leohf no{ o mivdcf%ztfkl{li` acio}l`h%zil`} mo}o }|zf# }nf` T l{ ? La l} no{ o` >%dl}

v`{lh`fm l`}fhft mo}o }|zf# T l{ 466# f}k Oftohf Z[@T ia o kieztf{{fm lmfi alcf l{ }nf

oftohf ia occ }nf Z[@T ia occ }nf lmfi atoef{ l` }nf lmfi ]nf }|zlkoc ocvf ia oftohf Z[@T

ia o kieztf{{fm lmfi l{ df}xff` ;: o`m =6 Z[@T l{ o efo{vtfef`} }no} hlf{ o` f{}leo}f ia

}nf qvocl}| ia }nf kieztf{{fm lmfi xl}n tf{zfk} }i }nf itlhl`oc lmfi alcf



6<

6<

]nf ki`kfz} ia lmfi }to`{kiml`h o`m o atoefxitb }i }to`{kimf EZFH4 lmfi {}tfoe atie

QDtlkb mflkf{ }i cix dl}%to}f aiteo}{ clbf xe o`m N41= no{ dff` ml{kv{{fm l` }nl{ knoz}ft

L` }nf `f~} knoz}ft o kiezotl{i` ia }nf kimfk{ v{fm l{ ml{kv{{fm oci`h xl}n }nf tf{vc}{ o`m

ki`kcv{li`{



1:

1:

6 Tf{vc}{ o`m ki kcv{li`{

L` }nf ztfliv{ knoz}ft# }nf lezcfef`}o}li` ia atoefxitb }i }to`{kimf QDtlkb EZFH4 }to`{zit}

{}tfoe }i xe# tfoc lmfi o`m N41= no{ dff` ml{kv{{fm ]nl{ knoz}ft ki`}ol`{ o kiezotl{i` ia

}nf }ntff }|zf{ ia efkno`l{e{ mf{ktldfm fotclft Aok}it{ clbf }nf kieztf{{li` to}li# qvocl}| ia }nf

}to`{kimfm {}tfoe o`m }nf }lef }obf` d| }nf f`kimft }i }to`{kimf }nf {}tfoe l{ efo{vtfm o`m }nf

tf{vc}{ otf ml{kv{{fm

QDtlkb [}tfoeZvez R;:U o{ {nix` l` Alhvtf 6? l{ o }iic ztilmfm d| QDtlkb [|{}fe{#

l{ v{fm }i {}tfoe o EZFH4 }to`{zit} {}tfoe lmfi alcf }i o v`lko{} it o evc}lko{} ommtf{{ O

evc}lko{} EZFH4 }to`{zit} {}tfoe hf`fto}fm d| }nf QDtlkb [}tfoeZvez l{ lmf`}lkoc }i }nf i`f

hf`fto}fm d| }nf QDtlkb 14:: o`m {i l} no{ dff` v{fm }i {levco}f o QDtlkb {}tfoe ]i {levco}f

}nf dtiomko{} ia QDtlkb }to`{zit} {}tfoe EZFH4# o lmfi alcf {ofm mvtl`h i`f ia }nf

lmfikiàftf`kf cfk}vtf {f{{li`{ l` @[FL l{ v{fm ]nf EZFH4 alcf no{ ==<1: atoef{ o`m l{ ia

mvto}li` 46 el`v}f{ ]nf {lwf ia }nf EZFH4 alcf l{ ?:= HD

]nf kiàlhvto}li` ia }nf eoknl`f v{fm }i }to`{kimf }nf QDtlkb }to`{zit} {}tfoe EZFH4

l{ o{ aiccix{7

Ztikf{{it ‛ OEM ]vtli` mvoc kitf ?1 HNw .6?4 BD C4 koknf,

To`mie Okkf{{ Efeit| ‛ ? HD

Notm Ml{b ‛ >: HD 6=:: tze [O]O

@f}xitb kotm ‛ ? Hdz{ F}nft`f}

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Alhvtf 6? O` lccv{}to}li` ia }nf QDtlkb [}tfoeZvez

6? Tf{vc}{

6?? Kieztf{{li` {}o}l{}lk{

]nf EZFH4 alcf l{ kieztf{{fm }i i}nft aiteo}{ o`m }nf }lef }obf` }i zftaite }nf alcf%}i%alcf

kieztf{{li` l{ efo{vtfm ]nl{ hlf{ o efo{vtf ia kiezcf~l}| ia }nf f`kiml`h ochitl}ne v{fm }i

kieztf{{ o alcf o{ xfcc o{ }nf kieztf{{li` to}li oknlffm O lmfi alcf {ofm mvtl`h i`f ia }nf

lmfiki`aftf`kf cfk}vtf {f{{li`{ l` @[FL l{ v{fm ait efo{vtl`h }nl{ f~zftlef`} ]nf EZFH4

alcf no{ ==<1: atoef{ o`m l}{ mvto}li` l{ 46 el`v}f{ ]nf {lwf ia }nf EZFH4 alcf l{ ?:= HD

]nf aiccixl`h ]odcf 6? {nix{ }nf mf}olc{ l`kcvml`h }nf dl}to}f{ o} xnlkn }nf lmfi alcf l{

f`kimfm# {lwf ia }nf kieztf{{fm lmfi alcf o`m }lef }obf` }i kieztf{{ }nf alcf ]nf }lef }obf` d|



14

14

o` f`kimft }i kieztf{{ }nf l`zv} alcf }i }nf mf{ltfm aiteo} hlf{ o efo{vtf ia }nf kiezcf~l}| ia

f`kiml`h ochitl}ne

Aiteo} Dl}to}f [lwf ia kieztf{{fm

]lef }obf` }i

kieztf{{ .{fki`m{, & Kieztf{{li`

EZFH4 1:::Bdz{ ?.:= HD @)O @)O

EZFH? ;4::Bdz{ 6<< ED 1:> =6.6

.xeq ;=4Bdz{ 14.1 ED ?646 <=.;

.te ;6:Bdz{ 16.4 ED ;>4> <=.?1

N.41= ;6:Bdz{ 11.4 ED >1= <;.<8

]odcf 6? Kieztf{{li` {}o}l{}lk{

Occ }ntff aiteo}{ .xe# te o`m N41=, o}}ol` {lelcot kieztf{{li` to}li{ o} `fotc| <=& ]nf }lef

}obf` }i kieztf{{ }nf alcf l{ nlhnf{} ait }nf Tfoc aiteo}

6?4 _vocl}| ia }to`{kimfm lmfi

]i efo{vtf }nf qvocl}| ia }nf kimfk .xe o`m N41=, }nf QDtlkb }to`{zit} {}tfoe EZFH4 atie

}nf QDtlkb [}tfoeZvez l{ v{fm o{ l`zv} o`m }nf }to`{kimfm {}tfoe l{ {ofm }i o alcf ait l}{

kiezotl{i` xl}n }nf EZFH4 alcf ]nf E[V lmfi qvocl}| efo{vtfef`} }iic R4>U l{ o }iic }no}

ko` efo{vtf }nf Z[@T ia }xi l`zv} lmfi alcf{ atoef d| atoef ]nf itlhl`oc EZFH4 alcf o`m }nf

}to`{kimfm alcf xftf kiezotfm v{l`h }nf E[V }iic o`m }nf oftohf Z[@T ia }nf }to`{kimfm alcf{

l{ efo{vtfm



1;

1;

Alhvtf 64 {nix{ }nf Z[@T ocvf{ ia }nf kieztf{{fm xe alcf xnf` l} xo{ kiezotfm

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oftohf Z[@T ia }nf xe alcf xnf` kiezotfm }i }nf EZFH? alcf xo{ ;:818

Alhvtf 64 Z[@T ia xe alcf

Alhvtf 6; l{ }nf htozn id}ol`fm xnf` }nf atoef{ ia kieztf{{fm }nf N41= alcf xftf

kiezotfm xl}n }nf EZFH? alcf v{l`h }nf E[V lmfi qvocl}| efo{vtfef`} }iic ]nf oftohf

Z[@T ia }nf N41= alcf xnf` kiezotfm }i }nf EZFH? alcf xo{ ;=;6

Alhvtf 6; Z[@T ia N41= alcf



1=

1=

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L` clf dtiomko{}l`h ia o }to`{kimfm {}tfoe ait ci`h ml{}o`} cfot`l`h# mfco| l{ }nf ei{} lezit}o`}

aok}it V{l`h }nf atoefxitb mf{ktldfm l` }nl{ }nf{l{# o mfco| ia otiv`m ?? {fki`m{ l{ id{ftfm

df}xff` hf`fto}l`h }nf QDtlkb EZFH4 {}tfoe .d| }nf QDtlkb, o`m lfxl`h }nf }to`{kimfm

lmfi i` }nf kclf`} Xl`mix{ Efmlo Zco|ft ]nf otliv{ {}fz{ }no} omm }i }nf mfco| otf ml{kv{{fm

l` }nl{ {fk}li` ]nf aiccixl`h Alhvtf 6= {nix{ }nf zo}n ia }nf lmfi {}tfoe atie }nf zil`} l} l{

hf`fto}fm d| }nf QDtlkb }i }nf f`m v{ft kclf`} }no} tfkflf{ }nf kieztf{{fm lmfi i` }nf L`}ft`f}

]nf otliv{ {}fz{ l`icfm l` }nf ztikf{{ otf `vedftfm ? }ntivhn 6

Alhvtf 6= [}fz{ l` }to`{kiml`h ztikf{{



16

16

O} [}fz ? }nf QDtlkb {}tfoe l{ hf`fto}fm d| }nf QDtlkb o`m l{ {ivtkfm o} }nf `fotf{} evc}lko{}

fòdcfm tiv}ft o} [}fz 4 L` [}fz ; }nf Xl`mix{ Efmlo F`kimft xnlkn l{ i` }nf L`}ft`f}4

`f}xitb tfkflf{ }nf evc}lko{} QDtlkb {}tfoe ]nf }lef mfco| ait }to`{el}}l`h }nf EZFH4

{}tfoe atie [}fz ? }i [}fz ; l{ f~}tfefc| {eocc o`m nf`kf l} ko` df `fhcfk}fm Ei{} ia }nf mfco|

l{ kov{fm o} [}fz ; xnf` }nf QDtlkb lmfi {}tfoe l{ avcc| mfkimfm o`m }nf` f`kimfm }i o

mlaaftf`} kieztf{{fm lmfi aiteo} {vkn o{ xe

Fft| }lef }nf [}tfoeZco|ft Zcv{ .it }nf koz}vtf mtlft, }tlf{ }i okkf{{ o QDtlkb {}tfoe#

l} alt{} ftlalf{ }nf l`{}occfm clkf`{f atie QDtlkb ait }nf EZFH4 zcvh%l` ]nl{ ztikf{{ lìcf{

kieev`lko}l`h xl}n }nf QDtlkb Clkf`{f {ftft o`m l`l}lo}l`h o [}tfoeZco|ft Zcv{ {f{{li` ]nl{

ztikf{{ }obf{ otiv`m ? {fki`m Nixfft# }nl{ l`l}loc mfco| ikkvt{ f~ok}c| i`kf mvtl`h }nf {}ot}vz

ia o hlf` {}tfoe ]nv{# }nl{ mfco| ko` oc{i df lhìtfm

]nf `vedft ia atoef{ `ffml`h }i df dvaaftfm dfaitf {}ot}l`h }nf f`kiml`h ztikf{{ l{ o`

l`zv} zotoef}ft }i }nf F`kimft ]nl{ ko` df otlfm }i tfmvkf }nf mfco| lìcfm l` }nf f`kiml`h

ztikf{{ L` }nf ÊC alcf {nix` l` [fk}li` =4?# }nf }xi zotoef}ft{ ovmli dvaaftxl`mix o`m

lmfi dvaaftxl`mix otf {f} }i 6::: elccl{fki`m{ .6 {fki`m{, La }nl{ l{ {f} }i :# }nf }i}oc mfco|

ko` df tfmvkfm d| 6 {fki`m{ ]nf i`c| ml{omo`}ohf ia {f}}l`h }nf{f zotoef}ft{ }i : l{ }no} la o

afx atoef{ otf mtizzfm mvtl`h }nf }to`{el{{li` atie [}fz ? }i 4 it atie [}fz 4 }i ;# }nf F`kimft

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{}tfoe l{ dvaaftfm ztlit }i f`kiml`h# }nf F`kimft xlcc {}iz }nf f`kiml`h ztikf{{ i`c| xnf` l}

tv`{ iv} ia atoef{ l` }nf dvaaft Nf`kf }i eobf }nf }to`{kiml`h ztikf{{ tidv{}# dvaaftl`h }nf



11

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http://www.ebu.ch/en/technical/trev/trev_299-ive.pdf


http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windowsmedia/forpros/encoder/default.mspx








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http://service.real.com/help/library/guides/helixuniversalserver/realsrvr.htm


http://www.videolan.org/vlc/streaming.html


http://www.compression.ru/video/quality_measure/video_measurement_tool_en.html



http://www.trolltech.com/products/qt


http://www.vbrick.com/documentation/PCApps/StreamPump/StreamPump_v21_ReleaseNotes.pdf














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