Training WCDMA Handover Fundamentals GSM to UMTS

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. www.huawei.com HUAWEI Confidential Internal WCDMA Handover Fundamentals GSM-to-UMTS Training Series V1.0 PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 试用版本创建 ÿ www.fineprint.com.cn

Transcript of Training WCDMA Handover Fundamentals GSM to UMTS

Page 1: Training WCDMA Handover Fundamentals GSM to UMTS

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

www.huawei.com

HUAWEI Confidential

Internal

WCDMA Handover Fundamentals

GSM-to-UMTS Training Series V1.0

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Kuang JunComments on the GPRS state are added in page 5.

Comments on the GSM handover purpose are added in page 9.

Comments on the GSM handover types are added in page 10.

Comments on the GSM handover procedure are added in page 14.

1.22009-01-19

Cheng Fangyuan

Comments in pages 12, 16, 22, 34, 49, 69, 72, and 94 are added.

1.12009-01-07

Gao BoDraft completed.1.02008-11-22

AuthorDescriptionRevisionVersion

Date

Change History

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Preface: Why the Handover is Required?

l A major characteristic in the mobile communications: Mobility of the UE

l As a key component of the mobile communication system, the cell has a limited coverage area.

l The primary function of the handover is to provide the continuous service for the moving UEs in the coverage of the network.

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Preface: Mobility Management on the RAN Side

l Handover and directed retry

[ Serving cell change for the UE in CELL_DCH state

l Cell selection and reselection

[ Camped cell change for the UE in IDLE, CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH, or URA_PCH state

[ Also referred to as the forward handover

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Preface: UE Mode and State

Establish RRCConnection

Release RRCConnection

UTRAN Connected ModeUTRAN:Inter-SystemHandover

GSM:Handover

Establish RRCConnection

Release RRCConnection

URA_PCH Cell_PCH

Cell_DCH Cell_FACH

GSMConnected

Mode

Establish RRConnection

Release RRConnection

Idle Mode

Camping on a UTRAN cell1 Camping on a GSM / GPRS cell1

GPRS Packet Idle Mode1

GPRSPacket

TransferMode

Initiation oftemporaryblock flow

Release oftemporaryblock flow

Cell reselection

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Scope

l Learn about the differences between the GSM handover and the WCDMA handover

l Grasp the WCDMA handover decision algorithm

l Grasp the WCDMA handover procedure

l Grasp the WCDMA handover parameters

l Grasp the WCDMA blind handover and directed retry

After this course, you are able to:

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Contents

Training.huawei.com

Chapter 1 Introduction: GSM vs. WCDMA

Chapter 2 Handover Measurement

Chapter 3 Basic Handovers

Chapter 4 Blind Handover and Directed Retry

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Chapter 1 Introduction: GSM vs. WCDMA

l Handover Purpose

l Handover Types

l Soft Handover and Hard

Handover

l Handover Procedure

l WCDMA Handover Concepts

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Handover Purposes in WCDMA and GSM

WCDMA HO Purpose

lMain purpose: to provide the continuous service for the moving UEs in the coverage of the network

lLoad balancing: resource sharing

lSpeed steering and service steering (HSDPA): efficient resource usage

GSM HO Purpose

lMain purpose: to maintain the continuity of the conversation for the moving mobile stations (MSs)

lQoS improvement for the networkØ Call drop rate reductionØ Congestion rate reduction

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Handover Types in WCDMA and GSMWCDMA HO Types

l In terms of signaling:Soft handover (softer handover)Hard handover

l In terms of source cell and target cell attributes:

Intra-frequency handoverInter-frequency handoverInter-mode handover (FDD <-> TDD)Inter-RAT handover (UMTS <-> GSM/CDMA2000)

l In terms of handover purpose:Coverage-based handover (primary function)Load balancing-based handover (optional)Service sharing-based handover (optional)Speed estimation-based handover (optional)

GSM HO Types

l In terms of triggering conditions:üEmergency handover

TA handoverBad quality handoverRapid Rx_level drop handoverInterference handover

üLoad handoverüNormal handover

Edge handoverHierarchical handoverPBGT handoverüSpeed-sensitive handover (Fast moving handover)üConcentric cell handover

l In terms of the time that the link configuration takes effect:

Synchronous handoverAsynchronous handover

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Intra-frequency handoverSoft/Softer handover

Hard handover

Based on coverage

Based onCoverage

Based onLoad/

UE Speed

Inter-RAT handover

Based onLoad/Service Inter-frequency handover

Based onCoverage

GSM/GPRS/EDGE

WCDMA Freq. 1

WCDMA Freq. 2

Handover Types in WCDMA and GSM —WCDMA Handovers

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Comparison Between Soft Handover and Hard Handover

l Differences between the soft handover and the softer handover:

[ In the softer handover, the maximum ratio combination is performed on the uplink signals at the NodeB. In the soft handover, the selection combination is performed on the uplink signals at the RNC. As the gain of maximum ratio combination is larger than the gain of selection combination, the softer handover is better than the soft handover.

[ Because the combination of the softer handover is performed at the NodeB, the transmission resources on the Iub interface are saved.

Cells of the same frequency, different frequencies, or different systems.

Cells of the same frequency

Cell frequency before and after handover

YesNoService interruption due to handover

OneMultipleNumber of radio links in the active set after handover

Hard HandoverSoft HandoverComparison

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RNC

NodeB 2NodeB 1

Comparison Between the Soft Handover and the Hard Handover

NodeB

RNC frame processing board RNC

NodeB 2NodeB 1

Soft handover Softer handover Hard handover

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Comparison Between WCDMA Handover Procedure and GSM Handover Procedure

ExecutionHandover

MeasurementPhase

DecisionPhase

Three phases in the WCDMA handover: Measurement<—>Decision<—>Execution

MRpreprocessing

Penaltyprocessing Basic queuingNetwork characteristic

adjustment HO decision

Overall procedure of the GSM handover algorithm

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Primary WCDMA Handover Procedure — Three Phases of a Handover

Decision

Execution

Measurement

l Measurement[ Measurement control[ Measurement implementation and

result processing[ Measurement report[ Mainly accomplished by the UE

l Decision[ On the basis of measurement[ Resource application and

assignment[ Mainly accomplished by the network

(RNC RRM)l Execution

[ Signaling procedure[ Failure rollback supported[ Measurement control update

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Basic Concepts in the WCDMA Handover

l Active setl Monitored setl Detected setl Event report

[ Event-to-period report (1A, 1C)

l Periodical reportl Radio Link (RL)l Radio Link Set (RLS)l Combing mode: maximum ratio

combining and selection combing

l Soft handover gainl Pilot channel (CPICH)l Soft HO, softer HO, and hard HOl Blind handover

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Questions

l Differences between soft handover, softer handover, and hard handover

l Typical scenarios of the WCDMA handover

l Basic concepts of the WCDMA handover

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Summary

l This chapter describes the handover purpose and the common types of the WCDMA handover.

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Contents

Training.huawei.com

Chapter 1 Introduction: GSM vs. WCDMA

Chapter 2 Handover Measurement

Chapter 3 Basic Handovers

Chapter 4 Blind Handover and Directed Retry

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Chapter 2 Handover Measurement

l Measurement Control and

Measurement Report

l Basic Concepts of Measurement

l Intra-Frequency Measurement Event

l Inter-Frequency and Inter-RAT

Measurement Event

l UE-Internal Measurement

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Measurement Control and Measurement Report

Measurement control:

UE UTRAN

MEASUREMENT CONTROL

Measurement control, normal case

Measurement report:

UE UTRAN

MEASUREMENT REPORT

Measurement report, normal case

The RNC informs the UE of measurement objects, neighboring cell list, reporting mode, and event parameters.When the measurement conditions change, the RNC informs the UE of the new measurement conditions.

The UE sends the measurement report to the RNC when the triggering conditions are satisfied.

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Basic Concepts of Measurement

l Measurement quantities of the handover

[ Intra-frequency and inter-frequency: CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/N0, Pathloss

[ Inter-frequency: CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/N0

[ Inter-RAT: GSM Carrier RSSI, BSIC Identification, BSIC Reconfirmation

l Reporting mode of the MR

[ Periodical report (event-to-period report)

[ Event report

l Events indicating the report mode

[ Intra-frequency events: 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1F

[ Inter-frequency events: 2D, 2F, 2B, 2C

[ Inter-RAT events: 3A, 3C

[ Others: 6G, 6F

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Measurement Model

Layer 1filtering

Layer 3filtering Evaluation

of reportingcriteria

A DB C

C'

parameters parameters

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Basic Concepts of Measurement

l Measurement ID

l Measurement command: create, modify, and delete

l Measurement event ID

l Measurement object list: neighboring cells

l Filtering coefficient

l Report hysteresis

l Trigger delay time

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Reporting Criterial Reporting criteria

[Judge the inequation, in the case of Event1A:

[Judge the inequation, in the case of Event 1F:

Reporting range

Threshold

Hysteresis

Trigger delay time

,2/10 11 ffOldOld HTCIOLogM +≥+⋅

,2/10 11 ffOldOld HTCIOLogM −≤+⋅

),2/(10)1(1010 111

aaBest

N

iiNewNew HRLogMWMLogWCIOLogM

A

−−⋅⋅−+

⋅⋅≥+⋅ ∑

=

),2/(10)1(1010 111

aaBest

N

iiNewNew HRLogMWMLogWCIOLogM

A

+−⋅⋅−+

⋅⋅<+⋅ ∑

=

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Descriptions of Key Parameters

△ T △ T △ T

1 A E v e n t 1 B E v e n t N o tt r i g g e r e d

R e p o r t i n gR a n g e

H y s t

C

B

AC P I C H

E c / N o

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Intra-Frequency Measurement Events

l The intra-frequency measurement event is identified by 1X where X is A, B, C….

− Event 1A: Relative threshold addition event. A primary CPICH enters the reporting range (FDD only), indicating that the quality of a cell reaches the quality of the best cell or active set quality. When the active set of the UE is full, the event 1A reporting stops.

− Event 1B: Relative threshold deletion event. A primary CPICH leaves the reporting range (FDD only), indicating that the quality of a cell is far lower than the quality of the best cell or active set quality.

− Event 1C: Replacement event. A non-active primary CPICH becomes better than an active primary CPICH (FDD only).

− Event 1D: Change of the best cell (FDD only).

− Event 1F: A primary CPICH becomes worse than an absolute threshold (FDD only).

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Inter-Frequency and Inter-RAT Measurement Eventsl The inter-frequency measurement event is identified by 2X.Ø Event 2B: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain

threshold and the estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a certain threshold.

Ø Event 2C: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a certain threshold.

Ø Event 2D: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain threshold. Used to enable the compressed mode.

Ø Event 2F: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is above a certain threshold. Used to disable the compressed mode.

l The inter-RAT measurement event is identified by 3X.Ø Event 3A: The estimated quality of the currently used UTRAN frequency is below a

certain threshold and the estimated quality of the GSM cell is above a certain threshold.

Ø Event 3C: The estimated quality of the GSM cell is above a certain threshold.

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UE-Internal Measurementl Event 6G: The UE DL Rx-UL Tx time difference for a RL included in

the active set becomes less than an absolute threshold.

l Event 6F: The UE DL Rx-UL Tx time difference for a RL included in the active set becomes larger than an absolute threshold.

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Questions

l Which events do the intra-frequency measurements involve?

l Which events do the UE-internal measurements involve?

l Which events do the inter-frequency measurements involve?

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Summary

l This chapter details the meaning and applications of intra-frequency measurements, inter-frequency measurements, and inter-RAT measurements.

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Contents

Training.huawei.com

Chapter 1 Introduction: GSM vs. WCDMA

Chapter 2 Handover Measurement

Chapter 3 Basic Handovers

Chapter 4 Blind Handover and Directed Retry

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Chapter 3 Basic Handovers

ll Soft HandoverSoft Handover

l Intra-Frequency Hard Handover

l Inter-Frequency Hard Handover

l Inter-RAT Hard Handover

l HSDPA Handover

l Compressed Mode

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Soft Handover

l Overview

l Measurement

l Algorithm

l Procedure

l Execution

l Common Parameters

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Overviewl Characteristics

[ RLs between the UE and multiple cells in the UTRAN after the handover—Active set[ Softer handover can be implemented between multiple cells in a RLS.

− Soft handover. Selection combination on the uplink and maximum ratio combination on the downlink.

− Softer handover. Maximum ratio combination on the uplink and downlink.l Advantages

[ Soft handover gain, which involves− Multi-cell gain: Multiple unrelated branches in the soft handover reduce the requirements on

shadow fading margin.− Macro diversity combining gain: The improvement on the link demodulation performance

brings the power gain against the fast fading.

[ Load sharing: On the uplink, multiple cells receive the UE signals, which reduces the transmit power of the UE. On the downlink, multiple cells transmit the RF signals, which reduces the transmit power of each cell.

[ Number of call drops due to ping-pong handovers is reduced.l Disadvantages

[ The downlink resource consumption is large, especially the code resources consumed by the high-speed BE services.

[ The downlink power gain is usually negative.[ In case of power imbalance, side effect occurs.

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Measurement

l Measurement on soft handover/softer handover

[ Measurement type: CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/N0, and Pathloss

[ Measurement processing: Layer 1 filtering and layer 3 filtering

[ Measurement reporting mode

− Periodical reporting

− Event reporting

▪ Report type: 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, and 1F

▪ UE observed CFN-SFN time difference

▪ Reporting criteria: Triggering conditions, reporting range, threshold, hysteresis, and trigger delay time.

▪ Event-to-period report

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Measurement Events

l Measurement events of soft handover/softer handover

[ Intra-frequency measurement event types

− Event 1A: Relative threshold addition event. The quality of a cell reaches the quality of the best cell or active set quality. When the active set of the UE is full, the event 1A reporting stops.

− Event 1B: Relative threshold deletion event. The quality of a cell is far lower than the quality of the best cell or active set quality.

− Event 1C: Replacement event. A non-active primary CPICH becomes better than an active primary CPICH.

− Event 1D: Change of the best cell.

− Event 1F: A primary CPICH becomes worse than an absolute threshold.

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Decision Algorithml Decision algorithm of the soft handover/softer handover (using the relative

threshold handover algorithm under the condition that the minimum quality threshold of the soft handover is satisfied)

[ Event 1A: Soft handover branch addition

[ Event 1B: Soft handover branch deletion

[ Event 1C: Cell replacement in the active set

[ Event 1D: In the case of a cell in the active set, replace the best cell. In the case of a cell in the monitored set, add the cell to the active set and replace the best cell. Meanwhile, change the measurement control, and set the algorithm parameters based on the best cell configuration.

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Execution

l Execution

[ Updating principle of the measurement control

− Set the neighboring cell and algorithm parameters according to the best cell configuration

[ RLC mode

− AM mode

[ Compensation and limit of the soft handover failure

− Event-to-period report (Event 1A and 1C): leading to directed retry

▪ Controllable parameters: reporting period and number of reports

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Procedure_RL Additionl Execution (RL addition)

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Procedure_RL Deletionl Execution (RL deletion)

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Common Parametersl Relative threshold

[ Respectively configured for event 1A and 1B.[ Threshold of 1A < Threshold of 1B, thus making it difficult to delete the RL and therefore

avoiding the ping-pong handover.[ Generally set 3 dB for event 1A and 6 dB for event 1B.

l Trigger delay time[ Respectively configured for each event.[ Generally set the parameter value for 1B larger than that for 1A, thus making it difficult to

delete the RL and therefore avoiding the ping-pong handover.[ Generally set 320 ms for 1A and 640 ms for 1B.

l Layer 3 filter coefficient[ All intra-frequency measurements share one such parameter.[ This parameter is sensitive to the trigger delay time and ping-pong handover.[ Generally set to 3.

l Minimum quality threshold of the soft handover

MML command: SET INTRAFREQHO

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Intra-Frequency Handover Parameter ConfigurationlEvent Parameters

lEvent 1A

[IntraRelThdFor1ACS,IntraRelThdFor1APS 6 (3 dB)

[Hystfor1A 0

[TrigTime1A D320 (320 ms)

lEvent 1B

[IntraRelThdFor1BCS, IntraRelThdFor1BPS 10 ( 5 dB)

[Hystfor1B 0

[TrigTime1B D640 (640ms)

lEvent 1C

[ Hystfor1C 4 (2 dB)

[TrigTime1C D640 (640ms)

lEvent 1D

[TrigTime1D D640 (640ms)

[Hystfor1D 8 (4 dB)

ØOther

lCell Offset 0

lINTRAFREQMEASQUANTITYCPICH_EC/NO

lMAXCELLINACTIVESET 3

E1A

E1DE1C

E1B

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Chapter 3 Basic Handovers

l Soft Handover

ll IntraIntra--Frequency Hard HandoverFrequency Hard Handover

l Inter-Frequency Hard Handover

l Inter-RAT Hard Handover

l HSDPA Handover

l Compressed Mode

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Intra-Frequency Hard Handover

l Overview

l Measurement and Decision

l Procedure

l Common Parameters

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Overview

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Characteristicsl Characteristics

[ After the handover, the UE is connected to only one cell.[ Disconnect the original RRC connection first, and then perform the handover.[ The original cell and the target cell have the same frequency.[ Generally, the hard handover with synchronization is adopted.

l Advantages[ The code resources and hardware resource consumption is reduced.

l Disadvantages[ High call drop rate due to co-frequency interference

l Application scenarios

[ No Iur-interface or Iur-interface congestion (mandatory)

[ The specific strategy can be based on code resources or signal quality, subject to the practical applications.

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Measurement Decision and Executionl Measurement

[ Similar to the soft handover

l Decision

[ Event 1D

l Execution

[ The UE reports the CFN-SFN message

− Synchronized hard handover

− Use the existing DOFF

− Continuous CFNs

[ The UE does not report the CFN-SFN message

− Hard handover with the re-establishment timer

− Reconfigure the DOFF

− Calculate the CFNs according to DOFF

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Procedurel Signaling Procedure

UE

1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST

目标NODEB 原 NODEB SRNC

2. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE

3.ALCAP建立

4. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION

5. RADIO LINK FAILURE INDICATION

6. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE

7. RADIO LINK DELETION REQUEST

8. RADIO LINK DELETION RESPONSE

9.ALCAP释放

Target Source

3. ALCAP SETUP

9. ALCAP RELEASE

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Common Parametersl BEBITRATETHD: Decision threshold of the BE services handover rate

[ When the maximum rate of the transmission channel of the BE services is less than or equal to this threshold, the system performs the soft handover on the UEs that are using the BE services.

[ When the maximum rate of the transmission channel of the BE services is larger than this threshold, the system performs the intra-frequency hard handover on the UEs that are using the BE services.

l Parameters related to Event 1D

[ Trigger delay time and hysteresis

[ Trace the cell changes to accomplish the handover in time, and reduce the number of ping-pong handovers.

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Chapter 3 Basic Handovers

l Soft Handover

l Intra-Frequency Hard Handover

ll InterInter--Frequency Hard HandoverFrequency Hard Handover

l Inter-RAT Hard Handover

l HSDPA Handover

l Compressed Mode

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Inter-Frequency Hard Handover

l Overview

l Measurement and Decision

l Procedure

l Common Parameters

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Overview

l Characteristics[ Different frequencies before and after the handover[ For the UEs with only one set of receivers, the auxiliary measurements in compressed mode

are required.[ Generally use the hard handover with the re-establishment timer

l Advantages[ The handover success rate is higher than that of the intra-frequency hard handover.

[ The load balance is maintained among the carriers.

[ For hierarchical cells, a proper configuration of different data rates can be implemented.l Disadvantages

[ The extra radio resources are consumed due to the compressed mode.

[ The hard handover with the re-establishment timer prolongs the handover duration and introduces the risk of call drops.

l Applications[ Discontinuous coverage of carriers (coverage-based handover)[ Non-coverage handover

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Inter-frequency Hard Handover Measurement Quantitiesand Measurement Eventsl Measurement of the inter-frequency hard handover

[ Measurement quantities:− CPICH RSCP and CPICH Ec/N0

[ Select the measurement type based on the specific handover purpose:− Edge of the cell covered by carriers: CPICH RSCP− Center of the cell covered by carriers: CPICH Ec/No

l Measurement report[ Event report

− Event 2D: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain threshold. Used to enable the compressed mode.

− Event 2F: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is above a certain threshold. Used to disable the compressed mode.

− Event 2B: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain threshold and the estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a certain threshold. Used to trigger the coverage-based handover.

− Event 2C: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a certain threshold. Used to trigger the speed estimation inter-layer handover.

[ Periodical report

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Compressed Mode Enabling Algorithm in the Inter-Frequency Hard Handoverl Measurement enabling criteria

[ Event 2D: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain threshold. Used to enable the compressed mode.

[ The speed estimation algorithm enables the inter-frequency measurement.

l Measurement disabling criteria[ Event 2F: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is

above a certain threshold. Used to disable the compressed mode. [ After the best cell changes, the neighboring cells of the best cell do not

involve the inter-frequency neighboring cells.[ The timer for inter-frequency measurement expires.[ If the UE estimated speed changes, the hierarchical cell algorithm

disables the corresponding inter-frequency measurements.[ The handover is stopped in the case of a hard handover based on

coverage.

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Speed Estimation Algorithm for Hierarchical Cells (Not Considered Currently)

l When the UE is in coverage of the hierarchical cells, the speed estimation algorithm is enabled.[ According to the measurement events in a period, determine

whether the UE speed meets the requirements of the current layer.− If the estimation result is medium speed, maintain the UE in

the current layer.− If the estimation result is high speed, hand over the UE to

higher layers. If the estimation result is low speed, hand over the UE to lower layers.

[ According to the estimation result, initiate the inter-frequency blind handover or inter-frequency measurement handover procedure if the inter-frequency hierarchical structure is used, and initiate the intra-frequency hard handover if the intra-frequency hierarchical structure is used.

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Decision Algorithm

l Decision of the inter-frequency hard handover

[ Triggering conditions of the coverage-based handover

− Event 2B: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain threshold and the estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a certain threshold.

[ Triggering conditions of the speed estimation handover

− Event 2C: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a certain threshold.

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Executionl Execution of the inter-frequency hard handover

[ The UE reports the timing information.− The compressed mode may not be used on the UE with two transceivers.− Synchronized hard handover− Use the existing DOFF− Continuous CFNs

[ The UE does not report the timing information.− The compressed mode must be used on the UE with only one transceiver.− In the case that the target cell and the cells in the active set do not belong to one

NodeB,▪ Hard handover with the re-establishment timer▪ Reconfigure the DOFF▪ Calculate the CFN according to the DOFF

− In the case that the target cell and the cells in the active set belong to one NodeB (not considered currently)▪ Internally calculate the timing relation of the target cell▪ Synchronized hard handover▪ Use the existing DOFF▪ Continuous CFNs

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Procedure

l Signaling procedureUE

1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST

目标NODEB 原 NODEB SRNC

2. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE

3.ALCAP建立

4. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION

5. RADIO LINK FAILURE INDICATION

6. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE

7. RADIO LINK DELETION REQUEST

8. RADIO LINK DELETION RESPONSE

9.ALCAP释放

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Common Parameters (1)Parameters related to the inter-frequency coverage handover:

[ Inter-frequency measurement report mode: periodical reporting or event trigger

[ Inter-frequency measurement quantities: CPICH Ec/No or CPICH RSCP

[ Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient, trigger delay time, and hysteresis

[ Inter-frequency measurement start/stop threshold: configured specific to CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP, or CS and PS, or 2D and 2F

[ Inter-frequency coverage handover threshold: target cell quality threshold

[ Inter-frequency hard handover used frequency quality threshold

[ Inter-frequency handover min. access threshold

MML command: ADD CELLINTERFREQHOCOV

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Common Parameters (2)l Parameters related to the inter-frequency non-coverage handover:

[ Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient, trigger delay time, and hysteresis

[ Inter-frequency non-coverage handover threshold

MML command: ADD CELLINTERFREQHONCOV

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Parameters Related to Inter-Frequency Handover

MeasurementPhase

HandoverTrigger

l Event 2B

l InterFreqCovHOCSThdEcN0,TargetFreqHThdEcN0,TargetFreqR99PsThdEcN0 -13

l "InterFreqCovHOCSThdRSCP,TargetFreqHThdRSCP,TargetFreqR99PsThdRSCP" -105

l HYSTFOR2B 1 db

l TRIGTIME2B 100ms

DecisionPhase

lINTERFREQREPORTMODE EVENT_TRIGGER

lINTERFREQMEASQUANTITY CPICH_Ec/No

l Event 2D/2FInterFreqCSThd2FEcN0,InterFreq

R99PsThd2FEcN0,InterFreqHThd2FEcN0“ -9

InterFreqCSThd2FRSCP,InterFreqR99PsThd2FRSCP,InterFreqHThd2FRSCP -99

HYSTFOR2F 0

TrigTime2F 1280

InterFreqCSThd2DEcN0,InterFreqR99PsThd2DEcN0,InterFreqHThd2DEcN0 -12

InterFreqCSThd2DRSCP,InterFreqR99PsThd2DRSCP,InterFreqHThd2DRSCP -102

Hystfor2D 0

TRIGTIME2D 200ms

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Chapter 3 Basic Handovers

l Soft Handover

l Intra-Frequency Hard Handover

l Inter-Frequency Hard Handover

ll InterInter--RAT Hard HandoverRAT Hard Handover

l HSDPA Handover

l Compressed Mode

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Inter-RAT Hard Handoverl Overview

l Inter-frequency measurement: compressed mode start/stop

l Algorithm

l Procedure

l Common Parameters

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Overview

l Scope[ WCDMA FDD <—> GSM[ WCDMA FDD <—> WCDMA TDD[ WCDMA FDD <—> CDMA2000

l Characteristics[ Different Radio Access Technologies (RATs) before and after the

handover[ Auxiliary measurement in compressed mode generally required

l Advantages[ Coverage: solve the transition between different RATs[ Capacity: leverage the existing equipment to a maximum extent (2G->3G)

l Disadvantages[ The procedure is complex and has the high requirements on the

equipment compatibility.[ The UE is complex.

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Inter-RAT Measurement: Compressed Mode Start/Stopl Inter-RAT handover measurement (GSM measurement)

[ Measurement type

− GSM Carrier RSSI

− BSIC Identification

− BSIC Reconfirmation

[ Measurement processing: layer 1 filtering and layer 3 filtering

[ Measurement report

− Event report

▪ Event 2D: start the GSM measurement

▪ Event 2F: stop the GSM measurement

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Decision Algorithm

l Inter-RAT handover decision

[ Inter-RAT coverage handover

− Event mode

▪ Event 3A: The estimated quality of the currently used UTRAN frequency is below a certain threshold and the estimated quality of the GSM cell is above a certain threshold.

− Periodical mode

▪ Estimation: According to the periodically reported GSM RSSI measurements and the BSIC confirmation state of the GSM target cell, estimate the cells of which the GSM RSSI exceeds the absolute threshold. If multiple cells meet this requirement, preferentially select the cell confirmed by the BSIC.

[ Inter-RAT non-coverage handover

− Event mode

▪ Event 3C: The estimated quality of the GSM cell is above a certain threshold.

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Procedurel Execution

1 . R elo catio n R equ ired 2 . P repare

H ando ver 3 . H ando ver R equ est

4 . H ando ver R equ est Ack

1 2 . Iu R elease C o m m and

1 3 . Iu R elease C o m plete 1 4 . Send E nd

Signal R espo nse

5 . P repare H ando ver R espo nse

6 . R elo catio n C o m m and

7 . D C C H : H ando ver fro m U TR AN C o m m and

8 . H ando ver D etect

9 . H ando ver C o m plete

1 0 . H ando ver C o m plete 1 1 . Send

E nd

UE N o de B SR N C C N M S C B SC

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Common Parameters (1)l Inter-RAT coverage handover parameters[ Inter-RAT measurement start/stop threshold: Set the event 2D and 2F

thresholds. The related measurement quantities are CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP. One set for CS services and PS services respectively.

[ Inter-RAT 2D/2F measurement quantities: CPICH Ec/No or CPICH RSCP

[ BSIC verify switch[ Inter-RAT coverage handover threshold: the GSM RSSI threshold of the

inter-RAT coverage handover, specific to CS or PS services.[ Inter-RAT handover used frequency quality threshold[ Trigger delay time and hysteresis: one set for each event

l MML command: ADD CELLINTERRATHOCOV

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Common Parameters (2)l Inter-RAT non-coverage handover parameters

[ Inter-RAT measurement report period[ Inter-RAT handover decision threshold: CS, PS, and individually configured

signaling[ Trigger delay time: configured on the basis of verified BSIC and non-verified

BSIC[ Inter-RAT measurement layer 3 filtering coefficient and hysteresis[ Penalty time

l MML command: ADD CELLINTERRATHONCOV

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Inter-RAT Handover Key Parameters

MeasurementPhase

HandoverTrigger

l Event 3A

IRHOUsedFreqCSThdEcN0,UsedFreqR99PsThdEcN0,UsedFreqHThdEcN0 -10

"IRHOUsedFreqCSThdRSCP,UsedFreqR99PsThdRSCP,UsedFreqHThdRSCP -100

"InterRATCovHOCSThd,TargetRatR99PsThd,TargetRatHThd -95

HYSTFOR3A 0

TRIGTIME3A 60ms

DecisionPhase

l Event 2D

InterRATCSThd2DEcN0,InterRATR99PsThd2DEcN0,InterRATHThd2DEcN0 -12

"InterRATCSThd2DRSCP,InterRATR99PsThd2DRSCP,InterRATHThd2DRSCP -102

HYSTFOR2D 0

TRIGTIME2D 200ms

l Event 2F

InterRATCSThd2FEcN0,InterRATR99PsThd2FEcN0,InterRATHThd2FEcN0 -9

"InterRATCSThd2FRSCP,InterRATR99PsThd2FRSCP,InterRATHThd2FRSCP -97

HYSTFOR2F 2(1db)

TRIGTIME2F 1280ms

l2D2FMeasQuantity CPICH_RSCP

lINTERRATREPORTMODE EVENT_TRIGGER

lBSICVERIFY REQUIRE

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Chapter 3 Basic Handovers

l Soft Handover

l Intra-Frequency Hard Handover

l Inter-Frequency Hard Handover

l Inter-RAT Hard Handover

ll HSDPA HandoverHSDPA Handover

l Compressed Mode

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HSDPA Handover

l Overview

l HSDPA Handover Measurement

l Serving Cell Change Algorithm

l HSDPA Directed Retry Algorithm

l Serving Cell Update Process

l Common Parameters

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Overview of the HSDPA Handover

l Scope

[ HS-DSCH handover related to HSDPA

− HSDPA serving cell update

− Handover between HSDPA and DCH

l Principle

[ For services meeting the threshold, the HSDPA resources are used. To maximize the throughput, the HS-DSCH serving cell follows the best cell in the active set.

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HSDPA Handover Measurement

l HSDPA handover measurement

[ Measurement type: CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/N0, and Pathloss

[ Measurement processing: Layer 1 filtering and Layer 3 filtering

[ Measurement report

− Periodic report

− Event-triggered report

▪ Report type: 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D

▪ Event-triggered to periodic report

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Serving Cell Change Algorithm

l For the serving cell of which the HS-PDSCH is changed in the active set

[ The best cell is decided according to 1D event, and the handover is performed in time.

[ The handover protection timer is started after the handover to avoid ping-pong handover.

l For the serving cell of which the HS-PDSCH is changed in hard handover

[ The HSDPA channel is established in the target cell while the hard handover is performed.

[ If the target cell does not support the HSDPA, the DCH is established.

l For the serving cell of which the HS-PDSCH is changed in soft handover

[ If the best cell does not support the HSDPA, and the currently serving HSDPA cell is deleted, the data services are preferred to be established on the HSDPA channel.

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HSDPA Directed Retry Algorithm

l For newly-established services[ When the UE establishing only signaling connection initially establishes the PS

services, the conditions for mapping to the HSDPA are met according to the mapping principle of the channel type. The current cell, however, does not support the HSDPA or supports the HSDPA but has insufficient resources. In this case, the directed retry to the non-emergency blind handover cell which supports the HSDPA and has available resources is triggered.

l For traffic volume[ When the UE starts the handover from common channel to dedicated channel

in CELL-FACH state due to the traffic volume, the conditions for mapping to the HSDPA are met. The current cell, however, does not support the HSDPA or supports the HSDPA but has insufficient resources. In this case, the directed retry to the non-emergency blind handover cell which supports the HSDPA and has available resources is triggered.

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Serving Cell Update Process

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Common Parametersl HSDPA handover protection duration

[ To avoid the impact of the ping-pong handover on data services, the handover protection timer T-hsdpa is set. When the timer is active, the change of the serving cell in the HSDPA active set is not performed.

[ Value range: 0 to 1,024 seconds

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Chapter 3 Basic Handovers

l Soft Handover and Softer Handover

l Intra-Frequency Hard Handover

l Inter-Frequency Hard Handover

l Inter-RAT Handover

l HSDPA Handover

l Compressed Mode

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Compressed Mode

l Purpose

l Figure

l Implementation

l HSDPA Directed Retry Algorithm

l Limitations of the Sequences in Compressed Mode

l Common Parameters

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Purposel Purpose

[ Inter-frequency or inter-RAT measurement can be performed in FDD.

l Causes

[ Downlink compression: one transceiver can work with only one TRX frequency. If the transceiver needs to measure the signals of other frequencies, the transceiver must stop working and switch the working frequency over to the target frequency for measurement. To ensure that the downlink signals can be properly transmitted, the transceiver must transmit the original signals in the remaining transmitting duration.

[ Uplink compression: When the measurement frequency is close to the uplink transmit frequency, that is, the operating frequencies of GSM 1800 or GSM 1900 is close to the uplink working frequencies in FDD, the transceiver must stop transmitting the uplink signals to guarantee the quality of the measurement.

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Figurel Figure

One frame(10 ms) Transmission gap available for

inter-frequency measurements

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Implementationl Implementation

[ Halving the spreading factor − The spreading factor of the compressed frame is used as a half and is replaced by the

scrambling code if necessary. − Advantage: The processing of the RNC is simple, and relatively greater TGL can be

provided. − Disadvantage: The NodeB processing capability is occupied, and the code resource usage

is decreased. It cannot be used in the case of SF = 4. In addition, it has a significant impact on the coverage, and the replacement of the scrambling code brings about relatively greater interference.

[ Hole-drilling mode (protocol cancellation) − The encoding redundancy can be decreased. − Advantage: The higher layer is simple. In addition, it can be used in the case of SF = 4,

and the code resource usage is not affected. − Disadvantage: It is restricted by the channel encoding feature. The encoding gains are

reduced. [ Higher layer scheduling

− By restricting the TFCS, the Mac layer changes the data transmission rate. − Advantage: The introduced interference is relatively low. − Disadvantage: The processing of the higher layer (layer 2) is complicated and can be used

only in non-real-time data services.

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Compressed Model Key points

[ FDD cell search capability and complementary format queue

Frame#1 Frame#2 Frame#3 Frame#4

Slot#1 #7 #15 #1 #9

#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #15

#1 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14 #15

Frame#1

Frame#3

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Compressed Mode[ Power control performance

− Power TX after the timeslot is compressed: possibly in line with the radio channel − Recovery period power control process: speeding the power control process towards target − ITP: Initial Transmit Power (the uplink power control method to be used to compute the initial

transmit power after the compressed mode gap) − Recovery period power control: RPP − Power control compensation: DeltaSIR and DeltaSIRAfter

[ Tracing performance − There exists clock drift. Therefore, the TGPL cannot be large to reduce the cell synchronization

loss during the frequency handover. (Duration of step loss is around 300 ms.) [ Interference control

− Compressed mode method selection [ Synchronization of compressed mode

− Activation synchronization ▪ CFN takes 256 chips as the cycling period. ▪ The UE and NodeB have different delays for receiving signaling. ▪ The start time of the UE and NodeB is not more than 256 chips.

− Soft handover synchronization ▪ After the compressed mode is started, the handover is still preferably soft handover. ▪ Soft handover can possibly occur in different NodeBs. ▪ The synchronization of the newly-added compressed frame in radio link and original link

must be guaranteed.

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Limitations of the Compressed Mode Pattern Sequencesl Limitations

[ Overlap of gap pattern sequences cannot be created, that is, two or more gap pattern sequences cannot be created in the same frame.

[ Only seven timeslots can be compressed in each frame.

[ Three consecutive compressed frames cannot co-exist.

[ When multiple compressed modes run simultaneously, the above conditions must be met.

[ TGPL1 must equal TGPL2.

[ Each compressed mode pattern sequence is used for only one kind of measurement.

[ The uplink and downlink compressed mode pattern sequence parameters cannot be separately set.

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Compressed Mode Sequence Parameters

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Common Parameters (1)l TGCFN: Connection Frame Number of the first frame of the first pattern within the Transmission

Gap Pattern Sequence

l TGSN: Transmission Gap Starting Slot Number (slot number of the first transmission gap slot within the TGCFN)

l TGL1: length of the first Transmission Gap within the transmission gap pattern expressed in number of slots

l TGL2: length of the second Transmission Gap within the transmission gap patternl TGD: transmission gap distance indicating the number of slots between starting slots of two

consecutive transmission gaps within a transmission gap pattern l TGPL1: duration of transmission gap pattern 1 l TGPL2: duration of transmission gap pattern 2l Frame mode

[ Single frame mode: one complete compressed gap in one frame [ Double frame mode: one complete compressed gap in two frames

l Frame type[ Frame Type A: obtaining the maximum compressed gap[ Frame Type B: The TPC bit is inserted into a fixed position in the compressed gap so that the

medium-to-high rate power control performance can be improved. It works with the ITP.

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Common Parameters (2)l Power control parameters

[ RPP: Recovery Period Power control mode during the frame after the transmission gap within the compressed frame

[ ITP: Initial Transmit Power (uplink power control method to be used to compute the initial transmit power after the compressed mode gap)

[ DeltaSIR: Delta in DL SIR target value to be set in the UE during the frame containing the start of the first transmission gap in the transmission gap pattern (without including the effect of the bit-rate increase)

[ DeltaAfterSIR1: Delta in DL SIR target value to be set in the UE one frame after the frame containing the start of the first transmission gap in the transmission gap pattern

[ DeltaSIR2: Delta in DL SIR target value to be set in the UE during the frame containing the start of the second transmission gap in the transmission gap pattern (without including the effect of the bit-rate increase)

[ DeltaAfterSIR2: Delta in DL SIR target value to be set in the UE one frame after the frame containing the start of the second transmission gap in the transmission gap pattern

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Questions

l What are the differences between soft handover and softer handover?

l What is compressed mode?

l Can you illustrate the signaling flows for hard handover?

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Summary

l This chapter describes the basic handovers in the WCDMA system. The basic concepts, differences, scenarios, and signaling flows of soft handover, softer handover, intra-frequency hard handover, inter-frequency hard handover, and inter-RAT handover are provided.

l In addition, this chapter describes the compressed mode.

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Contents

Training.huawei.com

Chapter 1 Introduction: GSM vs. WCDMA

Chapter 2 Handover Measurement

Chapter 3 Basic Handovers

Chapter 4 Blind Handover and Directed Retry

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Scope and Triggering Conditionsl RRC Directed Retry

[ The initial signaling connection is established, and the cell request is rejected.

l RRC Redirection [ The initial signaling connection is established, the cell request is

rejected, and the RRC directed retry fails. (Directed retry has a higher priority than redirection. When the directed retry fails, redirection is triggered after the cell request is rejected.)

l RAB Directed Retry [ The signaling connection is successful, but services fail to be

established. l Blind Handover [ Inter-frequency load balancing (blind handover to inter-frequency cells) [ RRC Directed Retry [ RAB Directed Retry

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RRC Directed Retry (1)l Scenario (1)

[ Between inter-frequency overlapped coverage cells

cell1

cell2 1 2

3

UE initial camping cell

Inter-frequency overlapped coverage cell of Cell1

Signaling process: 1 RRC CONNECTION REQUEST 2 RRC CONNECTION SETUP 3 RRC CONNETION SETUP COMPLETE

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RRC Directed Retry (2)

l Scenario (2)

[ Between intra-frequency cells, and the UE is in the soft handover area

cell1 cell2

1

2 3

UE initial camping cell Intra-frequency neighboring cell of Cell1 Soft handover area

Signaling process: 1 RRC CONNECTION REQUEST 2 RRC CONNECTION SETUP 3 RRC CONNETION SETUP COMPLETE

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Common Parameters Related to RRC Directed RetryADD CELLDRDl DRMAXUMTSNUM: maximum number of times for inter-frequency directed retry l MaxRelatingTime: maximum time for continuously using the RACH measurement

report l LinearFactor: linear coefficient of selecting the candidate set compared with the

threshold and time interval l CSTHRESHOLD: absolute threshold for the candidate set

[ Directed retry candidate set absolute threshold: basic threshold for a cell entering the candidate set in the RACH measurement report. The threshold is the smallest Ec/N0 value required by the UE for normal communication.

l INTRAFDRMAXNUM: maximum number of times for intra-frequency directed retry

ADD INTERFREQNCELL l BLINDHOPRIO: blind handover priority

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RRC Redirection

l Scenario

[ The UE fails to initiate signaling connection, and the RRC directed retry fails.

Inter-freq cell

cell1

1

2

1’

UE initial camping cell

GSM cell

1’’ Signaling process: 1 RRC CONNECTION REQUEST 2 RRC CONNECTION REJECT 1’ The UE initiates access to the specified cell of other frequencies after cell reselection. 1’’ The UE initiates access to the specified GSM cell after inter-RAT cell reselection

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More Information About the RRC Directed Retry and Redirectionl The triggering condition is that the signaling access grant fails. [ If no access grant is performed (directly accepted) for the signaling,

the algorithm fails. The algorithm is effective during congestion. [ If access grant is performed for the signaling, the possibility for

triggering the RRC directed retry and redirection is low. Only when cell congestion occurs, the possibility is high.

l Comparison of advantages and disadvantages [ For the RRC directed retry, subscribes feel shorter delay. [ RRC redirection is more flexible and can be used to reselected to

the GSM cell. Subscribers, however, feel longer delay.

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RAB Directed Retryl Scenario

GSM CELL

1 3

4

Signaling process: 1 RAB Assignment (from CN) 2 SRNS relocation (to CN) 3 Handover from UTRAN ( Inform UE access to GSM system) 4 Handover Complete (GSM message)

2

CN

UTRAN CELL

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Questions

l What are the differences between the processes of the RRC directed retry and RRC redirection?

l What are the triggering conditions for the RRC directed retry and RRC redirection?

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Summary

l This chapter describes the triggering scenarios for the RRC directed retry, RRC redirection, and RAB directed retry, as well as the application of blind handover.

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