Training Caesar
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Transcript of Training Caesar
![Page 1: Training Caesar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082209/577cc51b1a28aba7119b5533/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
TRAINING CAESAR II PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS
PRESENTED BY :Gede Resa Udayana
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• Primary Stress– Primary Stress adalah jenis stress yang diakibatkan oleh
sustained load.• Primary Stress terdiri atas komponen sebagai berikut :
– Longitudinal Stress– Hoop Stress (Circumferential Stress)
• Secondary Stress– Secondary Stress adalah jenis stress yang diakibatkan oleh
thermal load, yaitu akibat temperatur fluida yang mengalir , yang menyebabkan pipa mengalami pemuaian atau pengerutan (expansion or contraction).
• Secondary Stress , SE sebagai berikut :– Bending Stress (Sb)– Torsional Stress (St)
Stress Catagories
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Primary Stress
1. Tegangan arah longitudinal 1. Tegangan arah longitudinal longitudinal stresslongitudinal stress
2. Tegangan arah tangensial2. Tegangan arah tangensial hoop stresshoop stress
3. Tegangan arah radial 3. Tegangan arah radial radial stressradial stress
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Longitudinal StressLongitudinal Stress
Tegangan yang bekerja dalam arah axial yang sejajar Tegangan yang bekerja dalam arah axial yang sejajar dengan sumbu pipadengan sumbu pipa
Akibat gaya dalam FAX
LL = longitudinal stress= longitudinal stressAAmm = luas penampang pipa= luas penampang pipa
= = (d(doo22 – d – dii
22)/4)/4= = d dm m tt
dd00 = diameter luar= diameter luarddii = diameter dalam= diameter dalamddmm = diameter rata-rata= diameter rata-rata
FFAXAX
m
AXL A
F
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Longitudinal stress akibat internal pressure
PP = design pressure= design pressureAAii = luas penampang dalam= luas penampang dalam
= = d dii22/4/4
Penyederhanaan
m
iL A
PA
td4Pd
)dd(Pd
m
2i
2i
20
2i
L
t4
Pd0L
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Longitudinal stress akibat momen bending Tegangan bervariasi linier pada penampang, proporsional Tegangan bervariasi linier pada penampang, proporsional
thd jarak ke neutral axisthd jarak ke neutral axis
MMBB = momen bending= momen bendingcc = jarak p.o.i ke sumbu netral= jarak p.o.i ke sumbu netralII = momen inersia penampang= momen inersia penampang
= = (d(doo44 – d – dii
44)/64)/64Tegangan maksimumTegangan maksimumdinding luardinding luar
ZZ = section modulus= section modulus
IcMB
LB
ZM
IRM B0B
maxLB
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Hoop StressHoop Stress Tegangan yang bekerja dalam arah tangensialTegangan yang bekerja dalam arah tangensial Besarnya bervariasi terhadap tebal dinding pipa Besarnya bervariasi terhadap tebal dinding pipa Lame’s equationLame’s equation
Penyederhanaan Thin walled cylinder
)rr(rrrrP
2i
2o
2
2o
2i2
i
SH
r = radius p.o.i
t2Pd
tL2LPd ii
H t2
Pd0H
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Shear StressShear Stress Bekerja dalam arah penampang pipaBekerja dalam arah penampang pipa Akibat gaya geser :Akibat gaya geser :
mmax A
VQ
VV = gaya geser= gaya geserAAmm = luas penampang= luas penampangQQ = Shear form factor (1.33 for solid circular section)= Shear form factor (1.33 for solid circular section)
Maksimum pada sumbu netral & minimum pada jarak Maksimum pada sumbu netral & minimum pada jarak maks dari sumbu netralmaks dari sumbu netral opposite bending stress opposite bending stress
Magnitude relatif kecilMagnitude relatif kecil diabaikan (traditionaly)diabaikan (traditionaly)
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Shear stress akibat momen puntirShear stress akibat momen puntir
RcMT
MMTT = momen puntir= momen puntircc = jarak dari titik pusat= jarak dari titik pusatRR = Torsional resistance= Torsional resistance
= = (d(doo44 – d – dii
44)/32)/32
Tegangan maksimum terjadi pada dinding luar :Tegangan maksimum terjadi pada dinding luar :
Z2MT
max
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Total longitudinal stress
ZM
t4Pd
AF B0
m
AXL
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Secondary Stress
• Secondary Stress , SE sebagai berikut :–Bending Stress (Sb)–Torsional Stress (St)
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Secondary Stress
• Secondary Stress disebut juga dengan Expansion Stress atau Displacement Stress Range , Sa Komponen dari Expansion Stress adalah Bending Stress (Sb) dan Torsional Stress (St)
• Adapun persamaan masing-masing komponen :
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Beban Pada Pipa (Pipe Loadings)
• Sustained Load– Adalah beban akibat berat pipa, berat fluida, tekanan dalam
pipa, tekanan luar
• Faktor utama dari sustained load :1. Design Pressure Tekanan Disain adalah tekanan
maksimum yang mungkin terjadi pada kondisi operasi. 2. Operating Weight Berat Operasi adalah berat dari
pipa, berat dari fluida, ditambah dengan berat Insulasi, dan komponen yang berada pada sistem tersebut
3. Hydro test Load Beban yang terjadi pada saat sistem dilakukan test dengan pengisian air (hydrostatic).
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• Thermal Load
– Adalah beban yang ditimbulkan akibat ditahannya expansion atau contraction suatu pipa yang mengalami pemuaian ataupun pengkerutan akibat temperatur fluida yang mengalir didalamnya
– Yang menjadi sumber utama pada thermal load adalah :• Temperatur Disain : yaitu besarnya temperatur maksimum yang
dapat terjadi pada sistem pemipaan dalam kondisi operasi• Pipe Bowing• Temperatur Normal Operasi• Temperatur ambient untuk menghitung variasi tegangan atau stress
range• Steam out, steam tracing, Regeneration, Decoke, dan Purging• Equipment expansion
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Analisis ASME B31.3• Nilai aktual terhadap batasan yang diijinkan pada setiap
pembebanan adalah :
Sustain• Stress yang terjadi pada beban sustain merupakan jumlah stress
longitudinal Sl akibat efek tekanan, berat, dan beban sustain yang lain dengan tidak melebihi dari Sh
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Beban Occasional • Stress yang terjadi pada beban occasional merupakan jumlah stress
longitudinal akibat tekanan, berat, dan beban sustain lain serta stress yang dihasilkan oleh beben occasional misalnya angin atau gempa. Stress ini tidak boleh melebihi 1.33Sh.
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Beban Ekspansi • Stress yang diakibatkan oleh adanya expansi thermal dan atau
displacement (pergeseran) Se akan dihitung sebagai berikut :
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Allowable Stress• Allowable Stress pada sistem piping adalah merupakan
fungsi dari sifat material (material properties) pada temperatur dingin sampai temperatur tertentu dan faktor keamanan (Safety Factor).
Ada dua jenis Allowable Stress
Code Allowable Stress
Allowable Stress Range
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Code Allowable Stress• Yaitu besarnya stress yang diizinkan, yang boleh terjadi
pada suatu material pada temperatur tertentu mulai dari temperatur dingin sampai dengan temperatur yang lebih tinggi.
Allowable Stress pada kondisi temperatur dingin diberi simbol Sc,(kondisi ambient, kondisi cryogenic).
Allowable Stress pada kondisi mengalami temperatur yang lebih tinggi saat operasinya diberi simbol Sh
Nilai Sc dan Sh ditampilkan pada Appendix A tabel A-1 B31.3 Process Piping Code
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Allowable Stress Range• Allowable Stress untuk Thermal Expansion Stress atau
juga disebut Displacement Stress Range adalah terdiri atas dua persamaan, seperti pada ASME B31.3 para 302.3.5 (d) persamaan (1a)
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Allowable Stress Range• ASME B31.3 para 302.3.5 (d) persamaan (1b)
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ALLOWABLE LOAD
• Ada dua kelompok utama equipment yang biasanya diperhatikan dalam melakukan analisis tegangan, yaitu :
– Static Equipmet, seperti pressure vessel
– Rotating Equipment, seperti pompa, kompressor, dan turbin
• Sebuah sistem perpipaan dapat dikatakan “Aman” jika :
Output dari kalkulasi pada nozzle berada pada allowable nozzle load range
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PRESSURE VESSEL
• Allowable Load pada Nozzle biasanya merujuk pada ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section 8 Div. 2
• Cara lain adalah dengan menggunakan WRC 107, dimana evaluasi nozzle dilakukan sesuai dengan ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section 8 Div. 2
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CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
• Untuk compressor jenis ini merujuk pada API 617 serta menggunakan data allowable yang diberikan vendor
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RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
• Pipa yang tersambung pada jenis equipment ini biasanya akan mengalami beberapa jenis beban, baik yang statis maupun dinamis, selain tentu saja beban karena pengaruh temperatur. Umumnya menggunakan data allowable nozzle load dari manufacture
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CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
• Untuk beban yang diijinkan biasanya merujuk pada API 610 dengan menggunakan faktor sebesar 2 kali daripada data yang ada dalam API 610/ ISO 13709 Tabel 4 maupun data vendor atau manufacture
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TURBINE
• Untuk beban yang diizinkan umumnya merujuk kepada NEMA SM 23, maupun data dari vendor atau manufacture
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AIR COOLERS
• Merujuk kepada nilai yang ada dalam tabel 4 API 661
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• Secara umum dikelompokan menjadi : Sustained Load Thermal load atau disebut Expansion Load Occasional Load Operating Load
LOAD CASE
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• Jenis Load Case :
Berat Pipa, Berat Fluida, berat insulasi, berat flange, berat valve Dead Weight : W
Berat Pipa tanpa fluida, tapi beserta insulasi, flange, valve dsb : WNC (Weight No Fluid Content)
Hydrotest WW (Water Weight) Temperatur 1: T1 , dan seterusnya T2, T3, T4,… Pressure 1 : P1 , dan seterusnya P1, P2, P3,..
LOAD CASE
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LOADSW Deadweight
WNC Weight (No Contents)
P1 Pressure Set 1
P2 Pressure Set 2
T1 Thermal Set 1
T2 Thermal Set 2
T3 Thermal Set 3
D1, D2, D3 Displacement
F1, F2, F3 External Forces
U1, U2, U3 Uniform Loads
WIN 1 Wind Load 1
WIN 2 Wind Load 2
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Kategori Stress
EXP Expansion
SUS Sustained
OCC Occasional
OPE Operating
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ContohNo Load
Case Load Remarks Stress Category
1 L1 W+D1+T1+P1+F1 Operating OPE2 L2 W+P1+F1 Deadweight + Pressure SUS
3L3 WIN 1 Wind Along X (Dikategorikan ke SUS bukan
OCC demi menghindari diaktifkannya Snubber Support jika ada untuk Seismic)
SUS
4L4 WIN 2 Wind Along Z (Dikategorikan ke SUS bukan
OCC demi menghindari diaktifkannya Snubber Support jika ada untuk Seismic)
SUS
5 L5 U1 Seismic Load X OCC6 L6 U2 Seismic Load Y OCC7 L7 U3 Seismic Load Z OCC8 L8 L1-L2 Expansion Range EXP9 L9 L5+L6+L7 Resultant Seismic Load OCC
10 L10 L2+L3 Sustained plus Wind X Combined absolut, Code Case
OCC
11 L11 L2+L4 Sustained plus Wind Z Combined absolut, Code Case
OCC
12 L12 L2+L9 Sustained plus Seismic Combined absolut, Code Case
OCC
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ANALYSIS GRADEPiping systems shall be evaluated to determine which line requires flexibility
analysis. The criteria used to determine this are shown in Appendix-1 and as below.
Grade-A– No formal analysis is required for the following piping system
which:1) Meet the requirements in paragraph 319.4.1, ASME B31.3.2) Are small bore line with temperature around ambient temperature.3) Instrument and utility lines 4) Small bore line 4” and below5) Open drain lines 6) Non hazardous lines7) Line discharges to atmosphere8) Are reviewed and judged to have adequate flexibility according to
visual inspection or simplified methods.
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Grade-B
– Any piping system which does not meet the criteria in paragraph 319.4.1 of ASME B.31.3 above and Grade-A, shall be analyzed in accordance to paragraph 319.4.2 of ASME B.31.3. Grade “B” evaluation shall be performed for the following piping systems:
1) Lines where the size and design temperature is in Grade B as describe in Appendix-1.
2) Heavy wall pipe, size 2” sch 160 up to and including 24” NB or piping with a thickness greater than 10 % of the diameter.
3) Piping connected to equipment subject to significant thermal growth (due to differential temperature between operating and ambient temperature x length or distance).
4) Other lines which could operate under particularly severe conditions:• Unbalanced piping configurations such as long runs of piping with a short
branch connected to an anchor.• Piping subject to highly cyclic temperature conditions (e.g. greater than 7000
cycles during the operational life of the plant).• Gas or vapour lines in which liquid slugs may form and cause high impact
loads at valves, bends, tees and vessels.• Piping subject to short term variation such as purge piping. • Piping subject to extreme hot and cold conditions such as flare lines, stress
calculation shall be conducted taking into consideration of both hot and cold conditions.
• Pipe subject to high impact as a result of valves closing quickly.
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5) 3” NB and smaller with design temperature at 300°F and above, or ‑95°F and below.
6) 4” NB and larger with design temperature at 200°F and above, or -75°F and below.
7) 12” NB and larger.8) Hydrocarbon lines 2" NB and larger connected to strain sensitive equipment
such as rotating machinery (pumps, compressors, heaters, fin-fan coolers, exchanger, blowers, etc).
9) High alloy, stainless steel and non-ferrous piping size 4” and large and size 2” and larger for temperature above 300°F.
10) Thin wall pipe of 18” diameter or over with a wall thickness less than 1% of the outside diameter.
11) Relief lines from relief valves or bursting discs discharging to atmosphere.12) Liquid blow-down lines from process equipment (excluding drains).13) Drain and vent lines dumping high or low temperature material to systems not
designed for extreme temperatures.14) Flare system piping
If formal computerized comprehensive flexibility analysis is required then it shall be performed using Caesar II Ver 5.0 or later version software.
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CHECKING GRADE OF PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS
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Piping Connected to Rotating Equipment and Critical Equipment
Example of critical line list