Training Presentation Bob 09 17 09 Revised
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Transcript of Training Presentation Bob 09 17 09 Revised
ACS Training Program by Bob Diehl
•Fiber Optic Cable
•Telco Cable
•Coaxial Cable
•Structured Cable
•Power
Fiber Product Mix
• Multimode (Data-Communications, less than 600 meters or 2,000 feet)
– 50/125: Increased demand with new laser transmitters and 10Gig technology
– 62.5/125: Most common in US
• Singlemode (Telecommunications, more than 600 meters or 2,000 feet)
50 micron core (glass)245 micron coating (UV Acrylate)
125 micron cladding (glass)
Fiber Types
62.5 micron core (glass)125 micron cladding (glass)
245 micron coating (UV Acrylate)
8 - 9.3 micron core (glass)
245 micron coating (UV Acrylate)
125 micron cladding (glass)
Optical Fiber
• Core– Glass or plastic with a higher index of
refraction than the cladding
– Carries the signal
• Cladding– Glass or plastic with a lower index of
refraction than the core
• Buffer– Protects the fiber from damage and
moisture
• Jacket– Holds one or more fibers in a cable
Singlemode Fiber
• Singlemode fiber has a core diameter of 8 to 9 microns, which only allows one light path or mode– Images from arcelect.com (Link Ch 2a)
Index of refraction
Fiber Buzz Words
• Single Mode (SM): Carries only a single ray of light (mode). • Multi Mode (MM): Carries multiple (colors) rays of light (modes).• BIF: Bend Insensitive Fiber• MIC: Multi-fiber Indoor Cable
– Can be SM or MM• ALTOS: All-Dielectric Loose Tube Cable (Aerial, Duct and Lashing)
– Can be SM or MM• Freedom Fiber: Corning’s I/O fiber product• OFNP: Optical Fibre Non-conductive Plenum • OFNR: Optical Fibre Non-conductive Riser• OSP: Out Side Plant• FTTP: Fiber To The Premise• FTTH: Fiber To The Home• FTTX: Fiber To The ?
Bend Insensitive Fiber Names
• AllWave Flex ZWP
• Bend Optimized fiber
• Zero Water Peak
• Low Water Peak
• HyperLink Blue
• HyperLink Blue2
• LGBC
• Breakout
• Distribution
• LGMC
• BIF
• Bend Insensitive
Distribution Cable
Unitized Fiber
What is FTTH, FTTP & FTTX?
FTTP: Fiber to the premise
FTTH: Fiber To The Home
FTTX: Fiber To The ?
Codes and standards
• Plenum: The space that is used for air circulation in heating and air conditioning systems. Air return
• Riser: Type of cable used in vertical building shafts with no air return
• OSP (Outside Plant): Direct buried, Aerial, Normally Shielded, Can be Jell Filled or Dry Block Filled
• I/O (Indoor/Outdoor): Can be plenum or riser. They can run in outside or inside environment. Tight or loose buffer
• What does OFNR & OFNP stand for?1. OFNR: Optical Fiber Nonconductive Riser2. OFNP: Optical Fiber Nonconductive Plenum
Technology Pros Cons
Epoxy/Polish Heat Cured
Low cost connectors, ability to re-polish
Expensive kit, heat curing oven, electrical power, short shelf life consumables, high skill level,
intensive training, uncontrolled end-face geometry, time consuming
Epoxy/Polish UV Cured
Ability to re-polish, faster than heat cure
Expensive kit, costly connectors, UV curing oven, electrical power, short shelf life consumables, high skill level, intensive training, uncontrolled end-face
geometry, time consuming
Epoxy/Polish Anaerobic
Low cost connectors, ability to re-polish, quick, less expensive kit
Short shelf life two-part epoxy (use it or lose it), high skill level, intensive training, uncontrolled end-face
geometry
Pre-Polished Fiber Stub
Quick, minimal training, factory polish, reliable end-face geometry,
low cost kit, minimal labor content in field
Higher connector cost, cleave inspection necessary, one-time use
Field Termination Technologies
Backbone Ribbon Fiber Cables
• Small OD– 72 fibers .315”OD
• 100% factory tested• Available in
– 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 fibers
• Good solution for data centers or other high density environments
Modular Cassette Connectivity MethodsPer TIA-568 Addendum 7
A-to-B patch cord
MPO Method-A adapter
Type-A Array Cable
12......
.1112 12
1
12
1
12......
.1112
Method-A Cassette
RxTx
RxTx
A-to-A patch cord
Method-A Cassette
12
1
12
1
12......
.1112
12......
.1112
MPO Method-B adapter
Type-B Array Cable
12......
.1112 12
112
1
12......
.1112
TxRx
A-to-B patch cord
12
1 12
1
Method-B Cassette
Method-B Cassette
12......
.1112
1211......
.21
MPO Method-A adapter
Type-C Array Cable
12
1
12......
.1112
RxTx
RxTx
A-to-B patch cord A-to-B patch cord
Method-A Cassette
12
1
12......
.1112
12
1
Method-A Cassette
12
1
12......
.1112
12......
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MethodA
B
C
RxTx
Cassette-Based DC/SAN SolutionRibbon Backbone or Ribbonized Fiber Cable
Ribbon backbone or reduced diameter loose tube cable terminated with MTP/MPO connectors designed to interface with an optical cassette system
Connecting It All TogetherNetClear Solutions for Data Centers & SANs
Multimode & Singlemode Solutions: Cassette-based systems
– Ribbon Cable Connections
Trunk Cable Connections
Field-terminated systems– Pre-polished fiber connectors– Anaerobic adhesive connectors
Typical End Face Geometry: Factory Polish
• Machine polishing in a controlled environment enables– Higher degree of
repeatability – Better capability to
create a defined end face geometry with respect to
• Radius of curvature• Apex offset• Fiber height
– Access to costly, non-portable production and analytical tools for use in checking quality
• Machine polishing results in Low Insertion loss and improved Return Loss results• Machine polishing alleviates the need for highly skilled technicians
Typical “PC” Physical Contact Fiber Connector
Adapter
(1) Radius
Eliminates the Air Gap
(2) Radius Creates a “Lens” Effect
What is Zero Water Peak Fiber
• Zero Water Peak fibers are single-mode fibers in which the stray Hydrogen atoms (water) are reduced significantly or eleminated, which improves signal loss’, this frees up more wavelengths for high quality transmission (Fig. 5). These fibers allow 50% more channels by opening up the wavelength range around 1240 - 1400 nm, previously unavailable for transmission.
Microbending
Microbending Issues show up in:Patch panels/Splicing cassettesPatch cord storage bendsEntering or Exiting fiber guide areasStapling/Nailing interactions
Characteristic Impedance (Ohms):
• Characteristic Impedance (Ohms): A value based on the inherent conductance, resistance, capacitance and inductance of a cable that represents the impedance of an infinitely long cable. When the cable is out to any length and terminated with this Characteristic Impedance, measurements of the cable will be identical to values obtained from the infinite length cable. That is to say that the termination of the cable with this impedance gives the cable the appearance of being infinitely long, allowing no reflections of the transmitted signal. If termination is required in a system, the termination impedance value should match the Characteristic Impedance of the cable. If not, the extra signal will reflect back up the line, causing interference (Bit Errors).
ACS Solutions HyperLink Blue is equal to or better than…
• Reduced Bend Radius Fiber
• BendLite
• ClearCurve
• BendBright & BendBright XB
• Blue Tiger, AWF ZWP & EZ-Bend
• CasaLight
• Bend-Lite
• PureAccess
Drawing
• The fiber is drawn from the preform and then coated with a protective coating
Index of Refraction
• When light enters a dense medium like glass or water, it slows down
• The index of refraction (n) is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the medium
• Water has n = 1.3 – Light takes 30% longer to travel through it
• Fiber optic glass has n = 1.5– Light takes 50% longer to travel through it
Attenuation and Dispersion
• See animation at link Ch 2e
Cable impedance
What is the cable impedance and when it is needed?The basic idea is that a conductor at RF frequencies no longer behaves like a regular old wire. As the length of the conductor (wire) approaches about 1/10 the wavelength of the signal it is carrying - good ol' fashioned circuit analysis rules don't apply anymore. This is the point where things like cable impedance and transmission line theory enter the picture. The key tenet of all transmission line theory is that the source impedance must be equal to the load impedance in order to achieve maximum power transfer and minimum signal reflection at the destination. In real world case this generally means that the source impedance is the same as cable impedance and the value of the receiver in another end of the cable has also the same impedance.
Three Types of Dispersion
• Dispersion is the spreading out of a light pulse as it travels through the fiber
• Three types:– Modal Dispersion– Chromatic Dispersion– Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)
Modal Dispersion
• Modal Dispersion– Spreading of a pulse because different
modes (paths) through the fiber take different times
– Only happens in multimode fiber– Reduced, but not eliminated, with graded-
index fiber
Modal Distribution
• In graded-index fiber, the off-axis modes go a longer distance than the axial mode, but they travel faster, compensating for dispersion– But because the off-axis modes travel
further, they suffer more attenuation
Chromatic Dispersion
• Different wavelengths travel at different speeds through the fiber
• This spreads a pulse in an effect named chromatic dispersion
• Chromatic dispersion occurs in both singlemode and multimode fiber– Larger effect with LEDs than with lasers– A far smaller effect than modal dispersion
Polarization Mode Dispersion
• Light with different polarization can travel at different speeds, if the fiber is not perfectly symmetric at the atomic level
• This could come from imperfect circular geometry or stress on the cable, and there is no easy way to correct it
• It can affect both singlemode and multimode fiber.
Equilibrium Modal Distribution
• A long fiber that has lost the high-order modes is said to have an equilibrium modal distribution
• For testing fibers, devices can be used to condition the modal distribution so measurements will be accurate
Optical Loss in dB (decibels)
• If the data link is perfect, and loses no power– The loss is 0 dB
• If the data link loses 50% of the power– The loss is 3 dB, or a change of – 3 dB
• If the data link loses 90% of the power– The loss is 10 dB, or a change of – 10 dB
• If the data link loses 99% of the power– The loss is 20 dB, or a change of – 20 dB
dB = 10 log (Power Out / Power In)
Data LinkPower In Power Out
Copper Buzz Words
• Data Rate (Mbps or KBPS) Wire Gauge (AWG)
• Categories Cat3, Cat5, Cat5e, Cat6 and Cat6A (10Gig)
• Shielded or unshielded
• Twisted pair
• T1: This cable is two twisted pairs of 22 AWG, 100 ohm, Individual SHLD
– 24 Phone calls at one time or 1,544 KBPS of Data
• T3: Coax 734 (20AWG) for 450ft and 735 (26AWG) for 225ft (Both 75ohm)
– 672 Phone calls at one time or 44,736 KBPS of Data
• Bare Copper (BC) or Tinned Copper (TC)
• D-Sub
• Telco Connectors
• DSLAMS
• DS0 (1 Phone Line): Twisted Pair 100ohm UNSHLD (Ex: 25pr Cable UNSHLD)
• DS1(T1 Speed): Twisted Pair 100ohm SHLD ( EX: 32pr Cable SHLD)
• DS3 (T3 Speed): Coax Cable Assemblies (734A, D, C and 735A, C)
Neighborhood Pedestal
Demarcation
Backboard
Entrance Facility
Service Provider
The entrance facility is the point where outside cabling and services interface with backbone cabling. (The electrical equivalent would be the meter socket/main disconnect switch.)
Equipment Room
The equipment room is the area of the building where incoming cabling interfaces with electronic equipment. It is also the main cross-connect (MC) to the backbone cabling. (The electrical equivalent would be the Main Distribution Panel.)
Telecommunications Room
Telecommunications Room is the area within a building that houses telecommunications/networking equipment, as well as the cross-connection (patch panels) between backbone and horizontal cabling. I.e. Horizontal Cross-connect (HC) (The electrical equivalent would be the circuit breaker panel.)
Backbone
Backbone consists of the pathways and cabling that provide the interconnection between the Building Entrance/Equipment Room and the Telecommunication Rooms. It consists of the mechanical terminations for backbone-to-horizontal cross-connects. (The electrical equivalent would be electrical feeders.)
Horizontal
Horizontal consists of the pathway and cabling that extends between the Telecommunications Room and the Work Area. (The electrical equivalent would be a branch circuit.)
Work Area
Work Area is where personal computers, telephones, printers, etc are located. It also includes equipment cords that connect the device to the horizontal cable.
Propagation velocity (% of c):
• The speed at which an electrical signal travels in the cable. The value given typically must be multiplied by the speed of light (c) to obtain units of meters per second.
• For example, a cable that lists a propagation velocity of 78% gives a velocity of 0.78 X 300 X 106 - 234 X 106 meters per second.
The Standard Horizontal Link
From the desk to the TR, the horizontal link:
– The connection point in the TR to the equipment– Horizontal cable, four-pair or optical fiber– The work area outlet
• Maximum distance for the horizontal link is 90 meters (295 feet), to make sure the electronics will work
• Reliability is provided by star topology
– No interruptions in your private line to the TR– One cable cut does not affect the rest of the network
• Optional Consolidation Point or MUTOA
Ethernet switch
Before Standards—the data world
Electronics manufacturers specified different transmission media and topologies for each type of computer network. All were proprietary and incompatible with all the others.
• IBM 327093 Ohm Coaxial CableSTAR
• RS23225 Conductor Shielded CableSTAR
• Ethernet50 Ohm Coaxial CableBUS
• AS/400100 Ohm Twinaxial CableDAISY-CHAIN
• IBM Cabling 150 ohm STP-ASTAR-WIRED RING
TR
air handler plenum
plenum ratingCMP
OFNP
riser ratingCMR
OFNRplus
Firestopping
general purpose ratingCM
OFN
50 foot maximum inside building
NEC: a model safety code for local municipalities
Codes and standards--NEC
ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B Standard
• To improve user access, the 568-B standard was divided into three parts:
– 568-B.1 provides general cabling systems design and implementation requirements
• Both copper and fiber
– 568-B.2 provides copper cabling component manufacturing specifications
– 568-B.3 provides optical fiber cabling component manufacturing specifications
ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B Standard
• Six areas of design and performance specified by the standard
1. Configuration
2. Recognized copper components
3. Recognized optical fiber components
4. Distance limits
5. Installation practices
6. Testing
TIA/EIA 569-B: Pathways
1. Building Entrance
2. Equipment Room
3. Telecomm Room
4. Backbone
5. Horizontal
6. Work Area
Electrical SystemTelecommunications
1. Electrical Meter Pan2. Main Switch Board3. Electrical Branch Panel4. Electrical Feeders (Riser) 5. Electrical Branch Circuit6. Electrical Duplex
Receptacles
TIA/EIA 569-B: Pathways
Building Pathways include:Access Floor Cable tray and runwayNon-continuous supports(J-hooks)ConduitFurniture pathwaysIn-floor systemsPerimeter racewaysSleeves and slotsUtility columns
TIA/EIA-569-B
• Spaces for communications hardware and equipment
• Pathways for cable between the spaces
TIA/EIA-569-B
• Building Spaces include:– Telecommunications Room provisioning
requirements– Equipment Room provisioning requirements– Outlets
• Multi-user telecommunications outlet assembly
• Consolidation point• Horizontal connection point• Poke-thru devices• Splice boxes• Zone box• Telecommunications enclosure
– Horizontal connection points
Horizontal connection point above false ceiling to provide connection to a BAS device
Current and Future Categories – Copper Performance
(Worst case scenario: 4 Connectors, 100 m channel)
StandardSolution
BandwidthPSACR
@ 100 MHz
Cat 5e 100 MHz 3.1 dB
Cat 6 200 MHz 15.8 dB
Cat 6A 500 MHz ? dB
Bend Radius - Conduits
• Minimum conduit bend radius shall not be less than:– 6 times the internal diameter for conduit ≤ 2”– 10 times the internal diameter for conduit > 2” or
conduit containing fiber
Bend Radius - Cables
• Minimum bend radius shall not be less than:– 4 times the cable diameter for copper horizontal cable.
– 15 times the cable diameter for multipair cable.
– 10 times the cable diameter for fiber cable.
Bend Radius
Permanent Link
OutletOutlet
Test Test AdapterAdapter
ConsolidationConsolidationpointpoint
Horizontal cableHorizontal cable
11stst TR TRterminationtermination
Permanent Link includes the horizontal cable,
connectivity components (max. length 90 m)
Test Test AdapterAdapter
Channel
OutletOutletWork Work Area Area CordCord
Cross-connectCross-connect
ConsolidationConsolidationPointPoint
Jumper orJumper orPatch-CordPatch-Cord
EquipmentEquipmentCordCord
Horizontal CableHorizontal Cable
Channel includes all cables, cords andconnectivity components (cabling) betweentwo pieces of equipment, excluding theequipment connectors at each end