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Training and Exposure by PSU – OTELP [ 1 ]

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[ 2 ] Training and Exposure by PSU – OTELP

The training was inaugurated by Dr. T.K. Adhya,Director of CRRI and he highlighted on riceproduction in India- problem and perspectives.In his speech, he opined that Rice is theproduced in at least 95 countries of the worldand it is the staple food for half of the world’spopulation. It accounts for 23.03% of the grossedcropped area and 43% of global food production.As population increases over this century, , thedemand for rice will grow to an estimated 2000million metric tons by 2030. Meeting this about35% increase in demand will require significantincrease in rice production. Rice is also the mostimportant cereal food crop of India whichoccupies about 24% of gross cropped area ofthe country. It contributes 43% of total foodgrain production and 46% of total cerealproduction of country.

In India rice is grown under various eco systems.Kharif rice accounts the major area and theyield per ha are much below the summer seasonrice. Out of total rice land in the country, 45%are completely rainfed. Though the greenrevolution technologies for rice developedduring 1960s could increase rice productionsignificantly in the irrigated areas, they bypassed, to a large degree, unfavorable ricegrowing regions of India. The irrigation ratio ismore in northern and southern India than

DATE OF TRAINING : 3rd to 5th June 2011 & 16th to 18th June 2011

VENUE : Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI), Cuttack

NO. OF PARTICIPANTS : 36 (in each training)

NATURE OF PARTICIPANTS : OTELP WDT (Agriculture), Village farmers, Agriculture officers.

OBJECTIVE : TO POPULARIZE NEW TECHNOLOGIES OF RICE PRODUCATION ANDPOPULARISATION OF SRI METHOD IN OTELP OPERATIONAL AREAS.

Improved Rice Production Technology underRainfed Ecosystem and SRI Method

eastern India. Even some of the irrigated landsare prone to submergence/flood duringmonsoon season and more particularly ineastern India resulting in low yield.

Though constraints in rice production vary fromstate to state and also from area to area,eastern zone which generally experiences highrainfall and severe floods/drought almost everyyear,, low and imbalanced use of fertilizers andlow use efficiency of applied fertilizers resultin heavy losses to the rice crop. Continuous useof traditional varieties due to the non-availability of suitable yielding varieties andquality seeds and farmers lack of awarenessabout high yielding varieties also contributoryfactor for lower productivity.

The area planted to rice is declining becauseof the pressure of urbanization and

Participants in the training programme


industrialization. Availability of water foragriculture is declining and labour is moving toindustry. To meet the challenge of producingmore rice under these constraints, there is aneed for new technologies and is expected toinclude rice variety with high yield potential,greater yield stability and adapted to changingglobal climate and overall more efficientmanagement practices.

The resource person Dr.K.S.Rao explained aboutpackage of practices of paddy cultivation withspecial reference to SRI and low landecosystem. He said that achievement oftargeted production would be an uphill task inthe coming decades with the shrinking naturalresource base, deteriorating soil productivity,declining input use efficiency, plateuing ofyields in irrigated ecologies and lack of a majoryield breakthrough in rain fed ecologies. Basedon the depth of water stagnation in the field ,the rainfed lowland rice areas are classifiedinto-Shallow lowlands, Mediumdeep and Deepwater. The crop production under these rain fedareas can be improved by adopting the followingtechnologies.

Suitable varieties of paddy to be grownNursery managementLand preparationStand establishmentFertilizer managementWeed managementCropping/farming systemDisease management

Insect management

SRI improves environmental conditions besidesincreases rice yields significantly througheffective integration of soil, water, and nutrientand plant management without dependence onhigh cost modern inputs. The practice of SRI ishelpful in improving the soil quality and soilbiodiversity. SRI appears to be a viablealternative that saves the inputs, improves soilhealth/quality and protects the environmentsustainability. SRI uses less seed, water,chemical fertilizer, and pesticides but yieldsmore with large volume, profuse and strongtillers with big panicles, more and well filledspike lets with high grain weight. The six basicprinciples of SRI are:

Use of young seedlings for transplantingCareful transplantingPlanting at wider spacingWeed controlWater managementUse of organic manures

Dr. G.J.N. Rao explained the participants on ricevarieties suitable to be grown under SRI methodand in low land ecosystem. Dr. D.P. Sinhababuand Dr. P.K. Sahoo told on the concept of Rice-Fish farming to the participants. Rice-Fishfarming is shifting to farming system in rain fedlow lands can only ensure higher and stable farmproductivity, income and employment. Amongthe different farming avenues, rice–fish systemis the most acceptable choice particularly inthe eastern India. This system has manyadvantages including conservation of riceenvironment, as it creates micro watershed andfacilitates farm diversification which leads tohiger and sustainable productivity. In order toimprove and stabilize farm productivity andincome from waterlogged lowlands, CRRIdeveloped an easily adoptable technology ofrice-fish diversified farming system. This systemintegrates different compatible components likeimproved rice,fish ,prawn, ducks, pearl culture,Azolla, and different crops after rice in the field

Participants visiting Rice Museum


and vegetables, fruit crops, floriculture,apiculture, mushroom cultivation, agro forestry,poultry, goatery etc. on bunds. This technologymainly includes field design and constructionand production methodologies of differentcomponents. Use of agriculture implements andnutrient management for paddy cultivation inlow land eco system in SRI method are alsoexplained to the trainees. The participants alsolearnt integrated pest management.

Different insect and pests and diseases damagethe rice crop at tiff stages of crop growth andcause and annual loss of around 10% which costsabout 5,000 crore rupees in India. The warmand humid climatic condition being conducivefor many pests, they form a major constraintfor increasing rice production in this ecosystem.Weed management is important for pestmanagement. Though lowland rice weed is nota problem as compared to upland rice, differentdirect and indirect method of weed controlshould be rationally combined to achieveeconomical and adaptable weed control. Directmethods include manual, mechanical, andchemical methods while indirect methodinclude land preparation, fertilizer and watermanagement practices. Dr. K.M Das explainedthe integrated disease management duringlecture. He described that there are 65 diseasesof rice. Among them there are six major diseasesviz. bacterial blight, sheath blight, false smut,brown spot and tungro which occur on low landrice. Their proper identif ication andmanagement practices are discussed inthreadbare. However, the integratedmanagement of the disease involves thefollowing practices.

Use of resistant varietiesSeed selectionSeed treatmentField sanitationEradication of weedsApplication of pesticides at appropriate timeManagement of water in the field

Frequent monitoring of disease incidence andtaking appropriate measures.

Apart from chemical management, botanicals maybe used to control the diseases of paddy that wasdescribed by Dr. Mayabini Jena. The major botanicalsare neem, karanja, kochila, pani maricha etc.

The participants also visited SRI farmers’ fieldand interacted with them and practicalknowledge was also gained. At last, the traineeslearnt the quality of grains and extension

approaches for transfer of rice productiontechnology. Dr. B.N. Sarangi and Dr. Arun Panditin their extension approaches, described aboutrice production scenario in Odisha, challengesbefore the farmers, scope of technology andinformation to face the challenges anddissemination of information and technology tothe participants.

Participants being the grassroot workers ofOTELP, it is expected that they should work tostrengthen the rice based livelihood patterns.It can be suggested that the workers shouldfollow location specific, problem oriented andparticipatory extension.

The participants were also told to holdparticipatory evaluation of technologies by thefarmers after implementation of the programme.Also in order to make the extension more effectivein tribal area, the participation of women inagriculture development should be focused to havea better rice base livelihood as women in tribalcommunity seem to very active in agriculture.

A participant is receiving certificate


DATE OF TRAINING : 15th to 17th July 2010

VENUE : Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and TrainingInstitute(ICAR), Sunabeda, Koraput

NO. OF PARTICIPANTS : 20

NATURE OF PARTICIPANTS : SMS,WDT Members (Engineers),Facilitating NGO representatives

OBJECTIVE : TO IMPART THE KNOWLEDGE ON DEVELOPMENT & MANAGEMENTOF WATERSHED IN HILLY AREAS

Soil and Water Conservation, Agroforestry andWatershed Management for Improving Tribal

Livelihood and Food Security.

Integrated Watershed Management is theprocess of managing human activities andnatural resources on a watershed basis. Thisapproach allows us to protect important waterresources while at the same time, addressingmultiple critical issues such as the current andfuture impacts of rapid growth and climatechange. A watershed is not only a geographicarea, but also a living space. It is basically thearea of survival of the community living withinit and drawing its sustenance from it. Inresource fragile areas, these demands andclaims on the environment are enormous. Inorder to conserve, enhance and regenerate

natural resources, while at the same timeensuring that claims made on it are within itscarrying capacity, it is important that all thoseindividuals and groups – who often are incompetition and conflict with one another–come together, develop a commonunderstanding of their problems, arrive at ashared consensus on measures to be taken andwork out conflict resolution, arbitration andbenefit sharing mechanisms that are fair to all.

The training Programme covered majoractivities like rain water conservations,agronomic measures and harvesting of rainwater in watershed management. In eachactivity ,the scientists discussed on variousinterventions and expected outcomes.

The different topics covered in the trainingprogramme are :

Soil and Water Conservation ,Engineeringmeasures in Watershed

Agronomics measures in watersheds forsustainable productivity

Agroforestry for livelihood improvement inwatersheds

Training programme is in progress


Introduction of Agri-Horti. And plantationsystem in watershed for livelihoodimprovement

Crop diversification for food security and postproject manahement in watersheddevelopment

Introduction of pisciculture in watershed

Importance of sericulture in watershedforlivelihood improvement

Role of livestock for livelihood improvementin watersheds

Integrated watershed management-successstory of KOKRIGUDA watershed

Field visits were done to Kokriguda,Dolimba andLachhputraghati model watershed projects andon farm training was given to the participants.

This training programme was an insight for theparticipants where they understood theconcepts and approaches of watersheds. Theywere able to understand the technical aspectsas well. The participants are now well versedwith the same and they hope of betterimplementation in all OTELP operational areas.

Practical training is being imparted by the trainer


DATE OF TRAINING : 12th to 14th June’2010 & 27th to 29th June’2010

VENUE : Central Horticulture Experiment Station(ICAR),Dumduma, Bhubaneswar


NATURE OF PARTICIPANTS : Agriculture Officers of ITDAs,WDT (Agriculture), Progressivefarmers, Agriculture volunteers

OBJECTIVE : TO IMPART THE KNOWLEDGE ON FRUIT & VEGETABLECULTIVATION

IMPROVED AGRO TECHNIQUES ON FRUIT ANDOFF SEASON VEGETABLE CULTIVATION

Agriculture is the major source of livelihood ofthe tribal of OTELP areas as they get more thanhalf of their income from settled aagricultureand shifting (podu) cultivation. The nonscientific approach followed in farming by tribalcommunities is the main reason for lowproductivity in case of number of crops.

Considering the above matter, a series oftraining programme organized for differentstakeholders of OTELP to thrust knowledge onfruit as well as off season vegetable cultivationas most of the OTELP areas have a veryconducive environment for off season vegetablecultivation. The participants were exposed tolow cost techniques for increase in productivitywith disease management.

The training Programme covered majoractivities like improved farming techniques onmango,banana and papaya and other off seasonvegetable cultivation practices.

The different topics covered in the trainingprogramme are

Land identification, development, layout,planting & propagation techniques ofmango, banana and papeyaConcept of Integrated Pest Management(IPM) and practice of IPMAFarming techniques on off season vegetablecultivationPractical on pruning, Bordeaux pasting,canopy architecture, organic productiontechnology.

This training programme was an insight for theparticipants where they understood theconcepts and approaches of varioushorticultural practices with diseasemanagement and newer low cost techniques forhigher yield productivity which will give a boonto their income. The participants are now wellversed with the same and they hope of practicethese techniques in their farm fields.

Class room training session is going on

Practical demonstration shown to the participants


DATE OF TRAINING : 11th to 13th May 2010 & 24th to 26th June 2010

VENUE : Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (CTCRI) - ICAR,Dumuduma, Bhubaneswar


NATURE OF PARTICIPANTS : OTELP WDT (Agriculture), Village farmers, Agriculture officers.

OBJECTIVE : TO POPULARIZE TUBER CROP CULTIVATION IN A SCIENTIFIC WAYwith EXISTING VEGETABLE CULTIVATION AMONG TRIBAL FAMILIESIN OTELP OPERATIONAL AREA.

Improved Agro Tehcniques ofTuber Crops

Most of the tribes collect roots and tubers fromthe forest to meet their dietic need at the timeof scarcity. The tropical tubers crops can playan important role in food and nutritionalsecurity of the people of tribal areas. Tubercrops could serve as a source of employmentand income in rural and often marginal areas.Some of these crops can withstand long periodof drought and low fertility level and some arehigh biological yielder These crops, althoughhave high yielding potential, produces loweryields due to unscientific cultivation, low useof inputs and use of local varieties. Nonavailability of quality planting materials andpoor financial condition of the tribal farmersare major factors for low yield of such cropsAccordingly a project for improvement of tubercrops in tribal areas of Koraput and Kandhamaldistricts are implemented under RKVY duringKharif,2011.

Capacity building of farmers on tuber crops ison of the components under the aboveprogramme. Accordingly traing programme wasorganizes in RC, CTCRI, Bhubaneswar.

The training to the farmers was imparted byDr. R.S. Mishra , Head, RC, CTCRI, and Dr. N.Nenduncherian, Senior scientist , RC, CTCRI

with practical demonstrations. At the outset ofthe training programme, the resource personswanted to know about the process of yamcultivation that the farmers are doing in theirown villages. The participants were orientedon three major tuber crops like yam, elephantfoot yam, cassava and sweet potato which canbe easily grown in almost all the areas. Theresource persons pointed that the tuber cropcultivation not only enrich the diet of thepeople but possess medicinal properties to curemany ailments or check their incidences.

The resource person advised to choose goodvarieties of seed of yam and elephant foot yambefore taking up such tuber crops. The highyielding varieties like Orissa-elite for Yam and

Practical demonstration is shown to the participants


Gajendara for elephant foot yam may be chosenfor the field. These two varieties have beensupplied under RKVY. But the scientists told thatthe following technologies should be followedbefore planting of tuber crops (Yam, Elephantfoot yam, Cassava and Sweet potato).

Yam :Three feet (90 cm) space is to be maintainedfrom pit to pit in Yam cultivation.

Yam to be cut into pieces horizontally with thesize of 50 g.m. to 200 g.m.(preferably 100 gm)

It is better to plant the yam seed in betweenthe maize field as inter cropping.

When the plants grow, the support is to begiven for higher growth.

100 gm cut is to be planted in one pit.

Planting can be done near fencing area butwith proper procedures

Elephant Foot YamThe elephant foot yam is to be cut into pieceswith the size of 200 gm.

One piece is to be put in one pit mixing withcow dung to it in 2 inches (5cm)deep after15 minutes and to be covered with soil.

If possible, mulching can be done for quickgermination and maintenance of soiltemperature.

The distance from one pit to another shouldbe three feet.

This can also be done as inter cropping inmaize field.

The planting is done from April to June.Elephant foot Yam to can be harvested after7 month of plantating preferably in themonth of December and January. Ifnecessary, the little irrigation can be donein the month of October and November.

One small piece of 200 gm can give an yieldof 1,5 kg

CassavaThe stem to be cut into pieces with 20 c.m.Each piece should have three to four buds

The pieces to be cut very sharply havinground in size

No pit is to be dug for cassava like othertuber crops

It is to be planted on the heap of the soilpreferably one and half feet size.(45 cm )

While planting, the buds of the stem shouldbe upward

The planting season starts from April to Juneand the harvesting starts from December.

So far as the yield of Cassava is concerned,plantation of 20 cm. piece will give an yield of4 K.G. and it can be sold @ Rs 2/- per k.g whichis a highly demanding tuber in our neighboringstate Andhara Pradesh. The farmers of APcultivate widely to prepare starch out of it.

Sweet potato

The resource persons of CTCRI pointed out thatapart from the above three tuber crops, sweetpotato is one of the best food plants in warmclimatic condition that the farmers have startedadopting. One can use sweet potato as thesubstitute of normal potato and this has lessdisease problem. Moreover, sweet potatoes arevery nutrious and grown with very little water

Classroom training is in progress


and fertilizer. Sweet potato has both white –flesh and orange –flesh variety. The orange –fleshed sweet potato is rich in beta-carotene,which the body converts in to Viamin A. 125 gmof orange-fleshed sweet potato varieties whichcontains enough beta-carotene can provide thedaily vitamin A needs of a preschooler. Besidessweet potato is valuable source of vitamins B,C and E.

However, the farmers need to adhere to thefollowing steps while cultivating sweet potatoesas shared by the resource persons during thetraining programme.

The best soil for growing sweet potato is sandysoil but the farmers can grow in all soils.

The soil should have good supply of nutrients.

Sweet potato can be cut into piecesweighing from 50 g.m. to 100 g.m.

Beds can be raised to grow such tuber

Four feet space (120 cm) is to bemaintained from row to row

Thick mulching is required between plantand even between beds to initially keepthe weeds down.

The planting season starts from April to Juneand the harvesting starts from December

Mature compost may be applied and not touse fresh fertilizer having high nitrogencontent

The farmers were told about the value additionprocess of each tuber crop. They learntdifferent preparations using these tuber cropswhich the farmers can prepare at home. So faras Yam is concerned, it can be boiled and thencan be fried with spices. Various curries areprepared with Yam with good taste. Elephantfoot yam is boiled and then mashed, there afterspices added which tasty. The resource personsshared that, consecutive eating of elephant footyam relieves the person suffering from piles.Cassava can be used for preparing chips andcurry with other vegetables. Like wise, sweetpotato can be used as normal potato. It can beboiled and steamed as well. The boilded sweetpotato is very tasty after adding

The participants had field demonstrations aswell on the above tuber crops. During this fieldexposure, the participants learnt the completeprocess of each variety of tuber crop cultivationand they practiced the plantation of tuber cropsin field areas of CTCRI right from fieldpreparation to plantation of the same.


DATE OF TRAINING : 24th to 26th May 2010

VENUE : Agriculture Technology Information Centre, OUAT, Bhubaneswar


NATURE OF PARTICIPANTS : OTELP STAFF, STAKE HOLDERS, WDTs (Agriculture), VILLAGEVOLUNTEERS (Agriculture)

OBJECTIVE : TO ACQUINT WITH THE SCIENTIFC CROP MANAGEMETTECHNOLOGIES FOR MAJOR KHARIF CROPS IN OTELP AREAS

Scientific Crop Management Tehologies in MajorKharif Crops of OTELP Areas

Three days training programme was organizedat OUAT by OTELP for its staff and otherstakeholders that include agriculture officers,village level workers, horticulture officers,farmers, and agriculture volunteers. Thetraining focused on scientific method ofcultivation of important Kharif crops like maize,ragi, minor millets , ginger, turmeric, , offseason tomato and cashew . The methodologyof training includes both class room teachingand on-farm training. Scientists of OUATimparted training as resource person.

The first day of the training programme focusedon integrated disease management in turmericand ginger. These two crops are widely grownin programme areas of Koraput and Kandhamaldistricts. Dr. N.K. Dhal, Dean , College ofagriculture, Bhubaneswar in his inauguralsession explained the major diseases and theirmanagement practices in turmeric and gingerRhizome rot is a major disease of turmeric andthe symptom of the disease is brown spotswith black concentric rings on the leaves ofyoung and old plants . The disease is controlledby spraying Dithane M-45(mancozeb) at 3 gramsper litre water or Blitox (copper oxychloride)at 3 grams per litre mixed with sandovit at 2

ml per litre, one month after planting andrepeating at 2-3 week intervals. The seedmaterial should be selected from disease freeplots and should be treated with Dithane M-45(mancozeb) at 3 grams per litre, for 30 minutesand shade dried before planting as elucidatedby Dr. Dhal.

Similarly, in case of ginger, the soft rot is themost destructive disease of ginger which resultsin total loss of affected clumps. According tothe resource person, the disease is soil borneand soil treatment is essential before taking upthis cultivation. The infection starts at collarregion of the pseudostems and progressesupwards as well as downwards. The collar region

Participants in classroom session


of the affected pseudostem becomes watersoaked and the rotting spreads to the rhizomeresulting in soft rot and a later stage rootinfection is also noticed. This disease can bemanaged with mancozeb 0.3% for 30 minutesbefore storage and once again before plantingreduces the incidence of the disease. Besides,cultural practices such as selection of welldrained soils for planting is important formanaging the disease.

Dr. P.K. Roul discussed on the profitable way ofcultivation of turmeric and ginger with organicfarming. He emphasized on organic fertilizerslike cow dung, vermin compost, neem cake, bio-fertilizer etc to be used by the farmers whichnot only reduces cost of cultivation fromchemical fertilizers but also manages diseasesand increases the productivity of the crop. Thedisease management in maize, minor and lessermillets, off season tomato, and beans are alsodiscussed in threadbare. Prof. S.S. Nanda alsoexplained the scientific way of cultivating maizethat would improve the economy of tribal areas.He stressed on WADI model of cashew plantationin private land. Further, he imparted trainingon selection of quality planting materials(cashew graft), maintenance of proper spacing,application of manures and fertilizers atdifferent stages of the crop, plan and irrigationto the crop. The farmers and the participantstold about the existing practices of cashewcultivation and Dr. A.K Pattnaik, horticulturist,expressed management practices, problems andprospects of cashew cultivation in tribal areasof Odisha and he suggested to sell processedcashew for better pricing instead of raw cashew.Dr.Kalpana Rayguru’s discussed on the valueaddition process of cashew, tomato, turmeric,and ginger for profitable income of tribalfarmers. Also the marketing strategies for majorcereal crops, vegetables and spices are sharedby the scientist Dr. S.N.Mishra. The resource

persons highlighted on different methodologiesfor increase of organic content and fertilitystatus of the soil. Lime/ paper meal slag shouldbe applied in the soil for correction of soilacidity. Spurious organic fertilizers are availablein the market. Those should not be applied inthe crops. Instead FYM, compost, vermincompost, neem cake bio-fertlisers should beapplied in the soil for increase of organiccontent in the soil Green manures like dhanichain medium land paddy can be incorporated inthe soil and paddy can be planted. Leguminouscrops like cow pea, black gram, green gram,arhar, groundnut can be cultivated to increasethe soil fertility.

Apart from these, the resource persons stressedon off season tomato and beans that providebetter profit meeting the demand of theconsumers and earn more. The farmers shoulduse certified seeds/quality seeds of off seasontomato and beans. The farmers should be taughton seed treatment before sowing.. At last, ProfS.S.Nanda explained weed management processin both organic and inorganic way in kharif,maize and ragi.

Above all, the training programme provided thesupport and guidance to the tribal farmers andthe stakeholders to follow up the principles asout lined during the training programme andwould shift their indigenous cultivation patternto modern technology to achieve better yield.

Trainees are explained with visual presentation


Land, water and biological features areimportant resources in a watershed. Land couldbe arable or non-arable. Therefore landcapability classification is very important from

watershed planning point of view. There aredifferent recommended conservation practicesfor different land capability classes. In all thewatershed areas farmers are demanding forcreating irrigation facilities for their lands asmajor percentage of their land is rainfed.Agriculture is the main source of livelihood ofthe tribal. Assured irrigation to the crops willincrease the productivity of various crops.Hence rain water conservation and rain waterharvesting are important activities in thewatershed.

In the training, the importance of land andwater management in the context of OTELP wasclearly elucidated. The geographical area ofIndia is 329 million ha out of which 100 millionha have already been degraded and soil erodes4 tons per ha and it is estimated that 6000million tons of soils are eroded every year inIndia and it takes 1500 years to recoup one inchsoil. The first 3 to 4 inch soil of earth is very

DATE OF TRAINING : 6th to 10th June 2011

VENUE : Water and Land Management Institute, Odisha, Pratapnagari, Cuttack


NATURE OF PARTICIPANTS : WDT Members (Engineers),Facilitating NGO representatives, VillageDevelopment Committee members and Village volunteers

OBJECTIVE : To provide a consistent approach to a variety of land and watermanagement options that may be suitable to watershed dwellingcommunities in hilly and tribal areas of OTELP. This will give guidingpapers that are relevant to the management of land and water inmicro-watersheds in accordance with best management practices.

Land and Water Managementin Micro-Watersheds

important. Similarly out of the total availabilityof water, 97% constitutes saline and only 3%constitutes fresh water and looking at thegrowth of population, it is expected that therewill be a great war in future for water. In India,87% of total population lives in rural area and13% live in urban area. The major source ofwater is rain fall and the water is available infour forms viz. Surface water, Ground Water andWater within the soil. But water becomes scarcegradually form all these sources. It has becomeinevitable to recharge the level of water in allsources to mitigate the water war. So to meetthe demand of water for cultivation andconsumption and land reclamation, and

Training is in progress


integrated approach is to be adhered viz.Watershed with following objectives:

Develop five capitals(Human, Social, Natural,Physical, and Financial)Poverty reeducation and alienation,Judicious use of available resources like land,water and plantEco-restoration/improve of natural resourcesCommon property resource managementCapacity building of primary and secondarystakeholdersImprove the agricultural productionProvide off farm activities for the landlessthrough capacity building, formation of SHGSimple, no cost, low cost affordable andreplicable technology for sustainable holisticdevelopmentGreater access to income generatingopportunities and focus on their humanresources developmentEnhance the quality of life, health, foodsecurity, fodder, fuel, education, sanitation,gender etc.Employment generation and promotion ofsavings and credits.

The participants were lucidly explained aboutthe concept of watersheds and land and watermanagement through it. India is divided in to 6regions and Orissa is divided into 4 basins.According to area, there are 8 types ofwatersheds viz. micro watershed, miniwatershed, sub water shed, watershed, subcatchment, catchment, basin and region andthese are explained in detail to the participants.

In OTELP areas, micro watersheds areimplemented that cover 100 to 1000 hectares.

The participants were also explained abouttreatment of catchment, dry land farmingtechnology, rainfall analysis and run offmanagement, use of maps in watershedplanning, alternate use systems in watershedwith emphasis on agro forestry, slopingagricultural technology, mechanical measuresof soil and water management in common landand private lands, use of minor instruments and

check measurements, preparation of estimatesfor mechanical measures, post projectmaintenance of soil and water conservationmeasures and integrated farming systems inwatersheds during training programme. Besides,location and shape of watershed are alsoexplained to the participants. The participantsalso visited one model of watershed to havepractical knowledge.

It was concluded that watershed managementemphasizes on:

ProductivityEquitySustainabilityGender NeutralitySocial harmonyAccountabilityRole clarity

So efficient on-farm water management needsto be adopted for creating favorableenvironment by regulating water supply and soilmanagement through:

Rainwater managementWater harvestingPlantation/Vegetation and in-situ and ex-situmoisture conservation measures

This training programme was an insight for theparticipants where they understood theconcepts and approaches of watersheds. Theywere able to understand the technical aspectsas well. The participants are now well versedwith the same and they hope of betterimplementation in all OTELP operational areas.

Field learning by the participant


Poultry industry with an annual output value ofnearly Rs.20000 corers provides direct andindirect employment to about 30 lakhs peoplein India. Poultry farming is one of the fastestgrowing segment in India with a grow rate of 8to 10 % per annum. But these efforts haveresulted in unequal growth with developmentbeing mainly concentrated in few states. Tribalareas are mostly neglected in poultrydevelopment. The present high yielding poultrygermplasm has tremendous growth potentialthat can be exploited by the small and marginalfarmers and landless labour particularly tribalfarmers of the state. Training and marketingare weakest links in poultry development whichis now emphasized. The poultry developmentin most of the developing countries is based onscavenging system.

DATE OF TRAINING : 18th to 23rd July 2011, 25th to 30th July 2011 & 1st to 6th Aug2011

VENUE : Central Poultry Development Organization (CPDO), Bhubaneswar


NATURE OF PARTICIPANTS : Self Help Group Members, Village Youths, farmer, communitymobilisers of OTELP operational area

OBJECTIVE : To impart the knowledge, sensitize and encourage on poultryrearing as one of the better livelihood option

Poultry Rearing

The participants were explained about backyard poultry. The emphasis was given onbackyard poultry because of:

- Required minimum investment to start

- Rapid return of profit

- Poultry convert feed to feed proteinefficiently

- Poultry provides a continuous source ofincome

- Farming requires small space

- Stabilize firm income

- Availability of high yielding/ superior stocks

- Employment opportunities

- Poultry manure is a good source of organicfor crops and also used as fertilizer for goodcrops.

- Production of low cost and high value humanfood from animal origin.

- Low external inputs requirement.

- Good market dements.

The participants also knew about the varioustypes of birds. Among them are ,Kalinga Brown(layer),Road Eiland Red (Broiler),Black Rock(Broiler),Vanaraja, Nirbheek, Guinea fowl,Japanese Quail (Gunduri ), and white Pekin,Khaki Campbe. The participants visited hatcheryLivestock expert explaining to the participants


and learnt about hatchery machine, fumigation,refrigeration and shelter machine. Also theyknew about the process of identification ofquality chicks. Certain things like activenesschick, softness check, no stool, not to beattached with body cavity, clear eyes and clear

In poultry rearing, one has to be vigil on commondiseases and necessary precautions are requiredwith treatment. Unhygienic surrounding,improper feeding, climatic stress, rearing,different age group of birds together, neithervaccination nor any health care practices areprovided are the main causes of diseases inbackyard poultry as discussed. The commondiseases of poultry rearing are ranikhet disease,fowl pox, bacterial diseases and parasitediseases and the relative symptoms are analysedto the participants with practical visit insidethe campus. The participants also knew thecontrol mechanism. There are commonvaccination schedules which need to beadministered and the participants alsovaccinated the chicks during their practicalexercises and learnt vaccination schedule.

nose without running. The types of feed andthe preparation of the same along day to dayfeeding process are also discussed in detail intraining which are important for healthyrearing. The feeding status is as follows:

The trainees experienced better learning onpoultry rearing and inclined to adopt thisprofitable business that can solve their financialconstraint for all times to come.

Day Feeding status of chicks

1 day 100 w electric bulbs in 100 numbers of chicks, suji, water, electrolyte or glucose

powder.

2 to 5 days Feed, water with antibiotic like Histacycline and vitamin tonic (vit-A B C D E K )

6 day Feed and water

7 day Feed, water and Lasota strain vaccine 1 to 2 drop applied in nose or eye.

8 to 12 days Feed, water and calcium tonic with vitamin D3.

13 day Feed and water.

14 day Feed, water and Gumbura strain vaccine 1 to 2 drop applied in nose or eye.

15 to 22 days Feed, water, calcium tonic and liver tonic

23 day Feed, water, calcium tonic and liver tonic

24 day Feed, water and Lasota buster dose vaccine 1 to 2 drop applied in nose or eye.

25 to 32 days Feed, water, calcium tonic, liver tonic and growth hormone.

Participants visiting poultry unit


As an alternative livelihood option for poortribals of OTELP operational area, theimportance on l ivestock was laid downparticularly on poultry rearing which is an ageold practice by indigenous people. But rearingsuch type of desi birds do not compete withcommercially developed birds now days as thefeatures of desi birds differs in many aspects.Besides, these backward areas have receivedlittle attention in this sector to adopt such lowintensive with high yielding varieties birds. Solooking at the rapid growth of poultry sector,the intensive or commercial type poultrybusiness by tribal people was conceived in theform of backyard farming. This backyard poultryfarming would not only develop the economicstrata of tribal families within a sort span oftime but would help in providing nutrious foodto the family for a healthy growth.

Having realized the back yard poultry farming,a six day training programme was organized byOTELP for 40 nos. of tribal men and women fromdifferent operational districts of OTELP on theVanaraja poultry, a well thriving bird in ruralconditions. Along with class room teaching, thetrainees were also exposed to field gainingpractical experiences.

DATE OF TRAINING : 20TH to 25TH MAY 2011

VENUE : KVK, Semiliguda, Koraput


NATURE OF PARTICIPANTS : OTELP staff, WDT (livestock) and tribal men and women.

OBJECTIVE : TO POPULARIZE VANARAJ VARIETY OF POULTRY REARING FORINCOME ENHANCEMENT OF TRIBALS IN OTELP OPERATIONAL AREA

Rearing Vanaraja Poultry Birds in Backyard

After aspiration study of the participants, theywere explained the benefits of Vanaraja poultryfarming and its management with a comparisonmode.

Vanaraja birds are available in different coloursand can produce 160-180 eggs per annum incomparison to desi birds that can produce 30to 40 eggs per annum as shared during thetraining programme. Vanaraja birds have highimmunity power that make best choice forbackyard farming which the participants learntas well and the birds due to its low weight haveno threat to the predators. Compared toindigenous fowl, a matured Vanaraja weighsabout 500 to 700 gm more and produces nearly100 more number of eggs. After four to sixweeks of age, they can be let free forscavenging in the backyard surrounding thehouse. It is difficult to rear common poultrybirds in the backyard in villages and hilly terrainas they become easy prey to predators butVanaraja has the ability and agility to escapepredators. Besides, the mortality rate is verylow in this variety. The rate is as low as threeper cent both at six weeks and seven weeks ofage. The bird gives good quantity and qualityof meat. There is wastage of just 30 per cent.


However, during initial acclimatization, careneeds to be taken to train them to reach thenest in the evening for night shelter. Nightshelter should provide good ventilation andprotection from predator’s attack. Vanarajachicks can be let out in the backyard after 4-6weeks of age as shared in the rainingprogramme. Availability of clean and freshwater is essential to make the Vanaraja birdsfree from diseases. The participants also leantthe management of chicks aged between 0-4weeks, 4-8 weeks and larger birds.

The trainees learnt the feeding of poultry birdsduring the training programme. Vanaraja poultrybirds are able to search their own food in backyard once they learnt scavenging. They do notneed any special diet supplement once let free.Vanaraja chicks can scavenge well on grasslandsfor insects, waste grains, grass seeds etc.Supplemental feed during brooding andsubsequent rearing mostly depends on thepurpose of its rearing as told by the resourcepersons. If the bird is kept for meat purposethe birds are to be fed with commercial broilerstarter and finisher and if the bird is reared foregg purpose, the birds are to fed jawar, ragi,bajra and broken rice, rice bran etc. dependingon food grains available. The participants also

learnt common bacterial disease, viral disease,common farming disease of poultry and theircontrol. The trainees received practical trainingon vaccination along with transportation andstorage of vaccination of mass vaccination in avillage which is very important for Vanarajpoultry rearing. The resource person pointedout that if the chicks are to be maintained foregg production they need to be vaccinated forMarek’s disease and for Ranikhet Disease. Theparticipants were mostly interested to knowabout the schemes available to have suchpoultry units and the resource personselaborated lucidly on role of banking and otherfinancial institutions for setting up the unitsand insurance of poultry birds. The trainees alsowitnessed the process of rearing of Vanarajapoultry through a video which built theconfidence and also encouraged them to changethe rearing practice to Vanaraja.

According to the participants, this trainingwould help immensely to follow the whole thisnew process of rearing. The field visit andpractical exercises were greater learning forthem as shared by the participants.

A beneficiary with Vanaraja Bird

Vanaraja Birds in poultry unit


Most of the tribal unemployed youths are dropouts or non starters in OTELP operational areas.Some of them have also completed twelfthstandard. They are either engaged in shiftingcultivation or they do migrate outside to nearbystate Andhraparadesh in search of employmentdue to limited work available according to theirqualification. But these youths are the greateststrengths of community who need to be in workforce either having some vocational skills orbeing gainfully engaged in agricultural sector.

So, OTELP through its village developmentcommittee selected 19 interested youths fromdifferent villages to impart vocational skill onhouse wiring in Multi Disciplinary Training Centreof Khadi Vil lage Industries Commission,Bhubaneswar. House wiring trade is a burningdemand now a days in both urban and ruralareas. These youths after being trained in thistrade would be able to work as professionalelectricians and may be self employed or maybe absorbed in different organizations. The onemonth residential training programme focusesmostly on hands on practical training.

The participants learnt safety precaution,safety equipments that should be available with

DATE OF TRAINING : 20th JULY to 18th AUGUST 2011

VENUE : Multi Disciplinary Training Centre, Khadi and Village IndustriesCommission, Bhubaneshwar


NATURE OF PARTICIPANTS : Unemployed Youths

OBJECTIVE : TO IMPART THE SKILL OF HOUSE WIRING TO THE UNEMPLOYEDYOUTHS SO THAT THEY CAN BE GAINFULLY EMPLOYED

Vocational Training (House Wiring)

a technician working on l ine electricalinstallation and on different trade symbols andunits. The participants also learnt identificationof wiring accessories, identification of variouswire cables and its installation, demonstrationof simple twist joints, married joints throughpractical exercises. The other components ofcourse viz. demonstration of T joint in standardconductor, electric board cutting, identification

of different switches and sockets and fixingprocedure over the cut board and preparationof T.W. board for fixing flux type accessoriesfor a bed room of a house with several pointswere also taught to the trainess. Before doingpractical exercises of these, they first under

Vocational training is in progress


stood all these doing diagrams of domesticwiring and lay out followed by preparation ofboards and fixing switches over it with thesupport of the trainer.

In last week of the training programme thetrainees learnt different types of wiring,earthing installations, demonstration of energymeter installations and testing. They also visitedfor concealed wiring which was important forconcrete houses.

At the end of the training programme theparticipants were able to:

Observe the safety precautions while working

List of necessary hand tools and their uses

Cater and maintenance of wiring tools

Draw and describe simple electrical circuits

Understand the necessity of good earthingin an electrical installation

Do the domestic installation testing beforeenergizing a domestic installation.

The training programme was very fruitful forthe participants and they are now confidentenough to take up this profession independentlyand they feel happy acquiring this skill. OTELPis also organizing training programmes for otherunemployed youths in different trades in futuredays.

Practical session is going on


exposure


OTELP team started journey from Hyderabadon 26th July in the early morning towards avillage adopted by WASSAN name Doltabad. Onarrival of the team a meeting was organised bythe representatives of WASSAN with a SHGfederation named Doltabad Mandala MahilaSanchayika (DMMS). It started functioning in theyear 1994 under support of UNDP and SERP.Currently this federation works for 37 nos. ofvillage level organisations (VLO) comprising 661women SHGs creating / raising Approx morethan Rs.2.00 crores. The main objective of thisfederation is to address the issues of povertyand low income of women and to bring in aradical change in society as well as in the lifeof the rural women. Excluding all these thisfederation has other objectives as well:

i. To provide support services of IGA chosen bySHGs.

ii. To promote self-managed & sustainablewomen SHGs and to increase the income andeconomic security of poor women and theirhousehold.

iii. To initiate & up keep networking withappropriate agencies

Functioning of the federation:

The main function of the federation is tostreamline the business development activitiesamong the SHGs under it. The procedure ofbusiness development is maintained throughVillage Organisations (VO) and SHGs. Thefederation disburses the loans to the interestedVOs to purchase the commodities from SHGsunder it as per approved government rate andsells those to traders directly with marginalprofit. The sharing mechanism of profit is such

Experiences of Exposure to WASSAN areas,APARD and Forest Dept.of Andhra Pradesh

25th to 28th July 2010

that 50% of the net incomes kept by the involvedVO and rest shared by the non participating VOs.

Insurance:

Another very innovative idea of gettinginsurance to SHG members done by theGovernment of Andhra Pradesh named AbhayaHastan under LIC, INDIA. In this scheme eachmember contributes Rs. 1.00 per day towardsinsurance premium. For getting the insurancethe age limit fixed between 18 and 60. Theyhave made insurance coverage for accidentaltreatments, accidental death and permanentdisability.

Interaction with members of SHG Fedaration

Interaction with members of SHG Fedaration


Later visited one nearby village where a dalprocessing unit is established and successfulyrunning through SHG members. Subsequentlyvisit made to nearby areas where SRI cultivationpracticed and participatory irr igationmanagement has been made possible with thehelp of farmers club.

Suggestions for replication:

Initiative already started in creating institutionlike Apex organisation in the Phase-1 areas ofOTELP. The federation can be made at this levelin this institution and similar type of movementscan be made.

The functionaries may be members like Grampanchayats, User groups, Villager Organisation,SHGs, labour groups, Volunteers, Secretariesetc.

For strengthening the capacity building process& institutionalizing the two types of institutionsnamed Cluster Level Livelihoods ResourceCentres and District Level Livelihoods ResourceCentres are established in Andhra Pradesh inall districts under support of Andhra PradeshRural Livelihoods Program (APRLP).

District Level Livelihoods ResourceCentre (DLRC):

It is the institution established at each districtfor building the capacities of secondarystakeholders like WDT, PIA, MDT and other linedepartment functionaries. It is located in MahilaPranganams or KVK or any other training centresof (NGO/ GO) at district headquarter level.

Normally each DLRC have a team of three tofour persons. The composition of this team isas follows

i. One Course Director

ii. One Assistant Director

iii. One or Two Assistants

The team of these 3 to 4 persons represents tothe Project Director, DWMA and get orientationsor training etc from state level. The functionof this team is as:

i) The main function of DLRC is to act like alearning centre for the secondary stakeholders by providing capacity building inputs(conducting training programs and otherknowledge inputs) to secondary stakeholder(WDTs; NGO Coordinators; PIA coordinators;MDTs).

ii) It acts as Knowledge centre at district level.

iii) It co-ordinates with PMU, State level resourceorganisations, Consortium of ResourceOrganizations in developing the capacitiesof members of PRP.

SRI -Creating new Avenue of Success on Paddy Cultivation

The structures may be as:

SHGs ———- VLSC level Federation———- VDClevel Federation———— Block level Federation

The block level federation may work in thepremises of Apex Organisation.

Next day morning on 26th July visited a ClusterLevel Livelihoods Resource Centre (CLRC).There visited an institution maintained forimplementing all the capacity building activitiesin the Mandal under a single institution. TheCapacity building is the core & basic strategyfor the success of any l ivelihood basedprogramme. This strategy recognizes the needfor an easily accessible and dependable capacitybuilding infrastructure and facilities fordifferent levels of functionaries i.e. from grassroot levels to the top level.


iv) It has its resource base as Pool of ResourcePersons (PRPs) as experts/ resource persons/facilitators from different government andNon-government resource organisations.

Cluster Level Livelihoods ResourceCentre (CLRC):

This type of institutions established at eachblock i.e. normally for around 50 to 60 micro-watershed development projects for impartingtraining mainly to the primary stake holders likeSHGs, Village Volunteers, Secretaries etc. Thesetype of institutions are equipped with adequatetraining facilities and relevant resourcematerials (modules, communication material,audio visual aids etc.). Normally the LRCs areequipped with two staffs to facilitate thecapacity building inputs and manage the centre.

Funds to these CLRCs transferred directly fromthe district headquarter by governmentdepending upon the requirement and actionplans. The CLRCs imparts trainings with the helpof PIAs and WDTs as per the plan. The actionplans for the training prepared by the respectivePIAs with the help of Course co-ordinator andtransmitted to the district level for approvalon the basis of which fund is released.


In the case of OTELP, ITDA looks at all thosefunction that the DLRC doing there at AP.Similarly at block level as there is few MWS areunder operation hence institutionalisation ofseparate institution may not be feasible. InsteadApex Institution may be strenthened that areto be formed for fulfilling all the needs at blocklevel.

Next day the team visited Andhra PradeshAcademy of Rural Development (APARD) nearNIRD, Hyderabad and WASSAN office atHyderabad for getting overview on applicationof GPS in the field of Natural resourceManagement. There it was known aboutapplication of GIS data into different mapspreparations like Geographical Maps, Watershedboundary Maps, Land use maps, Soilclassification maps, Drainage line maps,Resource maps, Vegetation maps etc useful forplanning, management as well as evaluation ofa watershed project using equipments likeDGPS.

Participants visiting Dal Processing Unit

Course Co-ordinator

Assistant to Course Co-ordinator

The course co-ordinator in the CLRC access theservices of a large number of experts/ resourcepersons/facilitators from government as wellas Non-government and creates a group ofresource persons called as “Pool of ResourcePersons” (PRPs) for CB. For strengthening thelist of PRPs different Individuals like trainedfarmers, successful farmers and representativeslike PRIs, NGO Coordinators selected into thePRPs. Then the members of PRP formallyempanelled based on certain objective andcriteria set by a committee. Participants learning use of GPS at APARD, Hyderabad


Also it was known that how people are usingthe handheld GPS equipments to get thepositions in the stages of planning andimplementation of structures. The co-ordinateswhich are captures by GPS equipments usedthrough overlaying top sheets and Google earthmaps.

On 28th July 2010 the team visited the Geomaticscentre at headquarter of Forest Department.There it was observed that how broadly andsuccessfully the department used applicationof GIS for getting field forest and vegetationcoverage data along with topographic features.The department employed DGPS system tocollect the fly levels in the area by walking in azigzag fashion in such a way that the entire areais covered uniformly depending upon theterrain. The information was utilized forgenerating contours at 1 mt. interval for gettingsite suitability for different types of structures.In the same way the runoff is estimated using

Forest Dept. Official interacting with the participants

other parameters governing the watersheddevelopment.


The Use of DGPS as well as Hand held GPSequipments may be utilised for proper planningand implementation of the projects. The useof these two types of equipments not only helpsthe planning & implementation of the projectsbut also helps in getting proper monitoring andevaluation.

Hence necessary steps may be taken get primaryinformation using DGPS equipments by hiringsome firms and later to train the technicalprofessionals involved in the programme to use

the information collected for implement theprogramme using Handheld GPS equipments.

With a very fruitful exposure visit ,the teamcould learn many a new innovative thingssuccessfully grounded which holds a possibilityto replicate in OTELP areas for ultimate benefitof the community.

Officials of WASSAN explaining use of GIS Software


WADI Concept

A. Programme Objective:1. Remunerative self employment

2. Developing sustainable livelihood opportunity

3. Improve quality of life

B. WADI ConceptFamily based approach evolved over a periodof 10 years...

Sense of ownership is the biggest driver.

C. Core livelihood Activities1. Agri-horti-Forestry

2. Soil conservation

3. Water resource development

4. Value addition of wadi/ farm produce

5. Improved quality of life

6. Community empowerment

D. Horticulture and Forestry1. Underutilised degraded land to productive

asset.

2. Plantation of suitable perennial fruit species.

3. Forestry species along the borders /boundaries.

4. Selection of fruit species-

Agro-climatic conditions, soil, waterrequirements

Minimum two to three speciesintroduced.

Market availability

Potential for processing

Farmers Choice

Learning Experiences of a Team of SMSs (SubjectMatter Specialists), OTELP, Orissa

The Exposure Visit to BAIF, Gujarat on WADI Model (29th June to 7th July 2010 & 1st - 11th January 2011)

5. Types / Combinations of Fruit Species

Gujarat : Mango and Cashew,

Maharashtra: Mango, Cashew, Anola AndLemon

Karnataka: Mango, Cashew, Anola,Coconut and Tamarind

Rajasthan: Guava, Mango and Anola

Uttar Pradesh: Mango, Anola, Lemonand Guava

6. Establishment and Maintenance

Integrated Plant Nutrition

Integrated Pest Management

Regular Aftercare Activities

Wadi Components – one acre1. Horticultural sp. Mango 20 (spacing 10 x 10

m), Cashew 30 and Amla 10 (spacing 7 x 7m)

2. 600 -1000 plants of forestry tree sp. aroundthe Wadi

3. Dry fencing + Live hedge fencing

Dry fencing with live hedge fencing


E. Soil ConservationSloping Land

Heavy rains and Winds – erosion

Treatment of Wadi land on priority

Site specific plans for Soil Conservation

Slope 5 to 15% - Trench cum Bund

15% and above – Tree platform -Gully plugging

WADI layout for 1 Ac of land

Mango : 20, Cashew : 40, Forestry : 600

Tree Platform

Trench cum bund Tree Platform


Impact:

Stabilization of plantWater conservationEventual terracing – increase in cultivated area

F. Water Resource Development

Approach

Ensure availability of drinking waterEnsure critical irrigation to WadiEnable cultivation of additional crops

Measures:

Check DamsCommunity Lift IrrigationSprings DevelopmentBore WellsWell Repairing / DeepeningHand Pump RepairsJalkundsPedal PumpFarm Ponds

G. Value Addition to Wadi /Farm Produce

a. Approach:ProcessingBetter price realizationVillage level decentralized processingCentral packing and Marketing

b. Products:Mango- Pickle, Pulp, Jam, Dehydratedslices, etc.Cashew processingCashew apple syrupAmla – Amla candy, syrup, etc.Karonda - pickle

Water Resource Development: Jalkund

Check Bunds

Value Addition to Wadi / Farm Produce

H. Community HealthFocus on Preventive Health

Safe drinking Water - Chlorination

Hygienic practices

Awareness campaigns


Primary treatment through village health guides

Mother and Child Health

Antenatal clinics

Nutritional foods – Kitchen Gardens

Integration of traditional knowledge

Government Linkages

Quality parameters of planting material:

Specification Mango Graft Cashew Graft Forestry

Height Minimum 3 ft Minimum 2.5 ft 2-3 ft spp specific.

Minimum mature 9-12 7-9leaves

Age Minimum 1 year minimum7-9 month 6-8 months old

Joint Firm(sturdy) Firm(sturdy) —

Plastic bag size. 7*9 sq inch, 300 6*8 sq inch, 300 Minimum 4*7 sq inch with

gauge with 4 holes. guage with 4 holes. 200 guage with 4 holes.

Free from pest Free from pest —

and disease and disease

Hardening Minimum 3 months, Minimum 3 months, —with removed with removed

plastic strip plastic strip.


Financial Implication of WADI

Cost norm per Acre of WADI development

Sl Wadi Activities Cost perNo. Ac in Rs.

1 Plantation & Afterplantation care for six years 24000

2 Soil Conservation 3500

3 Water Resource Development 6000

4 Quality Work Life 1500

TOTAL 35000

20 tonnes production volume of Raw cashewnecessary for one cashew processing unit.

Avg yield per Tree per annum (in Dharampurcondition)

Mango : 65 kg /tree

Cashew: 7 kg /tree

Nut yield per Raw cashew = 1:4

Raw cashew cost = Rs. 45/- per Kg.

Cashew nut cost per kg (best quality) = Rs. 300 toRs.400

Mango pulp price is Rs. 85/- per Kg.

Mango graft preparation and selling these tooutside is the prime income generation activityfor many individual farmer and also SHGs.

Selling price of mango Graft= Rs. 25/- per graft

Avg number of graft sold per family involved =3000

Ie 3000 x 25 = Rs. 75000/ per year

Cost for these @ 5/- per graft = 3000 x 5 =15000/-

Net profit per family involved in grafting business= 75000 – 15000 = 60000/- per yr.


1. Epicotyl Grafting

2. Individual Farmer Approach:

Sense of Ownership is the biggestmotivation

3. Long term perspective: evolved over aperiod of 10 years...

Epicotyl Grafting

Epicotyl Grafting : it is same as the grafting interms of methodology, only that in this casethe of 15 to 20 days old seedlings are used asroot stock for grafting.

Salient features of mango epicotyl grafting:

1. Mango stones of any variety preferable biggersize are dibbled in the raised bed of 1.5 mtx 10 mt at a spacing of 3 inch x 3 inch.

2. Stones are dibbled vertically rather thantraditional horizontally for convenienceduring uprooting and transplanting the mangografts to the polythene.

3. When the mango seedlings are attained 15to 20 days old, (still in reddish, greenish redcolour and having stone kernel left with somefood and nutrient supplement for gettingquick joint in the grafts) these are uprootedcarefully with stone and root undamaged.

4. These are cut at a ht of 6 inch and splited toaccommodate the mother scion(the twigs ofdesired verity)

5. Mother scions of about 9 inch as collectedfrom the desired mother plant are then giventwo slanting cut opposite to each other atthe base.

6. These cut scions are then inserted in thesplitted root stock carefully and tied by thegrafting polythene tape keeping about 6 inchof scion part above the joint.

7. To maintain the smoothness at the joints(mismatch due to the difference in thediameter of stock and scion) and greatersuccess of grafts, one side of the joints issmoothened by matching the stock and scionsurface before tying the tape.

8. These stock-scion grafts are thentransplanted into the black polybags of size7 x 9 sq inch and filled by the soil mixture(prepared earlier as in case of normalnursery) firmly.

9. These are then nurtured in controlledcondition without exposing to direct sunlightand rain for about one month till the jointsare successful. Then these are exposed toopen area for vigour growth.

10. Most suitable time for grafting : June 15-July 15 giving more than 90% success.

11. Plantation in main field is done on the onsetof next rainy season when the grafts haveattained 3 feet ht and of 10-12 months old.

Epicotyl Grafting of Mango

Key Learning from WADI Model Exposure


A team of FNGO representatives, WDTs,Agriculture Officer, Sr. Engineer andHorticulture Expert of different ITDAs leftBhubaneswar to Tangi at about 11.00a.m. alongwith State Consultant of Gram Vikash NGO andPO(CB) from PSU,OTELP.The aim of the Exposurevisit was to expose the participants & interactwith different stakeholders of low pressure DripIrrigation system and integrated farming systemwith hi end technology used for floriculture.Mr. Behera proprietor of Bhomi Agro Enterprisesat Chintamanipur, Tangi showed the farm andbriefed the participants on the background ofthe project initiated and the entire processinvolved in it with cost benefit analysis.

After this visit, participants were taken to theSoil Conservation Demonstration Farm atBiswanahakani, Tangi. The participants visitedthe farm wherein various soil conservation aswell as biological measures taken inside itincluding agriculture, horticulture, livestock,pisciculture intervention successfully. Afterfield visit there was a meeting with JSCO Mr.Manoranjan Kar who briefed of the farm andvarious interventions taken so far time to time.He also made a presentation on watershedconcept & intervention. The team returned

Low Pressure Drip Irrigation and Poly Nursery forVegetable Cultivation in Raised Beds

from Tangi in the evening and at night leftBhubaneswar to proceed for Ranchi by train .

The next day the team proceeded to AngaraBlock where all participants were exposed tothe MAATI model which claim to convert BPL toAPL in 120 days through vegetable cultivationusing gravity drip system on 25 decimal plotand poly nursery management.

Coming to the drip irrigation which is beingproved to be most efficient & economic way ofcrop production particularly fruit & vegetablesis also experimented in OTELP programmeareas. Moving one step ahead OTELP hasexplored the possibility of low pressure dripirrigation system in farmers’ field in order toreduce the fixed cost & working capital for thefarmers. The low pressure drip system will coveran area of 0.25 ac (25 decimal) or 1000 sq. mtrarea where the farmer can grow any seasonal& off seasonal vegetables. It is calculated atthe lowest side a drip farmer of 1000 sq. mtrarea will earn a profit of Rs. 30000/- in a year (3cropping cycle). The system will convert a monocrop farmer to a multi crop farmer.The drip fieldis backed by a poly nursery which will feed themain drip field farmer with quality seedlings

Raised Bed Cultivation with Drip Irrigation Model at Tangi, Cuttack Soil Conservation Official at Biswanahakani,Tangi interactingwith participants on various Watershed Development measures

6th to 8th May 2011


because it is believed that the wholesustainability & economics of the project dependson timely availability of quality seedlings.

The project promoted by JSLPS in associationwith MAATI Agrotech has following objectives:

The objective is to provide an efficientirrigation (water) management technology thatempowers farmers to overcome droughtsituations and produce at least 3 CROPS A YEAR.

CONVERGENCE - The Project aims to maximizethe reach and impact of existing irrigation &water harvesting initiatives like Check Dams,Lift Irrigation systems, Ponds, Wells etc -

Build a REGULAR INCOME MECHANISM – around the year cash flow system for thebeneficiary. Thus enabling rural poor toovercome poverty

Gravity fed Pressure CompensatedDrip System:

Low Energy requirements (Can operate evenwith Peddle Pumps where there’s noelectricity))In Jharkhand lands are seldom leveled.Pressure Compensated (PC) drip systemunlike other drip lines, works on very lowpressure ranges and ensures uniformdischarge of water even in slopes orunleveled land.The farmer benefits from uniform crop sizeand yield.

And of course operated 365 days a year uninterruptedly

Key benefits:Increases yield and quality (Off seasoncultivation possible)Affordable and cost efficientSaves labor and minimizes the need forelectricity/energy – CAN BE MANAGED BYFAMILYEnhances use of existing water resourcesPrevents water run-off, deep percolation,leaching and soil erosionMaximizes water and fertilizer efficiencyEnables multi-seasonal applicationEasy operation and maintenance

The result comes within 3-4 months of installation

Financials outlay:(per farmer)

DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM : Rs. 24,000CROP INPUTS : Rs. 06,000(seeds, fertilisers etc.)o Total Outlay : Rs. 30,000Training & Monitoring(SGSY): Rs. 5,00050% Subsidy under SGSY : Rs.15,000o ESTIMATED INCOME:Avg. INCOME PER CROP : Rs. 20,000Projected Annual Income : Rs 50,000+

Project Financing:PROJECT COST : Rs. 30,000Bank loan : Rs. 15,000Govt. Subsidy : Rs. 15,000

Raised bed cultivation with low pressureirrigation was introduced in the process i.e. atechnology that can create quantum leap in cropyields and household incomes.

Salients features on model of 1000sq.m (25 decimal) Crop Area:

Low financial risk – EMI Rs. 600/- p.m.Completely Managed by the beneficiary – nooutside labour requiredHomestead Well – Adequate water resourceto irrigate the plot 365 days.Can provide for (2600 tomato plants or 10tons yield, 4800 Cabbage or 7.5 tons yield)sizeable (Rs. 50,000+) income

The above figure indicates a clear balancing Risk & Return model

Participants exposed to Drip Irrigation Vegetable Cultivationat Angara Block, Ranchi


Budgeting per District (5000 farmers)Subsidy under SGSY : Rs. 7.50 CrDemo & Awareness : Rs. 25 lakhs(Rs 500 per farmer)

Marketing Network

# Forming Grower Associations# Post-Harvest Infrastructure# Professional Auction Centers with internet linkages# Linkages with Institutional buyers# Contract Production

Beneficiary Identification & Eligibility

Farmers with homestead farm land (Bari) ofat least 25 decimals.Proximity to Operational water source like –well/bore-well/pond/check-dam...Existing member or willing to join a SHG orFarmers’ groupTo begin with the project targets at least500 farmers in each block

Poly nursery:

A large number of seedlings can be raised inminimum space under optimized and controlledconditions. Scientific nursery techniques havethe following advantages:

Natural damages to tender seedlings at thenursery stage are greatly minimizedVigour of seedlings is increased.Reduces transplanting shocks and plantmortality at the field is extremely low.Success rate of the planting material is high.Overall operating costs are less, as labourcost is less.Inputs like water, fertilizers etc. are low.Germination and growth rates are enhanced.

The indicative cost of a poly nursery having size12X8X4 m is Rs.1.32 lakhs.

Mr. James from JHLPS and Mr. Osborne fromMAATI Agrotech explained all the poly nurseryconcept & reason of it’s establishment . TheDrip unit which was visited is meant & designedfor 1000sq. mt area with 1000 ltr PVC tank &inline drip lateral. As the drippers are pressure

compensating so it can operate at low & highpressure. The discharge of the dripper is 1 ltr/hr. It is suitable for all vegetables & spices.During the field trip all visited 5 farmer’s filedwho have earned good money from this farming.It is projected to earn at least Rs. 50000/- fromone year & farmers who are currently onpractice are surpassing the projected amount.One among the farmers could explain how hestarted the farming & the benefits. Fertilizers& soil application pesticides can be applied bythis system inside the drum so that equaldistribution of input is possible. The nursery israised in poly pots inside poly house so thatmaximum care can be taken for producinghealthy & disease free seedlings. The minimumrequirement for this system is to have a watersource to fill the tank & fencing. At Ranchi thesystem is supported from JHLPS with 50%subsidy from SGSY.

Next day the team attended a classroom sessionwith Mr. Jayant Ghosh, the promoter of thistechnology & founder of MAATI AGRO TECH. Hemade a presentation on why & how this conceptstarted & popularized. He hinted of thistechnology presently promoted in MP, Gujarat.He clarified all queries of the members ondifferent aspects starting from agronomicaspects to irrigation aspects. He also explainedthe market linkage possibility for large scalefarming.The team after a meaningful exposurereturned back Odisha with a determination ofreplication of Jharkhand model on pilot basisat few selected areas of OTELP to get the MAATImodel a successful one.

Mr. Jayant, MAATI Agrotech explaining the successful modelof APL to BPL in 120 days


Diversion based irrigation is a method that usesthe gravitational force to guide the water fromstreams to the crop fields at the lower level.Irrigation can be provided without using anyexternal energy.

Considering the high potentiality of DBI in OTELPareas, selected field functionaries of the FNGOsand WDOs of ITDAs have been exposed to thesuccessful sites in Rayagada and Ganjam Districtin association with the DBI secretariat. Resourcepersons from DBI Secretariat have alreadyguided the Programme staffs and community foridentification, survey, design and estimation intwo diversion based irrigation programme ofGajapati district as per the MoU with OTELP.

Exposure to Diversion Based Irrigation,Hydramand Stabilised Mud Block

was held with the community members, inparticular with SHG members and user groupsof the village on situation before and after,community contribution for installation of theDBI, it’s safe and controlled usage(water).Thecommunity members responded to variousqueries put by participants.

The participants then proceeded to MaaRameswari Udyan Bikash Samiti, Lelibadi tohave a visit to see WADI Model promoted throughNABARD and executed through Harsha Trust.Three hundred mango and four hundred andtwenty cashew trees have been planted in aseries of patches. The village cultivable landsalso get used of piped water supply.The projectwas completed by July’2009 and it has 20

Participants exposed to DBI source point

A team of WDOs and FNGO representativesalong with Sri Sanjay Roy, Coordinator, DBISecretariat, Bhubaneswar and PO(CB) fromPSU,OTELP accompanied the team for anexposure visit of on Diversion Based IrrigationStructure(DBI) Figure 1,Hydram and StabilizedMud Brick.

A short session on DBI at the spot was taken bythe Sri Roy and staffs from PRADAN to theparticipants on various aspects of DBI beforeand after installation .Then a interaction session

Facilitator explaining on DBI

WADI model developed by farmers

28th to 30th January 2011


beneficiaries having 20acres of land in total.Thecapacity of DBI so far as water supply area isconcerned is 20acre.The project had a totalexpenditure of Rs.1,23,826.00 out of whichRs.36,000.00 came as labour contribution fromthe benefited community members. Oninteraction with the beneficiaries, it was learntthat the farmers involved also get good benefitout of this WADI model promoted.The projectwas executed through Harsha Trust, BisamCuttack which is sponsored by Sri Ratan TataTrust.

A hydraulic ram (or water ram) pump is a simple,motorless device forpumping water at lowflow rates. Thehydraulic ram pump, orhydram, is a type ofcyclic pump thatoperates with the useof water as the meansof supplying the sourceof power for the unit.It does not consumepetrol, diesel,electricity. It uses theenergy of flowing waterto lift water from a stream, or spring to anelevated storage tank or to a discharge pointWater from a stream in a valley can be pumpedto a village on the hill side. In general ahydraulic Ram pump can pump approximatelyone tenth of received water volume to a heightten times greater than intake. The pump isuseful where water source flows constantly andthe usable fall from the water source to thepump location is at least 3 feet. Hence the pumpis used where falling water is available.. It issuitable for use where small quantities of waterare required and power supplies are limited,such as for household, irrigation, etc. Ahydraulic ram pump is useful where the watersource flows constantly and the usable fall fromthe water source to the pump location is at least4-5 feet. It lifts 10% of the flowing water 10

times to the original head. Hydrams have beenaround for a long time as well proventechnology, and before the advent of electricalwiring in public buildings in the latter 19thcentury. This is used in large areas in manymountaininous countries and north east statesof India for small scale irrigation. Hilly andsloppy terrain with abrupt change in slope andpresence of perennial streams in OTELP villagesprovide a scope for installation of hydram forupland irrigation. Keeping in view of thematter,it was also planned for making aexposure visit to a area where hydramsuccessfully installed and irrigates for uplandcultivation.

The next day the team poceeded to Kakrigumaand reached at Siddharth Village,CommunitySchool of Ecology-Eco Tribal Tourism,WoodsongWorld Resorts supported by Asian Institute forresponding to Conflict and Management,Bangalore. Sri Benudhar Sutar from DesiTechnology who has successfully installed Hydraminside the tourism village premises explained ofthe simple technique of hydram functioning andhow it enables upland irrigation.

Facilitator explaining onHydram

Participants exposed to Hydram in operation

Site selection for the installation of HYDRAM isthe most crucial factor for it’s operation. Theminimum technical requirements for theinstallations are as follows;

Drive head range = 1.5 – 30 meter

Drive flow range = 60 - 120 ltrs/min

Delivery head range = 6 – 100 meter

Typical delivery range = 2 - 20 ltrs/min


The team then proceeded to Pataleswar villagedevelopment committee, Ledriguda forpractical demonstration of stabilized mud blockproduction from Mardini block press. There wasa small powerpoint presentation by Mr. V.Josephwho also hails from Desi Technologies. Heexplained there are examples of the SMBbuildings built in 1940s and hence the durabilityis in excess of 60 years.

Technical Features of SMB:Weight when wet : 9 KG

Weight when Dry : 8.2 KG

Density when wet : 2.05 Gms/CC

Dry Density : 1.87 Gms/CC

Compression Strength: 20 to 110 KG/CM2

depending on the stabiliser percentage( a7.5% cement stabilised block would have anaverage Wet Compressive strength of about40- 45 KG/CM2 )

Water Absorption : 8-12%

Tips to Control the Quality of Blocks

The following five tips are crucial for makinghigh quality Stabilised Mud blocks:

The soil granulometry should be ensured, i.e.the percentage of sand should be more than65% and the clay percentage is below 15%.;

The stabiliser selection and dose should beproperly selected and the soil and stabilisershould be properly mixed;

The optimum moisture content should beensured, i.e. usually it is around 10-12%;

The wet density of the block should weigh 9KGs and should have a wet density of 2.05GM per CC;

The blocks should be properly cured for atleast a week in the stack and for anothertwo weeks in the walls.

Facilitator explaining benefits of SMB

SMB preparation in process

The Output-Stabilised Mud Block

Various steps explained of mud blockproduction, the simplicity to produce with lowcost and much durabity with higher compressivestrength. Then there was a practicaldemonstration of mud block preparation whereall the participants including communitymembers got involved and few pieces of mudblock were produced too. It was felt there isample scope of preparing such mud block inOTELP areas. This will not only cater to the needof huge demand of supplying low cost and durableraw materials for the construction works but alsoenable for the livelihood options of many to earn.


The OTELP, Paralakhemundi made ExpousureVisit to Krishi Vigyana Kendra, Mayurbhanj on7.3.11. The participants comprising of 11 SHGmembers of different SHGs of Six FNGOs , sixWDT(mF), WDT(SS)and MFO Gajapati .In theexpousure visit programme Live Stock Expertfrom PSU, Bhubaneswar Mr. Sachidnanda Swain,Sri Jagannath Patro, programme coordinator,KVK, Mayurbhanj, Additional district Veterinaryofficer Sri Pattnak and Sri Raghnath Patifacilitated the programme ,the followingimportant things were observed .

Which variety of chick to be reared.

Banaraja: For meat and egg purposes such typeof chicks to be reared in rural areas, in 20weeksthe chick will be 2kg to 2.5kg along with 150nos of egg.

Gram priya: In rural areas such variety of chickscan also be reared , in 20weeks the bird willgive 180 eggs it became 3kg to 3.5kg of weight.

Kalinga Brown: This is a hybrid variety of chickand it will give 260-270no of eggs per year.

Black rock broiler: This variety of chick is blackin colour and fleshy and the egg giving capacityper year is 120 to 140 and in 20weeks it will be2.5 kg to 3.5kg

Out of all the variety of chicks the Banarajavariety of chick is most suitable as prescribedby the KVK scientist because of the followingmerits

High growth.

Improved variety.

Low cost for rearing

The growth is like Broiler.

An Exposure Visit to Mother Chick unit at KVK,Mayurbhanj, Odisha.

Special care is required.

Perfectly good for meat.

Low mortality.

Easily marketable.

Lucrative Business.

The house for the chicks:

For poultry rearing two types of house can beprepared that is dip litter house and another iscage type of house, for Banaraja variety ofchicks the house should be 1000Sq .Ft for 1000chicks. The east and west direction of the houseshould be 20 to 22ft and the north and southdirection should be 50sq .ft, it will be 1000sqft and the roof should be thatched or asbestos,so that the air can be passed from the southside apart from this around the chick unit thereshould be planted the creeper type trees andpapaya, drumstick and banana for shadow andcool to the chick unit.

Brooding to the chicks:

Brooding means artificial heat to the chicks ,generally in summer season the brooding should

7th to 8th March 2011


be given for one day to fifth week and in winterseason it should be zero to eighth week , thatshould be maintained a limited heat in thefollowing schedule;

In the first week -95‘ equal to 35‘cIn the second week-90‘ equal to 32‘cIn the third week-85‘equal to 29‘cIn the fourth week -80‘ equal to 26‘c

As per the above schedule the temperatureshould be reduced at least 5 ‘ per week tomaintain the heat to the chicks and the broodershould be in the height of 3 to 5 feet from thelitter ,in one brooder there should be 200 to250 chicks can be safely remained . the readymade brooder can be applied in the unit whatit is available in the market but for the sake ofcost effectiveness the artificial brooder can beprepared with the help of bamboo and flourgum and waste papers simultaneously we canbe applied the cow dung to the brooder but forthe durability point of view it is little bit low.In the brooder we can fix 60w,100w,200wnormal bulb if possible we can adopt two nosof infrared bulb available in the market it willcost only Rs100-200/- ,incandescent bulb, milkviolet bulbs can also be applied to the motherchick unit , one chick guard to be remain in thelitter ,the height of the guard should be18“(1&1/2feet ) ,rectangular type of chickguard is not advisable it should be in circulartype before 24hr we have to maintain the heatto the chicks

Feeding schedule:

From the day one chicks we can give maizepowder, suji dana, along with Glucose “D”withfresh water for 100bird s 25gm of glucose isrequired,ORS Powder can also to be given ,thequantum of water can be given like a manner;

For 100birds the clucose water is required 2litera day in the first week.

In the second week it required 4 lit/day.

In the third week it required 8 lit/day.

For 1000chicks 20liter of fresh water is required.

Baby waterier and baby feeder is required tokeep in the unit those are available in themarket. For safe side we should keep the chickson the paper above the litter if not there isattack of very chances of diarrhoea to thechicks, in the litter we can apply the husk, ricebran, saw mill powder in the thickness of 2 or 2.5 inch height . For safety and prevention pointof view we can destroy the handicapped chicksand we should maintain clean and hygiene theunit to avoid all sort of disease. For sterilizationof the unit and avoid all sort of infections wehave to apply the KOHOROLEIN-3%( Glaxopharmaceutical make) medicine 3ml in one literof water around the unit by sprayer .similarlyin the unit we can also use foot path, phenyl,potassium paramagnet, trespasser is strictlyprohibited for the poultry farm to controlseveral crippling diseases attack to the chicks.In the mother chick unit there is 2% of mortalityis admissible and above 5% is so to say is lossthat should be maintained properly it will bebetter to apply KOHOROLEIN-3 %in every lot /batch. The Feed conversion Ratio (FCR) in theage of 28th day the chicks can consume 600Gmof food and the weight of the chick will be 1kgper chick. The water should be changed fourtimes a day the tube well water is preferablygood, the waterier should be washed on dailybasis.


Vaccine schedule:Sl No Age of the chicks Name of the vaccines Method of vaccination Dosage.

1 1st day Mareks disease Under the neck. 0.2ml injection(soil pore disease)

2 5th to 7th days F-1(Ranikhet disease) Eye or nasal, 1-2 dropsintra ocular.

3 14th to 18th days IBD(GUMBER Disease) Eye or nasal, 1-2 dropsintra ocular.

4 21st Days F-1 Booster dose Eye or nasal, 1-2 dropsintra ocular.

5 28th days IBD booster Eye or nasal, 1-2 dropsintra ocular.

6 40days IBD Gumber Eye or nasal, 1-2 dropsintra ocular.

7 50days Foul pox Under the arm or 0.2ml by touching the bird.

8 60days Newcastlerani kheta R2B Under the arm or leg. 0.5ml

9 112days Newcastlerani kheta R2B Under the arm or leg. 0.5ml

To avoid the Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD), pneumonia. Tetracycline powder can be appliedand for dewarming piperzine liquid 5ml for 100bird can be applied. The maximum life span ofthe chicks is 3to 4 year for meat purposes the chicks can be kept for 6 month and for eggpurposes that can be kept for 1year after 3 months the male chicks should be disposed and malefemale ratio should be 1:10 and 5:10 is not advisable in 3 months the chick will be 2kg and in 3to4 month that will be 2 to 2.5kg

2nd day to 6days Tetracycline powder Up to 3days 5gm for1000birds with water

7days to 15days K LIVER TONIC+Calcium Each 10ml for 100birdstonic +Famitone syrup

CEPHALEX FEVER Dosage mentionedin the medicine file.

KANDOX FORTE Dysentery Dosage mentionedin the medicine file.


Low cost food for chicks

Low cost foods for chicks can be made in therespective villages as per the quantum ofavailable materials mentioned below;

Maize -35 to 45 %

Rice powder-10%

Wheat powder-10%

Sunflower Cake-10 %( Except Mustard Cake)

Dry fish powder-8 to10%

Mineral Mixture-3to 5%

Bajara powder-10%

Budget estimation for Mother Chick unit for 1500BirdsSl No Particulars Details Amount(Rs)

1 Chicks Rs14/chicks as per

CPDO, Bhubaneswar 21000.00

2 Packing charges Card board 465.00

3 Transportation(KVKown vehicle) Diesel 2400.00

4 Medicines and vaccine 4000.00

5 Food 70kg BagX1430/- 18000.00

6 Labour charges 2300.00

7 Electricity charges estimated 4000.00

8 Incidental charges —— 835.00

TOTAL COST(Rs) —— 53000.00

If the life bird can be sold at Rs40/- the total sale will be Rs60000/-

The net profit will be Rs7000/-per batch

Apart from this in Krishi vigyana Kendra (KVK)visited the Kitchen garden, integratedPisciculture, dhingri mushroom cultivation, polyhouse mushroom cultivation, paddy foundationseed preparation machine and packing. Thenmet with two successful farmers of Pithabatanear lulanga village and made interaction withsri Manas singh successful farmer who has donelow cost motherchick unit, vegetablecultivation, bee keeping, and floriculture and

poultry similarly sri Bhaskar jena one of thesuccessful farmer who has done vegetablecultivation (SRI cultivation awardedfarmer),mango, papaya, cocoanut plantationand soft water prawn culture and pisciculturein samakhunta village.Participants really madeout all things and got an opportunity to see something and have a faith on these interventionsand they have been inspired to do the thingsby learning from others.


Krushi Vignan Kendra, Mayurbhanj Chicks with in ring guard

Chicks with brooder


A team of 19 APEX body members, WDT(Agriculture) of CYSD, Dasmantpur and 3 SHGmember of TSRD, Nandapur along with MFO,Koraput made an exposure visit to Badhagada,Kasam on 20.05.2011.

Exposure to BadhagadaKASAM, Baliguda

machine which cost is Rs.5.00 lakhs before 3years but the present rate is Rs.6.00 lakhsapproximately which requires to runs in 3 phaseelectricity. In this matter the participant askedabout small powder machine which is requiredfor APEX body the cost of small powder machineis Rs.2.50 lakhs approximately. The participantsagreed to establish the small machine withwashing, polishing machine and packingmanually at Talakutinga village of LaxmipurBlock. At the time of discussion the facilitatorsaid that the quality of turmeric is high atLaxmipur then the Kandhamal. At Kasam thefinal product per Kg. of turmeric Rs.140/- atpresent. The participants said that the rawboiling turmeric at present was Rs.150/- perkg. at Laxmipur. Discussed about this matterand finalized that the APEX body sale at marketwith organic keskari brand which is demand inmarket above Rs.200/-Mr. Satyaban Mallick of Kasam described

detailed on turmeric wash, boiling, polishingand grinding step by step. The participants triedto know from the facilitator about the detailson establishment of such unit along withfinancial implication. According to thefacilitator,Kasam the cost of wash machine isRs.2,000/- per unit and the polish machine costis Rs.80,000/- The rate quouted is before 5 yearsbut now the present rate is Rs.1.50 lakhsapproximately. The polish machine polishes 3qtls. per hour which gives 90Kg. polishedturmeric out of 1 Qtl. The participants askedabout the boiling system of the turmeric as aresult the boiling system is fully manually. Thepacking system is done in two types i.e. machineand manual. The participants agreed to do thesystem manually. Then saw the turmeric powder Turmeric powder unit

19th to 20th May 2011


Cost of establishing turmeric powder unit (Approximately)

1. Cost of small turmeric powder machine : Rs. 2,50,000/-2. Cost of Polishing Machine : Rs. 1,50,000/-3. Cost of Wash machine (2 x Rs.2000) : Rs. 4,000/-4. Cost of Electricity Charge (3 Phase) : Rs. 5,000/-5. Packing machine (5 x Rs.500/-) : Rs. 2,500/-6. Two Boiling Pot : Rs. 1,000/-7. Branded Packing polythene : Rs. 2,000/-

Total : Rs. 4,14,500/-

Product System

1. Raw Turmeric : 1 Qtl. after boiling : 25Kgs.

2. Cost of raw turmeric : Rs.1,500/- Cost of boiling turmeric : Rs.3,750/-

(@ Rs.150/- per Kg.)

3. From 1 Qtl. Boiling turmeric 90Kg polished turmeric produced.

4. From 90 Kg. polished turmeric 80 Kg powder turmeric produced(maximum 10% depreciation)

5. At final after 4 Qtl. raw turmeric at the cost Rs.6,000/-, 80Kg.turmeric powder produced which cost Rs.16,000/- @ Rs.200/- perKg ( including electricity, human resource, transport, marketingetc.)

At the time of annual work plan and budget of the APEX body thetotal product and benefit to be finalized.

The team had a good exposure and could learn the business modelof turmeric processing along with value addition to tap the localmarket and outside as well.


Exposure report on the visit of SALT models inClaveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines

Claveria is situated in the province of MisamisOriental of Northern Philippines its landscapeconsists of steep mountains and rolling hills,comprising of 68 per cent of its total land areawith slope from 25-95 %. Its elevation rangesfrom 450 to 1200 meters above mean sea levelwith high and steep slopes. The average annualrainfall is around 2500 mm The annual averagetop soil loss per hectare in sloping upland isfrom 40- 300 t .The soils are moderate to deepand acidic in nature with pH from 4.5 to 5.2.The farm size ranges from 0.25 to 5.0 ha,averaging to 2.0 ha. Major crops at lowerelevation (i.e. <600m.) are maize, cassava andupland rice. Vegetable and maize in rotationare practiced in upper elevation (i.e. >600m.).59 % of the cropping (maize and vegetables)occur in lands more than 15 % slope.

World Agroforestry Centre (known as theInternational Centre for Research inAgroforestry, ICRAF before 2002) is giving alltechnical support to the communities.

Contour Hedge Row System - EarlierApproach for Salt:

Contour hedge rows are vegetative barriersestablished along a contour line on slopingupland and considered as a importantAgroforestry technology. These are effective toreduce soil erosion. Hedge row plants areleguminous crops like Gliricidia sepium ,Paspaium conjugatum , Penisatum purpureumetc. But adoption of this system is low due tohigh labor intensive for establishment andmaintenance of the hedge rows

Natural Vegetative Filter Stripes(NVS) – Present Approach to Salt

Contour lines are laid out with an A-frame orthrough the ‘cow’s back method’ (a cow is usedto walk across the slope: it tends to follow thecontour and this is confirmed when its back isseen to be level). The contours are then peggedto serve as an initial guide to ploughing Twopersons are required per day for making contourlines in one ha area. Thereafter naturalvegetation is allowed to grow without plantingtrees and fodder grasses. Besides many otherfarmers place crop residues in lines on contourto form trash bonds which rapidly vegetateswith native grass and weeds and soon formstable hedge rows with natural front facingterraces. NVS are natural vegetation stripsusually unplowed along the contour to act as soilfilter. The width of each NVS is from 30 - 50 cm.NVS are spaced 6 -10 meters apart on the slopingfield. Runoff flowing down the slope duringintense rain is slowed, and infiltrates when itreaches the vegetative strips. Eroded soil collectson and above the strips and natural terraces formover time. This leveling is assisted by ploughingalong the contour between the NVS - through‘tillage erosion’ - which also moves soil downslope. The vegetation on the established NVSneeds to be cut back to a height of 5-10 cm: oncebefore planting a crop, and once or twice duringthe cropping period. The cut material can beincorporated during land preparation, applied tothe cropping area as mulch, or used as fodderNow NVS is widely adopted due to low laborrequirement unlike contour hedge rows system.


Natural vegetative filter strip Establishing NVS demarcation of contour

Benefits of NVS

i. It can reduce soil loss by more than 90 %as per research results.

ii. It involves low labour requirement andfarmer-friendly technology for resourcepoor farmers.

iii. It enhances infiltration of water conservingthe soil in situ.

Recommended Alley widths at 1/2 mintervals

Slope (%) Alley width (m)

10 10-20

20 5-10

30 3-7

40 3-5

50 2-4

60 2-4

Limitations of NVS:

Scouring. As the soil moves downward toform terraces, the upper part of the alleysbecome less fertile and crop yield in thisarea may decline. On the other hand, thelower part of the alley will become morefertile.

Lesser biomass from NVS. Unlike trees andlegumes, grass hedgerows cannot providelarge amount of biomass as nutrient inputsfor the alley crop.

Overcoming the limitations:

Application of more organic fertilizersand crop residues on the upper portion ofthe alley. In time, the contoured fields withNVS will give consistently higher yieldcompared to those without hedgerows.

Selection and application of appropriatemethods to further improve soil fertilityon the alleys l ike contour farming,minimum tillage, improved fallows, covercropping, among others.

Ridge tillage systems

This is practiced to enhance the effectivenessof NVS .Tis is a conservation tillage system anddoes not require primary tillage. Soil is scrapedoff the ridge just before planting.The soil iscultivated as needed for weed control and ridgeis rebuilt either at the last cultivation (Maize/Bean) or after the crop mis harvested. Typicallyonly top 5-8 cm of soil is disturbed. This systemmaintains alternate strips of untilled and tilledland in a row-cropped field. The untilled strip(the ridge) is where the crop is planted in thesame exact row position in each successiveseason; the inter-row area is where cultivationis practiced for weed control. The ridges act asa partial barrier to the surface flow of water,but their major distinction is that they act as azone of greater infiltration. The no-tillage areatends to accumulate organic matter and macro-


pores, due to soil biological activity and rootchannels. Since primary and secondary tillageoperations are not practiced for landpreparation between crops, the land is lesssubject to erosion in the off-season. Labor andexpense in land preparation is mostlyeliminated. Research on combined use of Ridgetillage system and NVS shows that, the annualsoil loss of 85.5 tons/hectare on bare, uncropped soil is reduced to 0.3 to 1.1 t/ha.

Minimum or no tillage system

No-till farming (sometimes called zero tillage)is a way of growing crops from year to yearwithout disturbing the soil through tillage. No-till is an emergent agricultural technique whichcan increase the amount of water in the soiland decrease erosion.. In this case crop residuesor other organic amenities are retained on thesoil surface and sowing is done with minimalsoil disturbance.

Ridge Tillage System

Agroforestry :

Different tree species are integrated with theNVS to obtain additional income from the samepiece of land. The choice and selection of thespecies depends on types of crops grown andshould be complementary to the field crops,need of the farmer and should suit the agro-climatic condition Fruit trees, timber trees,fodder grass, legumes, cash crops such as pineapple, banana, root crops are planted at thesame time or in sequence on the 2nd/3rd yearafter establishment of NVS.

In Claveria, there is a growing interest amongfarmers to establish fruit and timber trees ontheir NVS. In a sloping cultivated field, farmersestablish soil conservation using the naturalvegetative filter strips on their farms. After theyhave established contours, they raise seedlings

NVS enriched with fodder & timber

Agro forestry


of timber or fruit trees. Introduction of treescome during the 2nd or 3rd year after theestablishment of NVS. Tree canopies start toclose 3-4 years after planting of trees. By thistime it is no longer feasible to plant annualcrops at the alley because it is already too shadyfor them, but farmers introduced ruminantsunder the trees. Farmers having wider alley (8-12 meters wide) can still plant annual food cropsbetween the rows of the trees, and grow foddergrass between trees along the row. A widerspacing of NVS is very useful for farms where itis desired to continue growing food crops asthe fruit and timber trees mature. However,farmers with larger farm sizes tend to opt forsomewhat closer hedgerow spacing, and movefood crop cultivation to other parcels once thetree canopies shade the annual crops. Thesefast growing timber tree systems have a 6-8 yearcycle.

Beans in alley with cassava

Double rows of pine apple with rice

Species grown:

a. Fruit : Mango, pine apple, banana

b. Timber : Gmelina arborea , Eucalyptus ,Sunitienia spp.,

Ptericarpers indicus , Mysopsis emimi (fromEast Africa – very quick growing )

c. Fodder grass : Setaria spp. , Pennisetumpurpureum , Panicum maximum , Napier ,Stylosanthes guianensis

d. Forage legume : Fleminga congesta ,Dismodium rhinzonii

e. Vegetables –

Different agroforestry systems:

a. Maize +Gmelina (timber) + Setaria (grass)

b. Eucalyptus + Maize

c. Muzizi (timber0 + Banana + Cassava

d. Timber tree sps.+ Banana + Maize

e. Banana + Timber tree sps./ Fruit tree

Tomato in alley


Additional strategies adopted:1. Livestock integration

Livestocks such as cattle, goats, pigs,chicken and ducks are means for additionalincome, food security, draft power, manureand agri-diversity of the farming system aswell as risk management strategy duringadverse climatic condition. Manures can beused for bio-gas for the household energyrequirement and substitute for vermincomposting.

2. Rain water harvesting

Rain water harvesting addresses rainfallvariability’s during climate change makingwater available during dry spells forlivestock’s, crops and even for domesticuse. It also provides additional income tofarmers by promoting aquaculture.Promotion of aquaculture improvesnutritional load to the pond water andwhen used for irrigation, it improves thecrop growth.

3. Organic fertilizer production

Organic ferti l izer through vermi-composting is important for agriculture asit mitigates climate change throughavoidance of CO2 emission by fertilizersubstitution from inorganic sources..

4. Mulching & cover crops

Mulching and cover cropping maintain soilcover throughout the year which reducesoil erosion, increase the water infiltration,reduce weed pressure and improves soilfertility, also improves soil carbon.

The land care approach: In claveriaLand care is a method to rapidly andinexpensively diffuse agrforestry practicesamong upland farmers. It is a set of practicesfor appropriate land management systems. Itaddresses judicious use of natural resources.Local institutions l ike land care groups

collectively learn to improve their knowledgeand skill for sustainable NRM. Landcare groupsare supported by the government

Elements of successful sloping land managementprogram in the Philippines:

a. Appropriate upland technology–Simpleand affordable technologies suited tobiophysical conditions of the land andsocioeconomic conditions of thecommunities. NVS technology and treeintegration are very much successful inuplands having slope up to 95%.

b. Strong community institutions - Land caregroups are formed

c. Government Support: Cash incentives upto50,000 INR are given to each land caregroup by the Govt to spread the technologyrapidly.

Monitoring and evaluation

ICRAF has been keeping records of all those whohave attended a training or had been assistedwith establishing NVS on their farms, as well asof farm boundaries.

Adaptibility of NAV in programmearea under otelp:The topographic condition, rainfall etc. inprogramme area under OTELP is more or lesssame as Claveria, Philippines. Slash & burn(podu) cultivation are most common featuresin OTELP villages. The cultivation method asexisting in the OTELP area has been replacedwith NVS and supported with different agro-forestry models for higher income on sustainedbasis minimizing the most hazardous soil erosionin Claveria, Philippines.

The limiting factors in programme villages ofOTELP in spite of these similarities are-

1. Soils are shallow whereas in Claveria, thesoil is deep in most of the cases.

2. Soils are heavy, hard with exposed pebblesand rocks on soil suface by which soils on


hill slopes are never ploughed using draftanimals whereas in Claveria, soils are lightto medium textured, where one draftanimal is sufficient to plough. Cost ofploughing will be much more in OTELPvillages than that of Claveria.

3. Good quality natural grass is uncommonexcepting few cases and abundance ofweeds and root stumps are common inshifting cultivation patches whereas inClaveria, natural grasses are common withlow nutrient content.

4. By NVS, establishing natural terraces maytake much longer time in OTELP villagesdue to lesser soil depth and hard soilwhereas in Cliveria, natural terraces areestablished within 3-5 years.

5. Much higher slopes are exist in OTELP areawhich will increase no. of strips with lesswidth for cultivation. It will decrease thearea under cultivation and increase thecost of cultivation.

However, few shifting cultivation patches maybe piloted with the conservation farmingpractices like NVS as indicated in the followingmodels (SALT-I & II).

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