Traffic Flow on Escalators and Moving Walkways: …...Traffic Flow on Escalators and Moving...
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Traffic Flow on Escalators and Moving Walkways: Quantifying and Modeling Pedestrian Behavior in a Continuously Moving System Peter D. Kauffmann Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In Civil Engineering Dr. Shinya Kikuchi Dr. Antoine Hobeika Dr. Ralph Buehler February 4, 2011 Falls Church, Virginia Keywords: escalator, moving walkway, cellular automata, pedestrian, capacity Copyright © 2011 by Peter D. Kauffmann
Transcript of Traffic Flow on Escalators and Moving Walkways: …...Traffic Flow on Escalators and Moving...
Traffic Flow on Escalators and Moving Walkways: Quantifying and Modeling Pedestrian Behavior in a Continuously Moving System
Peter D. Kauffmann
Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science In
Civil Engineering
Dr. Shinya Kikuchi Dr. Antoine Hobeika
Dr. Ralph Buehler
February 4, 2011 Falls Church, Virginia
Keywords: escalator, moving walkway, cellular automata, pedestrian, capacity
Copyright © 2011 by Peter D. Kauffmann
Traffic Flow on Escalators and Moving Walkways: Quantifying and Modeling Pedestrian Behavior in a Continuously Moving System
By
Peter D. Kauffmann
ABSTRACT
Because of perceived deficiencies in the state of the practice of designing escalators and moving walkways, a microsimulation-based model of pedestrian behavior in these moving belt systems was created. In addition to implementing walking and stair climbing capabilities from existing pedestrian flow literature, the model utilized following behavior and lane change decision logic taken form studies performed in the field of automotive traffic flow theory. By combining research from these two normally independent fields with moving belt operational characteristics, a solid framework for the simulation was created.
The model was then validated by comparing its operation to real world behaviors and performance metrics found in the literature in order to verify that the simulation matched the choices made by actual pedestrians. Once this crucial function had been completed, the model could finally be used in its original purpose of determining the capacity of a belt under region-specific input parameters. This paper also discusses other applications for which the model is suitable, including performing sensitivity analysis of both existing and proposed belt systems, analyzing the impacts of operational rule sets on the performance of escalators and moving walkways, and analyzing the effect of queue growth on the storage area needed for pedestrians in an ambulatory facility. Through the use of this model and the logic contained within it, engineers and planners will be able to gain a more accurate understanding of pedestrian flow on moving belts. The result of this increased understanding will be more effective and more efficient transportation systems.
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Acknowledgements
I would like to first thank my advisor, Dr. Shinya Kikuchi, for his continued support and encouragement throughout my graduate career. His courses have opened my eyes to the underlying issues that face the field of transportation engineering in this country and around the world, and outside of class he has provided me with the opportunity to travel abroad and gain an international perspective on engineering issues. Without his advice on this project, I would likely never have found such a unique and engaging thesis topic, and his comments have helped it become a much stronger document.
I would also like to single out the members of my thesis committee for their invaluable support in this process. It wasn’t always easy to schedule meetings of the three committee members – especially considering they work out of three separate Virginia Tech campuses – but because of their flexibility, we made it work. I thank Dr. Antoine Hobeika for advising me on the “how” of the model, ensuring that its operation was based in sound logic, and I thank Dr. Ralph Buehler for making sure that I remain mindful of the “why” of the project, thereby keeping the purpose and goal of the model in the forefront of my thoughts.
Also at Virginia Tech, I would like to thank the faculty of the Transportation and Infrastructure Systems group. I would like to especially call out the professors who assigned significant term projects. Although they seemed overwhelming at the time, I now understand that including large projects in the TISE coursework helps to prepare students for larger research undertakings, so thank you Dr. Montasir Abbas and Dr. Hesham Rakha, as well as Dr. Hobeika and Dr. Kikuchi.
My continued gratitude goes out to the Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering staff. Lindy Cranwell, Merry-Gayle Moeller, Val Dymond, Kara Lattimer, Donna Sanzenbach, Jeny Beausoliel, and the rest of the gang – you all were always there for me when I needed something, and for that, I will always be indebted to you. A big thanks goes out to former staff members Shelia Collins and Vickie Mouras as well.
Furthermore, I would like to thank Dr. Randy Dymond and Prof. Jeff Connor for giving me a way to support myself financially during the time I should have been working on my thesis. Teaching Measurements was a lot of fun, and I learned a lot about what it is like to be on the other side of the assignment dropbox. Your continued advice and support really aided me in my development as a student and as a teacher. Additional thanks goes out to Scott Miller and Kyle White, the two best student teaching partners I could have asked for.
Acknowledgement is also owed to my roommates Greg Swieter, Brad Shapiro, and Jeremy Henry, as well as my friends Kevin Finelli, Mallory Brangan, and Elaine Huffman for motivating me to go traveling while working on my thesis. Traveling through big airports and using public transit systems played a large role in forming the approach I took to writing this document.
Finally, I’d like to thank my parents for never once asking impatient questions about when I was going to finish up my graduate study and get a real job, and I’d like to thank my girlfriend for moving to France for a year so I finally had an excuse to sit down and get to work on this project.
You all are the best.
Table o
Chapter1.1 1.2 1.3
1.3.11.3.2
111
1.4 1.4.11.4.2
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2.3.12.3.2
2.4 2.4.12.4.2
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of Conten
r 1 – IntroduPrevalence History andDesign of P Necessar1 Flaws in 2
Dete.3.2.1 Acco.3.2.2 Effe.3.2.3
Proposed A Model O1 Source D2
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r 2 – LiteratPedestrian Unrestric1
Trav.1.1.1 Avai.1.1.2
Complica2 Stair.1.2.1 Elev.1.2.2 Bott.1.2.3 Follo.1.2.4 Pass.1.2.5
Traffic Flow Followin1
Exis.2.1.1 Rule.2.1.2
Passing C2Belt Charac Geometr1 Operatio2Capacity A Empirica1 Level of 2Modeling F Simulatio1
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Modeling2
nts
uction to Moof Escalator
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ermining Capounting for Rcts of Crush
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ng Behavior sting Derivede-Based ModChoice ........cteristics ....ic Specificatnal Paramet
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Framework .on Approachular AutomaApproach toicism of CA bration of Mg Language
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w .......................................on ................ristics ..........
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Approach ...Model Param
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Peter D.
Chapter3.1
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3.3 3.3.13.3.23.3.3
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r 3 – Model DInitializatio Belt Cha1
Belt .1.1.1 Belt .1.1.2 Draw.1.1.3
Initial Pe2 Adju.1.2.1 Com.1.2.2 Pede.1.2.3 Popu.1.2.4
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Impleme3 Follo.2.3.1 Pass.2.3.2
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Data Collec Real-Tim1 Time-Sp2 Capacity3
r 4 – ResultsModel Vali Operatio1
Follo.1.1.1 Pass.1.1.2 Floo.1.1.3
System O2 Com.1.2.1
4.1.2.1.1 4.1.2.1.2 4.1.2.1.3
Crea.1.2.2Potential A Sensitivi1 Analysis2
Pede.2.2.1 Stan.2.2.2
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w Simulationedestrian Staust for Const
mpute Variabestrian Paramulating the B...................
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ction ...........me Outputs ..ace Diagram
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Peter D.
4.2.34.3
4.3.14.3.24.3.3
Chapter5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4
ReferencAppendi
;; A.1 ;; A.2 ;; A.3 ;; A.4 ;; A.5 ;; A.6 ;; A.7 ;; A.8 ;; A.9 ;; A.10;; A.11;; A.12;; A.13;; A.14;; A.15;; A.16;; A.17;; A.18
AppendiB.1 B.2 B.3 B.4 B.5 B.6 B.7 B.8 B.9
Kauffmann
4.2.2.2.2 4.2.2.2.3
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Table of Figures
Figure 1.1: Typical Escalator Bank, Dulles International Airport .................................................. 2 Figure 1.2: Typical Moving Walkway Installation, Dulles International Airport .......................... 3 Figure 2.1: Facial Ellipse Effect in the Downwards (Left) and Upwards (Right) Directions ...... 11 Figure 2.2: Escalator with Glass Handrail Balustrades, Dulles International Airport .................. 11 Figure 2.3: Moving Walkway with Lane Markings, Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport 12 Figure 2.4: Standard Escalator Dimensions .................................................................................. 18 Figure 3.1: Flowchart of “SETUP” Routine ................................................................................. 23 Figure 3.2: Model Control Board in NetLogo .............................................................................. 24 Figure 3.3: Simulation Environment as Rendered in NetLogo ..................................................... 25 Figure 3.4: Pedestrian Populated Simulation Environment as Rendered in NetLogo .................. 27 Figure 3.5: Flowchart of "GO" Routine ........................................................................................ 28 Figure 3.6: Flowchart of “Move Belt” Subroutine ....................................................................... 31 Figure 3.7: Flowchart of “Lane Change” Subroutine ................................................................... 32 Figure 3.8: Flowchart of Lane Check Algorithms ........................................................................ 33 Figure 3.9: Plot Showing Queue Growth under Steady-State Conditions at Capacity ................. 38 Figure 4.1: NetLogo Simulation Showing Following Behavior ................................................... 40 Figure 4.2: NetLogo Simulation Showing Passing Behavior and Gap Acceptance ..................... 41 Figure 4.3: NetLogo Simulation Showing the Floor-Belt Interface ............................................. 42 Figure 4.4: Time-Space Diagram Showing Following and Lane Change Behaviors ................... 45 Figure 4.5: Excerpt of NetLogo Interface Showing Queue Simulation and Tabulation .............. 50 Figure 5.1: Comparison of Escalator Capacities from the Model and from the Literature .......... 53
1
Chapter 1 – Introduction to Moving Belts In the early days of urban transportation, achieving mobility was not difficult. Travelers could, given enough time, walk to whatever destination they needed to reach. If necessary, a horse or carriage might be used. However, as human settlements have become more and more dispersed, it has become necessary to develop new technologies to speed up travel within urban areas. In contemporary society, cities require tremendous transportation networks to handle the needs of their citizens. However, even with this reliance on mechanized modes like automobiles, buses, and trains, the need to accommodate pedestrians remains paramount.
In many public facilities like transit centers, airports, and even shopping centers, conglomeration of modes have occurred in order to gain the efficiencies of scale. Because of this, these structures have become so large that their designers cannot reasonably expect the average user to travel across the facility by means of walking alone, at least not in a timely manner. To this end, engineers and inventors have spent the last century developing innovations that can speed up pedestrians and facilitate movement through urban interface areas.
1.1 Prevalence of Escalators and Moving Walkways Today, escalators and moving walkways have become an integral part of the urban aesthetic. Travelers have come to expect the presence of these enabling devices in most if not all significant public facilities. Escalators have become commonplace wherever elevation change is present, both to allow pedestrians to traverse a longer distance than normal even when carrying luggage and also to keep the flow of travelers at a stable and high rate even in the presence of vertical obstacles. Similarly, moving walkways have seen widespread implementation in dispersed facilities like airports, which are spread out by necessity, or adjacent transit stations, which may be connected to facilitate transfers between lines.
Both devices provide several key benefits. First, they serve to reduce overall travel time across a facility. At the same time, moving belt systems also increase both the horizontal and vertical distances that pedestrians are able to traverse by reducing the level of physical effort that must be expended. Finally, and perhaps most importantly in the context of a high-traffic area like a transit station, the presence of an escalator or moving walkway improves the overall flow through an otherwise constricted area, thereby reducing the area required in the facility to accommodate a given number of people. By conveying all passengers along at a constant rate, the belt also creates some minimum speed at which all riders must travel. The conveyance of the belt both serves to increase throughput while at the same time decreases the speed differential through the constriction, therefore reducing conflicts.
Despite the benefits that escalators and moving walkways provide, their numbers are limited by virtue of the limited number of public facilities where their usage is required. While it may be true that in high capacity, low-rise facilities there are few alternatives to escalators for movement, in the vast majority of hospitals, office buildings, and apartment buildings this purpose is fulfilled by the elevator. To this end, while the 30,000 escalators in operation in the United States (Slaughter, 2004) may seem like a large quantity, this number pales in comparison to the 700,000 elevators in operation (Hession). However, while there may have been over twenty times as many elevators, they only carried slightly more passengers. In the US and Canada, there are 325 million elevator passengers per day compared to 245 million escalators
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st be sure ts. Interfacecteristic perhever, a shopthis catego
whatever actiis the prese
d for in the estrian conve
Moving Belt
have emergat significan1994). How
was developeelt systems nsive, and frvastly simpl
vent of largetypical mov
on, Dulles In
nce to considional structu
hough a movvertically inystems can in a situatiopromote rid
he area takenether the al
to consider e areas generhaps best expping complory because ivity may beence of pededesign phas
eyance capac
ts
ged, from hanntly reduce wever, it is ined much eaare now co
frankly dangeer moving w
e indoor faciing walkwa
nternational
der is that oure will be uving belt wilnto somethingo a long w
on where a mder comfort n up by verticlternative tra
the dynamirally include
xemplified bylex, office bof the fact
e occurring aestrian circuse in order tcity.
ndrails that mthe risk of
nteresting toarlier than thomparable toerous system
walkway. Inilities that su
ay installatio
l Airport
of pedestrianunsuccessfull not necessng with a ti
way in bringmoving belt i
and convencal transportansportation
ics of pedese facilities wy a transportbuilding, or t that users at the endpoulation withito assure tha
3
move f foot o note hat of o one m that n light uch a
on for
n flow l if it sarily ightly
ging a is not
nience tation
n was
strian where tation other must int of in the at the
Peter D.
N1.3.1
Althoughsmall peris only pconditionarchitectubased on
With regnormal ainstance,desire tostandardshandle thpresent in
F1.3.2
In the scis necessresearch escalatordemand. condition
D1.3.2.1
At presemanufactpermittedthis meth
To detercapacity,can supptread wit
0.Up to thiorder to account fWhile ththe pract(Thyssen
Kauffmann
Necessary Sh the capabilrcentage of i
performed inns for users.ural standard the projecte
gards to escaand peak load a designer
o exit an uns or projectehe outbound n this approa
laws in Belenario descr
sary for subwin a publish
r configurati However
ns.
Determining Cent, the capaturer publicad by that lochod are some
rmine the pr, which is eq
port. In convh capable of
.5 ⁄ 10is point, theconvert thi
for loading iis approach tical capacitnKrupp Elev
Chap
Simplificatility exists tointerface are
n facilities w However, ds to determed flow of pe
alators and mding of usersmay know tnderground ed loading cu
flow. Unfoach.
lt Specificaribed above,way installathed manual oion and then, this meth
Capacity acity of an ation and fincality (Thysewhat oversi
ractical capaqual to the nventional insf holding two.4 2
e logic behinis theoreticanefficiencieis backed up
ty is determvator, 2004).
pter 1: – Intr
ions o simulate theas are subje
where crush leven in thi
mine the widteople along t
moving belts who desirethat during rsubway sta
urves, they cortunately, th
ation a designer
tion. The cuor manufactun determinin
hod may pr
escalator onding the “p
ssenKrupp Eimplified.
acity, the mnumber of trstallations wo passengers
nd capacity al capacity s, thereby rep by observ
mined is thro. By using
roduction to
he movemenected to this loading conds situation,th of a corrithat particul
s, design is e to travel alrush hour theation. Throcan determinhere are a nu
wants to deturrent state ourer’s guidelng the quanrove to be
r moving wpractical cap
Elevator, 200
manufacturer reads per hou
with a speeds, this value 2.5determinatioto practical
educing the cation and by
ough a multiwhat in mo
Moving Belt
nt of crowds level of anaditions may it is more cdor or the nar path.
typically pelong a particere may be
ough the usne how manyumber of flaw
termine whaof the practiclines to deterntity and spunacceptab
walkway is pacity” base04). Unfort
first compuur times theof 0.5 m/s, ais 9000 pass
9000
on for escalal capacity, tcapacity dowy research, thiplicative adost applicatio
ts
throughout alysis. Typioccur that w
common for number of ex
erformed bycular pedestrsome numbe of publishy escalators ws and impe
at configuratce would invrmine the ca
pecifications ly inaccura
determined ed on the sptunately, the
utes the theoe number of a tread depthsengers per h
ators is sounthe standard
wn from this he specific mdjustment faons is a con
a facility, oically, simulwill create u
designers toxit doors req
y determininrian corridorer of peoplehed architecwill be need
erfections tha
tion of escalvolve conduapacity of a g
needed to ate under ce
by lookingpeed of opere methods be
oretical tranpeople eachh of 0.4 m, ahour:
nd. Howevd approach theoretical l
method by wactor, usuallynstant adjust
4
only a lation
unsafe o use
quired
ng the . For
e who ctural ded to at are
lators ucting given meet
ertain
g at a ration ehind
nsport h step and a
er, in is to level. which y 0.8 tment
Peter D.
factor, thto luggagproblem usage ofaccepted
A1.3.2.2
While it to realizeThat is, tfrom thoduring peafternooncapacity
Ef1.3.2.3
As mentsudden incrushing applicatioscenariosbe able to
Under crthe growmay be pthat this cbenefit oparamete
1.4 PBecause capacity describes
M1.4.1
This moddesires anbe used would beautomataof the ocharactereffectiven
Kauffmann
he impacts ofge to the ais not uniqu
f constant a.
ccounting foris important
e that the desthe speed andse in Newpoeak hours wn. It is theomodel, the r
Effects of Crusioned abovenflow of usor because
on of pedess. To this eno account fo
rush loading wth of a queupotential for condition woof the use ers such as th
Proposed Aof the perceanalysis, th
s and quantif
Model Operdel would bend choices tto define th
e used to goa within the overall systristics may ness.
Chap
f numerous cadded space ue to movingdjustment f
r Regional Dit to include tsires and chad aggressiveort News, ju
will be more rized that if
results would
sh Loading e, simulationers can raiseof the risk
strian flow snd, it is suggr the intricac
conditions, ue on a subwmembers of
ould not occof microsim
he ones discu
Approach teived drawbhis paper prfies pedestria
ration e capable ofo belt specifhe simulatioovern the intmodel will
tem rules. be tabulate
pter 1: – Intr
complicatingrequired by
g belt facilitifactors, this
ifferences in Pthe impacts aracteristics eness parameust as the be
rushed thanf pedestrian bd be applicab
n of pedestre safety conof overflow
simulation cgested that mcies present
microsimulaway platformf the crowd
cur given promulation in ussed above
to Belt Capbacks presenroposes the an flow on m
f taking in a fications andon environmteraction of exhibit beha
Through ted over tim
roduction to
g factors arey walkers aes as even hdoes not m
Pedestrian Stof these comshown by useters that areehavior of a n a passengebehavior couble over a w
rian flows isncerns, eithe
wing a limitecan be foundmicrosimulaunder these
ation would,m. If the quto fall onto
ojected train determiningmight be im
pacity Analnt in the currdevelopmen
moving belt
range of reld operational
ment, at whicall participa
aviors basedthe interact
me to determ
Moving Belt
e effectively as opposed highway capamean that th
treams mplicating fasers in differe seen in New
rider on aner at a shoppuld be chang
wider range o
s sometimeser through thed loading ad in the studation of movconditions.
, for instanceueue reachethe tracks, sunloading r
g belt capamplemented
lysis rent state of
nt of a micrsurfaces.
levant inputl characteristch point a lants within
d on their owtion of evemine releva
ts
ignored, froto standersacity calcula
he current s
actors, it is erent regions w York City
n escalator inping mall wged within t
of sensitivity
s used in sihe potential area. An addy of emerg
ving walkwa
e, allow the ed some critso the designrates. Howevacity would in the model
f the practicrosimulation
t parameterstics. This inlogical framthe system.
wn desires wery entity, tant operation
om loading d. Althoughations contaiituation mu
equally impoare not the s
y will be diffn a transit st
will on a Tuethe context oy scenarios.
ituations whfor tramplin
dditional pragency evacuays may sim
engineer to tical length, ner would enver, an additbe that va
l.
ce in movingn framework
, from pedesnformation w
mework and In this wa
within the cothe system-nal measure
5
delays h this in the
ust be
ortant same. ferent tation esday of the
here a ng or ctical
uation milarly
track there nsure tional arious
g belt k that
strian would
rules ay, all ontext -wide es of
Peter D.
S1.4.2
In order will be umundaneresearch moving bbehavioradditionaapplied to
In1.4.2.1
Furthermchoice, imodel. determinmade arethe choicmuch lar
Se1.4.2.2
Through moving band decisto determfrom inpchanges to increa
Kauffmann
ource Datato adequate
undertaken ine as walkingconducted o
belt, this infs like stair cal informatioo the constri
nclusion of Aumore, to acco
nformation Although it
ne the behave actually verce. Additionrger and mor
ensitivity Anathe use of
belt analysission-making
mine how seput stream vin passengerses in passen
Chap
a ely define thn order to qug or stair clion the speciformation wclimbing andon will be taictions that a
utomotive Chount for the originally dt may seem
vior of pedesry similar bynally, since re substantia
alysis Capabiresearch fro
s, these unadg process. Fensitive the volumes to r mix or openger volume
pter 1: – Intr
he rules thatuantify and cmbing. As ific topics o
will be pulled walking sp
aken from reare present in
hoice Behaviothought pro
developed tom improper strians, the y virtue of ththese automl basis of wo
ilities om a varietyddressed fac
Furthermore,solution is belt speed
erational rules.
roduction to
t govern eaccodify the chwill be seen
of following d from a dipeeds can b
esearch condn an escalato
or ocess that res model highto use automeans by w
he fact that inmotive rules aork on which
y of unconvctors may be it will be pto slight chto traveler es can be in
Moving Belt
ch entity’s bhoices maden below, beand passing
iverse array e taken dire
ducted on waor.
sults in follohway drivinomotive follwhich these n both casesare relativelh to base this
entional soue included i
possible to vhanges in an
characteristnvestigated a
ts
behaviors, a e by a personecause of theg behavior wof fields. W
ectly from apalkers within
owing behavng will be inlowing and human fact
s it is a persoly well funds section of t
urces in a nin the transpvary the inpuny number otics. In thisand accounte
literature ren in an active relative lawhile climbWhile pedespplicable stun bottleneck
viors and pantegrated int
passing rulors decisionon who is maded, there exthe model.
ovel approaportation anaut factors sliof characteris way, projed for in add
6
eview ity as
ack of bing a strian udies,
ks and
assing to the les to ns are aking
xists a
ach to alysis ightly istics, ected dition
ChapteThe statewere discnew micactual cawhile at well as an
Howevernot with narrow bground uinformatiautomotiwell as tpulled asfind a sui
2.1 PThe founthe facilitheir travthis basethese conreal worl
U2.1.1
At the mspace. Tterms of
T2.1.1.1
Escalatorlocomotiaverage a0.6m). Ita numberwhile wa
At the safeet per would inrunning. comparednote that
er 2 – Litee of the pracussed in throsimulation
apacity of a the same timny operation
r, because ththe same co
bottleneck, thup. In ordeion needed ve traffic flothe practice s well. Finaitable means
Pedestrian ndation of thity. Signific
vel charactere, the modelnstraints willld by impedi
Unrestrictedmost fundameThere are a nhow they fil
Travel Characrs and movinon that humadult male ct is importanr of factors,
alking (Lee,
ame time, thminute (O'N
nvolve both In mainta
d to 1.32m ft this measu
erature Reactice of deshe previous n frameworkbelt systemme accountinal rules or r
he literature onditions andhe theoreticaer to accura
to be pullow theory. of determin
ally, an inves of creating
Behavior he model mucant literatu
ristics and hol can be strel cause the eiments like s
d Conditionental level, number of cll space.
cteristics ng walkway
mans exhibit. can be appront to note thaincluding la2005).
he average pNeill, 1974),
feet leavinaining this lfor females
urement is gi
eview signing movsection. In k of pedestr. This moding for the vrestrictions th
indicates nod constraintsal frameworkately model led from a Additional rning capacitestigation ofthe desired
ust come fromure exists deow people teengthened bentities presestairs and ent
n pedestrian bharacteristic
ys have been Therefore,
oximated by at this designarger bodies,
erson is cap, or about 1
ng the grounlevel of effo(Sutherlandiven in term
7
ving belt facorder to rec
rian behaviodel will incluvariabilities hat may be i
o projects ths that are prek that drives
the behavinumber of
references coy and level f varying mosimulation.
m the basic bescribing theend to use thby the inclusent in the motry bottlenec
behavior is dcs that pedes
n designed tothis model man ellipse w
n ellipse is a , luggage an
pable of sust1.2 meters pnd simultaneort, the ave, Olshen, Bi
ms of stride
cilities has sctify these i
or to gain a ude key elemin pedestriain place on th
hat have attemesent on a ms the model hiors present f sources, frovering the of service
odeling prac
behaviors exe capabilitiehe space avaision of variodel to be recks.
defined by hstrians exhib
o fit the sizemust be base
with dimensioa conservativnd other pers
taining a maper second. eously and erage stride iden, & Wyalength and
several key issues, this rclearer unde
ments of pedan mix and ahe facility.
mpted this amoving surfahad to be de
within thisfrom pedestroperation ofin such a syctices was a
xhibited by pes of pedestrilable withinious complicestrained as t
how a persobit both whil
e and physiced on these sons of 18” b
ve size selectsonal articles
aximum walkAny pace
would best length is 1
att, 1988). is therefore
shortcomingreport propoerstanding odestrian behaggressivene
approach, at ace operatingeveloped froms sort of syrian behavif a belt systeystem have
also conduct
pedestrians urians in termn a system. cating factorthey would i
on moves in le moving a
cal capabilitisizes. At resby 24” (0.45ted to accouns, and body
king pace oabove this sbe classifie
1.58m for mIt is importameasured a
gs, as oses a of the havior ess as
least g in a m the stem, or to em as been
ted to
using ms of From rs, as in the
open and in
ies of st, the 5m by nt for sway
f 240 speed ed as
males, ant to as the
Peter D.
distance the step l
As will bthe physideep) forstand sidnumber omoving s(no greatfeet per mhazard if
A2.1.1.2
Accordinmotion: tpeaks anarea, enetravels thbecomes transmittinformallif the cro
Althoughambulatospace. Abelonginformed b(Lee, 200
As beforbody taknot incluallows a direct coinvoluntashould gpotential1984).
In this cocrowd inguardrailis inherenmovemen
Kauffmann
between steplength and is
be seen later,ical capacityr riders (on ade by side oof factors insurface and ater than 180 minute), therf necessary.
vailable Spacng to the littime, space,
nd ebbs acroergy indicatehrough the c
aware of inted through ly through c
owd begins to
h all elemeory facility, At the mostgs they may
by the social 05).
re, the size okes up an ellude the spac
person no contact with ary touchinggenerally bely dangerou
ondition, sho this conditils, or even esntly presentnt as well (F
ps of the sams equal to on
, belt systemy of the sysaverage 0.3
on a movingncluding safea stationary feet per min
reby allowin
ce erature, ther, energy, andoss a period es the amounrowd in the nstructions oformal meanonversation o converge o
ents of crowthe factor tht basic levey happen toconventions
of a human bipse with aning for swaycontrol overothers. Fr
g and brushe avoided inus crowd for
ockwave proon is rigidlyscalators. Ain escalator
Fruin, 1984).
Chapter 2:
me foot. Thne-half of the
ms have beentem. In thimeters deep
g walkway. ety and the one. Becau
nute) is heldng users to o
re are four bd informatioof time, spa
nt of effort eform of sho
or hazards (ns like a pubor rumor, th
on a single c
wd dynamichat impacts pel, space utio have withs that exist w
body can ben area of 1.5y and other r their own mruin states hing againstn most pubrces and psy
opagation wy confined byAn additional
rs only serv
: Literature R
he distance be stride lengt
n made in sucs way, esca
p) to occupy Similarly, t
ability of huuse of these ld below the m
vercome the
basic elemeon. Time coace deals wiexerted by t
ockwaves, an(Fruin, 1984blic address
he latter of wconstricted p
cs are impopedestrian bilization is gh them. Howhich drive p
e represented5 square feet
factors that movement, athat “at app
t others willblic situationychological
will be directy architecturl danger comes to reduce
Review
between eachth.
ch a way thaalator steps a
consecutivethe operatioumans to halimits, the spmaximum une motion of t
ents involvedovers the with how the the individuand informati4). In this ls system or awhich can cau
oint.
ortant in thbehavior mogoverned by
owever, anopeople to av
d by an ellipt (Fruin, 198t was outlineas with this proximatelyl occur, a pns. Belowstresses ma
t and unrestrral features limes from thee the individ
h individual
at these paramare deep enoe steps, just on of belts iandle the intpeed at whicnassisted wathe belt and
d in the dynway in which
crowd utilials and howion means thast case, infa dynamic m
ause a signifi
he context st on the bey size of a
other importvoid body co
pse. At a ba84). Howeved by Lee. level of spa
y 3 square psychologic
w 2 square ay begin to
ricted, leadiike corridor
e mechanicaldual’s contro
step is know
meters are wough (0.4 mas two riders restrained terface betwch a belt opealking speedavoid a pote
namics of ch pedestrian izes the avai
w this informhe way the cformation camessage boaicant safety t
of designinelt itself is th
person andtant restrictiontact with o
are minimumver, this size
Rather, thisacing they afeet per peal thresholdfeet per pedevelop” (F
ng to dangewalls, doorw
l conveyanceol over their
8
wn as
within meters rs can
by a een a erates
d (240 ential
crowd flow
ilable mation crowd an be ard or threat
ng an hat of d any on is
others
m, the does
s area are in erson, d that erson, Fruin,
er if a ways, e that r own
Peter D.
In order decreasesof 5 squaFruin sugexamplesbecomes with othe
Howeverfactor ofstepping area requrequired zone”. Ato make respond t
C2.1.2
The speethe surrocoupled they are the routepresence factors lishops or
When apcontext oelevationpresence paramete
St2.1.2.1
The speeinvariablby Fujiyaof pedesascendincould noTyler, 20
Additionthe old aat a “nodifferencabove a
Kauffmann
for pedestrias, the amounare feet per pggests that ths including possible on
ers. Finally,
r, in additionf spacing thaforward wh
uired per peto detect an
Although thisound deci
to obstacles
Complicatined at which aounding enviwith that inmaking – th
e they are takof shelter o
ike the weaththe possibili
pplied to the of a modelin change, us
of other riders described
tair Climbinged at which ly be less thaama and Tylstrians, groug and 0.47 t
ot be tied to004)
nally, the stund young cl
ormal speedce emerged certain poin
an movemennt of space aperson, pedehis level is tstanding on
n the part of at 20 square
n to the bodyat should be
hile walking erson to highnd respond tos area does nisions, it neahead.
ng Factors a pedestrian ironment. T
ndividual’s phat is, the triking. The inor climate cher or even tity of crime
case of a mong situationsers will alsders. Thesed above.
g a person is
an their speeler was desiguped by ageo 0.87 m/s w
o any variab
dy found thalasses, nor isd”. Howeve
at the 95% nt, leg streng
Chapter 2:
nt and choicavailable per estrians are ahe minimumnboard an ethe pedestri
e feet per pe
y ellipse ande considered(Lee, 2005)
h levels in to the terrainnot need to b
eeds to be o
is capable oThe informapersonal chaip’s purposenfrastructurecontrol has athe attractiv(Hoogendoo
oving belt syn. In additiso experience factors wil
s capable of ed if they wegned to detere. They fowhile descenble other tha
at there is nos there a signer, when as
significancgth does no
: Literature R
ce to occur, dperson will
able to standm “in most nescalator. Aians, providerson free mo
d the buffer zd is the “pac. It is this l
the Fruin estn and conditibe kept entirof relatively
of moving isation collectearacteristics e, the presene present, inca factor in teness of the orn & Daam
ystem, severon to the o
ce delay fromll serve to h
f climbing oere travelingrmine the av
ound horizonnding. Whilan the prefer
ot a significnificant diffesked to ascce level or aot benefit the
Review
density mussee a corres
d stationary normal waitinAt 10 squared this moveovement is p
zone that sucing zone”, evel of spactimates. Hoions ahead, wrely free of o
y low densit
s determineded in this scas well as t
nce of luggagcluding the ltheir speed environmen
men, 2005).
ral of these eobvious impm factors li
hinder the ba
or descending along levelverage climbntal speeds e this range rences of in
cant differencference presecend and deabove. Thee walking ta
st be reducedsponding incwithout toucng situationsre feet per ement is donpossible (Fru
urrounds it, athat is, the
cing that raisowever, stillwhich Lee cother pedestty for them
d based on hcan of the imthe characterge, and theirlevel of elevchoice, as dnt in terms o
elements are edement cauike bottleneaseline, unre
ng a set of sl ground. A
bing speed ofof 0.44 to is fairly wid
ndividual us
ce in walkinent when theescend the e researcherask. Young
d. As occupcrease. At a ching each os,” listing seperson, wa
ne in cooperuin, 1984).
another impoarea requireses the amoul further spacalls the “sentrians for the
m to satisfact
ow they permmediate arristics of ther familiarity
vation changdo environmof the presen
of concern iused by stepck effects oestricted wa
stairs will alA study condu
f different cl0.76 m/s w
de, the variasers (Fujiyam
ng speed bete user is climstairs quick
rs concludedger users ma
9
pancy level
other. everal alking ration
ortant ed for unt of ace is nsory e user torily
rceive rea is e trip
y with e and
mental nce of
in the ps or
or the alking
lmost ucted lasses while
ability ma &
tween mbing kly, a d that ay be
Peter D.
capable ospeed of similar re
Other stupedestriaonboard out and tDutta, 20m/s, whivalues, ipreviousl
Another along a sof the statheir feetwhere the
E2.1.2.2
It is not jchange itelevationseen to dforward p
Various staircase observedresult of availabledirectionstanding shoulderson the pdownhillfront of ttop of the
This facifigure haDepartmInstitute the standto show t
Kauffmann
of traveling felderly pers
egardless of
udies have foan speed. Adescending the diagonal002). Similach correspot is possiblely defined sp
important fastaircase is rair riser and t while ascene average ste
Elevation Chajust the prestself can pro
n through thdecrease sligprogress com
studies haveand the dire
d to increase f a “facial obe in front of n, a user stan
position – bs or back. Tart of the ri
l direction, hthe rider in qe forward us
ial ellipse coas been creaent of Tranof Graphic
dard solitary the conflict t
faster if desisons and therage or gend
ound largelyA study of th
escalators acl speed is coarly, a studynds to a spee to determipread of unre
actor to consestricted by tread surfac
nding or desep length eq
nge ence of stair
ove a detrime strain of pghtly as themes from the
e shown an ection of travwhen travel
bscuring”. a user, and
nding directlyblock all of
This violationider and cauhigher densiquestion are ser’s head, gi
oncept is illuated throughnsportation Arts (Geismescalator ri
that arises w
Chapter 2:
ired, but a “nrefore the av
der (Fujiyama
y similar spehe London Ucross all use
onverted to ay on the Waeed of 0.69 ine a range estrained wa
sider when athe constrai
ces will limitcending. Th
quals the dep
rs that createment to walke
physical exeir climb proe impact that
interesting rvel along thal is in the upFacial obscuspecificallyy in front ofthe rider’s
n of the forwuses greater ities are obsstanding on iving the illu
ustrated in Fh a modificescalator p
mar, Chwast,der has been
when travelin
: Literature R
normal” climverage speeda & Tyler, 2
eeds when adUndergroun
er classes, wha horizontal ashington Mem/s (Sutthawof walking
alking speed
analyzing staints of the stt the numberherefore, theth of the stai
es an impediers. First, imertion. The ogresses. Ht elevation c
relationship at facility. Sphill directionuring occurs in front of f the rider inview since t
ward facial eopen space
served becaua lower step
usion of grea
Figure 2.1, bcation of theictogram, a, de Harak, n copied and
ng in the upw
Review
mbing speed d for all user2004).
djusted to gind gave a vahich when thone gives aetro shows a
awassuntorn,g speeds on ds.
air climbing teps themselr of possiblee user will fiir tread (Lee
iment to pedmpedance ismaximum s
However, anohange can h
between thSpecifically, n. This behs when theretheir face.
n question wthe rider wiellipse can ce to exist wuse the oppp, and therefater forward
below. It ise standard c
as developedLees, & Vigd the facial
wards directi
does not rears under nor
ive the horizalue of 1.40he escalator
a speed of 0.a stair-climb, 2010). Us
stairs to go
motion is thlves. That ise locations foind themselve, 2005).
destrian motis observed aspeed a pedother impor
have on sight
e jam densithe spacing
havior was dee is a lack oWhen trave
will – by virtuill be staringause hesitati
when travelinposite effect fore the riderd space (Lee,
s interestingcopyright-frd by the fgnelli, 2011ellipse high
ion.
ach the maxirmal conditio
zontal, unass m/s for waspeed is fac55 m/s (Dav
bing speed osing this rano along with
he fact that ts, the dimen
for a user to ves limited a
ion; the elevs a climber
destrian desirrtant detrimet lines.
ty observed g between usetermined toof forward s
eling in the uue of their hg directly at ion or discom
ng uphill. Ioccurs: use
r can see ove 2005).
g to note tharee United Sformer Ame). In this filighted in ye
10
imum ons is
sisted alkers ctored vis & of 0.8 nge of h the
travel nsions place
a pace
vation gains res is ent to
on a sers is o be a space uphill higher
their mfort In the ers in er the
at this States erican igure, ellow
Peter D.
Figur
B2.1.2.3
Another constricticontempoand its gthat is ca
FortunateSerge Hothrough (Daamen
Fig
Kauffmann
re 2.1: Facia
Bottleneck Efffeature of ming effect thorary escala
glass balustraaused by the
ely, there exoogendoorn experimenta
n & Hoogend
gure 2.2: Es
al Ellipse Eff
fects moving belt fhat the balusators and moades are shohandrails.
xists a sizeabruns a lab a
ally designedoorn, 2003)
calator with
Chapter 2:
ffect in the D
facilities thatstrades – theoving walkwown as Figur
ble body of rat the Delft Ued constricti).
h Glass Hand
: Literature R
ownwards (L
t must be ace railing stru
ways – have re 2.2, show
research on fUniversity oions to prod
drail Balustr
Review
(Left) and Up
ccounted for uctures that on the pede
wing the con
flow throughof Technologduce micros
rades, Dulle
pwards (Righ
in the propoare require
estrian streanstricting, co
h bottleneckgy where voscopic pede
es Internation
ght) Direction
osed model d by code o
am. An escaorridor-like e
ks. Most notolunteers areestrian flow
nal Airport
11
ns
is the on all alator effect
tably, e sent
data
Peter D.
Insights indicatesbottlenecthe side pedestriasatisfactoZipping pother wiconsecutforward o
In a follzipped lain differebecomes stream gwalk makbottlenecsupport (
Since Howidth as to the prfrom the choose tosupportedthrougho
Figure
Kauffmann
gained from that it ma
ck, the laterawalls as w
ans within thory level of patterns are ithin the boive users doobstacles, an
lowing expeayers of pedeent “lanes”. difficult for
generally conkes passing
ck is stepwis(Hoogendoor
oogendoorn’a standard e
roposed modwalls as we
o “hug” the rd by the inc
out the Unite
2.3: Moving
m these praay be possibal space thatell as each
he bottleneckhorizontal scharacterize
ottleneck, mo not interfend lateral spa
eriment, it westrians linkBecause a p
r another usenstant. Addnearly impo
se, based onrn & Daame
’s experimenescalator or mdel. Howevell as each orailing, whic
clusion of phd States, as
g Walkway w
Chapter 2:
actical expeble for twot is requiredother preve
k both wantspacing, a bed by each su
much like there with eachacing is main
was determiks the flow opedestrian iner in the adjaditionally, thossible. To n the width oen, 2005).
nts generallymoving walkver, the expother, unlikech allows othhysical walkseen in Figu
with Lane Ma
: Literature R
eriments ind pedestrians
d as pedestrients this frot to maintainehavior thatubsequent ushe teeth of h other, an ntained (Hoo
ined that theof each strean one layer tacent layer tohe shoulder
this end, thof the corrid
y take placekway – it is
perimental pe the stationher users to k/stand lane ure 1.2 and e
arkings, Min
Review
dicate that ws to operateians attempt om occurringn their forwat Hoogendooser taking upa zipper. individual pogendoorn S
e overlap pam together, takes up moro pass, theresway exhib
he study condor and how
e in a meter-believed thaedestrians dary pedestripass in a pamarkings fospecially in
nneapolis-St.
while shoule side by sto maintain
g. Becauseard sight linorn calls “zip a position In this way
pedestrian isS. , 2004).
present betwdespite the
re than half eby making tbited by a pencludes that w many layer
-wide bottleat his findingdesire to maians on an earallel layer. ound in ambFigure 2.3, b
. Paul Intern
lder width side in a nan separation e of the factnes and achiipping” emeto one side oy, the strids able to ide
ween the parfact that theof the corridthe speed ofedestrian asthe capacityrs or lanes i
eneck – the gs can be ap
aintain separscalator who This behav
bulatory facibelow.
national Airp
12
alone arrow from
t that eve a erges. or the es of entify
rallel, ey are dor, it f each they
y of a it can
same pplied ration o can
vior is ilities
port
Peter D.
A subseqflow of pHoweverLondon occurs wflow, as higher inpresence study prosustainab(Cepolin
Within thprogressithose usespread ou
Fo2.1.2.4
Again, Hmotion: pedestriamodel isthose whfollow anis not coneach pedindividua
Howevercalibratiodistributimicrosimsimulatedreal-worltheir obse
P2.1.2.5
There doBlue andlanes to wAdler, 1behavior
In a corrsimilar tomoving busers wh
Kauffmann
quent study dpedestrians r, this study Undergroun
when a constrthis transiti
nflow. It is tof which ca
oposes meterble flow ratha & Tyler, 2
he context oive platformers disembarut to keep th
Following BehHoogendoorn
the presencean headway o
called a coho are unconnother user. nstrained by
destrian and al variations
r, the equation based onion of headw
mulation-based user’s actild conditionerved headw
assing Choiceoes not exist d Adler preswalk around998). Therin a constra
ridor scenaro those seen belt installat
ho choose to
detailing thein a wider goes one st
nd. Additionrained corridion causes ththe transitionan significanring users inher than the 2005).
of a transit sym design. Sprking a train he escalator o
havior n’s research e of other uobservations
omposite mostrained and Above som
y any other passumed to in step size
ions containn field data ways for thed model liions on the gs as well as
way.
e much inform
sent a logicad a slower urefore, this
ained system
rio, pedestrion a highwaions operatinstand on the
Chapter 2:
e difference bcorridor co
tep further inally, that rdor system lhe packing n itself that ntly disrupt tn such a waycapacity of
ystem, the fpecifically, b
from reachioperating in
provides anusers withins, a composiodel becaused another forme free headwpedestrians pbe exponentand frequen
ned within tto fully opee overall syke the one goal of main
a model in
mation aboual method fouser, but this
technique m like what ex
ian behavioray. While png in publice belt stand
: Literature R
between singnfirms the “n that it obs
report foundlike an escalstructure ofcauses a temthe operation
y that the peathe system
function of my positionin
ing the escala sustainabl
answer to an the bottlenite headway e it contains
those who away, the mopresent aheatially distrib
ncy (Hoogen
the composerate the moystem, whichproposed in
ntaining a spwhich the u
t how a walkor determinis method is bis unsuitablxists in a bot
r tends to fpassing behac transit syste
to the outsid
Review
gle-file flow“zip effect”served this b
d the presenclator goes frf the pedestrmporary but n of a systemak inflow dosince this w
metering coung the escalalator at the se manner.
another criticneck. Using
distributiontwo sets of
are constraindel states, it
ad. This desbuted as a resndoorn & Da
ite headwayodel. Furthh would ben this paperpecific headwuser varies t
ker decides ing when a based on pale the purpttleneck or c
form informavior may noems show ande lane, leav
w in a narrow observed bbehavior on ce of a “caprom normal rians to adju significant m. Becauseoes not excee
would incur t
uld be approator in a wayame point, t
cal impedimg experimen
n model was f behavior eqned by the fat can be saidsired empty zsult of user
aamen, 2005
y distributiohermore, the difficult to. Additionaway is believtheir speed d
to pass anotpedestrian d
assing in opeose of mod
corridor.
mal but rigidot be formalln informal tving the insi
w corridor anby Hoogend
escalators ipacity drop”flow to satuust to handldrop in flow
e of this droped this maxithe capacity
oximated thry that preventhe peak infl
ment to pedesntally determ
developed. quations, onact that they d that a pedeszone is uniqchoice as w).
on model ree data provido implementally, basing ved to not mdirectly base
ther in free sdesires to chen space (Bldeling pedes
dly defined ly codified, mrend where ide lane avai
13
nd the doorn. in the ” that urated le the w, the p, the imum drop
rough nts all ow is
strian mined This
ne for must
strian que to
well as
equire des a t in a
each model ed on
space. hange lue & strian
lanes many those ilable
Peter D.
to those perhaps uusers to someoneoccupancthe similpedestriabeen mad
Howeversubsequeoccupanc“cells” ointo two Adler repthat havehad fromspace toConverseacceptab
While thinefficien2003), thconditiondependinwalkers operationspeeds inorder in prohibitinbelt oper
2.2 TBecause vehicles basis of flow sim(Hoogenit is strobottlenecsystems v
F2.2.1
Because decades,
Kauffmann
who chooseunique in thkeep to the . In this wacy reaches thlarities that
ans within a de in traffic
r, further unent paper by cy of betweeccupied, whstanding poport that thee the most v
m a lane chao allow useely, above tle gaps will
he formationncy that comhe tendency ns, the outsing on wheth
traveling atn, the benefin lower flowan otherwisng passing b
ration so that
Traffic Flowof the simalong a roamovement w
mulation moddoorn & Bovongly believck-like baluvery much a
ollowing Bof the levethere exists
e to walk. Ihat the transleft – the ou
ay, both stanhe point whe
exist betweconstrictingflow theory
nderstandingthe Blue an
en 20 and 4here each escsitions, yieldese occupanvolatile dynaange (Blue &rs to travelthis densitybe hard to fi
n of lanes hmes from sub
of users tode lane will
her the belt it a higher its of lane fow periods fore chaotic sy
behavior, thet various rule
w Theory ilarities betw
adway, technwithin the m
deling approvy, 2003), thved that thestrades and
analogous to
Behavior l of attentio
s a sizeable
Chapter 2:
In fact, Davisit authority utside lane inders and sloere both laneeen passing
g corridor, thin order to m
g can still bend Adler pro40% is obsecalator or moding a cell si
ncies “are pramics”, mea& Adler, 20l unimpeded the efficieind in the adj
has the potenboptimal paco form lanesl exhibit denis traveling effective sp
ormation mar those who
ystem. To ae proposed me-based scen
ween pedesniques relatemodel. Althaches are gehey fail to pre constraint
the social automotive
on that has body of wo
: Literature R
is and Duttahas installe
in Commonwower walkeres must be fi
g behavior ohis project wmodel these
e gained wiposes that p
erved. This oving walkwize of 0.4 mresumed to bning that th
001). Belowd, thereby
ency of a ladjacent lane.
ntial to resucking of rides provides snse standinguphill or dopeed (Sutth
ay be realizeo desire to waddress the pmodel will innarios may b
strian flow wed to traffic hough Hoogenerally not rovide justifits present oconventionbehaviors, a
been paid tork including
Review
a report that ed signage inwealth natiors are kept ofilled (Davis on a highwa
will look towparameters.
ithin the fielpeak of lane
occupancy way tread wit
meters deep bbe the spee
his range is ww this densitkeeping lan
ane change
ult in a lossers on the beseveral beneg, either eveownhill, whihawassuntornd in terms o
walk quicklypotential forncorporate abe tested.
within a coflow theory
gendoorn andapplicable t
fication of thon a movin
n of lane foas will be see
to traffic flog numerous
the Londonn several staons – unlessout of the pa
& Dutta, 20ay and pass
wards develo
ld of pedestchanges wilis defined ath depth of 0
by 0.5 metersd-flow-denswhere the bty there wilne changes
is greatly
s of capacityelt (Daamen efits. In moery step or oile the insidn, 2010). of user satisfy, and also inr capacity toa number of
orridor and y were revied Bovy statto pedestrianhis assertion.ng belt surformation maen below.
ow theory omathematic
n Undergrouations instrus actively paassing lane u002). Becausing behavipments that
trian passingll occur wheas the numb0.4 meters iss wide. Blusity combinaest gains mall be enough
to a minimreduced bec
y because o& Hoogendost non-satuon alternate de lane will
Because offaction, incren that it proo be increaserules that go
the operatioewed to formte that “vehin flow mode For this pro
face throughake moving
ver the pastcal approach
14
und is ucting assing unless use of or of have
g. A ere an ber of s split e and ations ay be h free mum. cause
of the doorn, urated
steps carry
f this eased
ovides ed by overn
on of m the icular eling” oject, h the
g belt
t few hes to
Peter D.
the situavariablesabout the
Ex2.2.1.1
A numbemodels tfifty yeabehaviorvehicles in the reresponse related tothe lead v
Since theGreenshiexhibited(Rakha, become mto accurapotential
R2.2.1.2
Howeverfollowingequationsthat a drpedestriasome amhaving tomodeling
To this ethe TRan“the nextcomputinthe netwolevel throbenefits accountin
The benemodule. system wdesired aorder to c
Kauffmann
ation of cars and utilizese vehicle stre
Existing Deriver of these mo be develop
ars ago. Th, where thein conjuncti
esulting acceof the follow
o the headwavehicle have
e developmeields model d by a folloPecker, & Cmore advancately model tly receive.
ule-Based Mor, within theg behavior s. While cariver can exp
an followingmount of spao give it mug framework
end, a rule-bnsportation At generation ng technologork level whough microsof the conveng for micro
efit of TRAN Because T
wanted to ensacceleration combat this
-following bs a differenteam into a pr
ved Equation models can be
ped was crehe GM mo
e stimulus con of the spe
eleration or wing vehicleay present bee a diminishe
nt of the GMwhich attemwing vehiclCybis, 2007ced, accountthe decisions
odels e context of
governed br-following bpress their d
g is a far mocing and mach thought,
k they must b
based model ANalysis SIplanning/sim
gy and data ahile modelinsimulation (entional fou
o-level behav
NSIMS to thTRANSIMS sure that the or other factissue, they d
Chapter 2:
behavior. t weighting sredictive fra
Models e found in thated by eng
odels are a omes from eed of the ledeceleratione is directly etween the ted effect on t
M models, sempted to relle (Rakha &7), Pipes, anting for varios a driver ma
f the pedestrby a rule-bbehavior is e
desired speedore organic aaintain a conand in order
be distilled in
of car-folloIMulation Smulation moavailability tg pedestrianHobeika &
ur-step modeviors like rou
he creation ois designedsoftware wo
tors as is usedecided to im
: Literature R
Each of thescheme in an
amework for
he literature.ineers from set of stimchanges in
ead vehicle, wn of the follrelated to th
two, implyinthe speed of
everal other mlate macrosc
& Crowther, nd Van Aerdous other poakes as a res
rian analogubased methoeasily broked through thand innate anstant headwr to programnto a straigh
owing was foystem, or Todel” becausto perform tr
n, automobileGu, 2004).
el of transpoute planning
f the proposd to handleould not be bed in the equmplement a
Review
ese models an attempt to
following b
. One of thethe General
mulus-responthe headwa
while the reslowing vehiche speed of thng that as spaf the followin
models havecopic traffic
2002). Sude (Rakha &
otentially usesult of the ra
ue, it is perhod instead n down to it
he analog inability. Humway to those
m these goalshtforward ye
found in the TRANSIMS.se of the watravel demane, and transi In this wa
ortation plang and regiona
sed model coe large netwbogged dowuation-basedcoarse simu
considers so turn measubehavior.
e first vehicul Motors Co
nse models ay present bsponse of thecle. Thus, the lead vehiacing increang one (May
e come alongc characterisubsequent m& Crowthereful parametaw data inpu
haps more dof a complts operationanput of the amans are hare around thes and desires
et comprehen
literature as. TRANSIMay it implemnd analysis ait operationsay, TRANSInning while al congestion
omes from itworks, the dwn by compled models desulation appro
slightly diffurable param
ular car-folloorporation arof car-follobetween thee model is shthe extent oicle and inve
ases the actioy, 1990).
g. Next camstics to the s
models like Gr, 2002) havters in an att
uts that they c
desirable to licated serieal componenaccelerator prd-wired to em without rs into a comnsive rule set
s a componeMS bills itse
ments advancand forecastis at the indivMS gives aat the same
n.
ts microsimudevelopers oex calculatioscribed abovoach using a
15
ferent meters
owing round owing e two hown of the ersely ons of
me the speed Gipps ve all tempt could
have es of nts, in pedal, leave really
mplete t.
ent of elf as ces in ing at vidual all the time
ulator of the ons of ve. In a cell-
Peter D.
based ne2004).
The resupossible,albeit witof the smicrosimwhether National
Using thgap aheaforward gnot violaOtherwiswhateversome lowparticulartime givi(Los Ala
P2.2.2
When it cchange bcontinuouis the onanalogy bbottlenecproblem behavior
The TRAgovern thappropriafirst algo(Los Ala
The first distance scanningthan the there is lelane’s gacriteria acut off a adjacent
Kauffmann
etwork, desc
lting algorith up to their th some lowsimplicity a
mulator are tlimited by Laboratory,
hese parametad and makgap. If the
ate the gap ise, and if thr acceleratiow probabilitr reason othing the systemos Nationa
Passing Chocomes to mo
behavior is aus numerica
nly practical between lancks it seems
area. Fortin addition
ANSIMS mihe passing oate lane to m
orithm, whichmos Nationa
condition ththe vehicle
g the adjacengap forwardess than wha
ap is greater re met, the mvehicle behlane is at lea
cribed below
hms are basedesired max
w probability and elegancthe present the vehicle
, 2006).
ters, at eaches decisionsspeed is grein the next the current sn factor the ty – usuallyher than to mem a bit of ral Laborator
oice odeling passa discrete, bial calculationapproach toes on a highs that traffictunately, TRto the previo
icrosimulatoof slow-movimake a requih contains sal Laborator
hat must be would trave
nt lane with td in the currat exists at pthan or equ
model makeshind in the adast as large a
Chapter 2:
w, along wit
ed on two baximum speed
of random de of these speed of thor by a sp
h time step es based on eater than thetime step nospeed is lesvehicle is c
y 5% - thatmimic distrarandomness
ry, 2006).
sing choice, hnary decision. Thereforeo use in the hway and thec flow theor
RANSIMS wously discuss
or contains twing vehiclesired turn aloeveral condi
ry, 2006).
met is that el in the nexthe second crent lane. T
present. Nexual to the curs a final checdjacent lane as the maxim
: Literature R
th rule-base
asic rules. Fd. Second, ddeceleration
rules, the he subject vepeed limit, a
every vehiclthe relatione gap, it slo
o matter at wss than the capable of act the vehicleaction and ot
to keep it f
human behaon process be, a rule-basproposed me lane-like lary is once was created sed followin
wo differents and one to ong their rouitions that m
the gap forxt time stepcondition, thThere is no sxt, the microsrrent speed ock to ensure by checking
mum speed t
Review
d behavior
First, a user deceleration to mimic reonly input
ehicle, its mand the forw
le on the nenship betweews down to what speed tmaximum
chieving. Ine will slow ther actual bfrom settling
avior is basedased on logied approach
model, and beayers observagain uniquwith a set
ng algorithm
t sets of lanensure that
ute. The promust all be m
rward in the . If this pro
hat the gap fosense changsimulator chof the vehicl that any lang that the avthat any veh
algorithms
wants to accwill occur o
eal-world beht variables maximum atward headw
twork compen its curren a speed ensthe lead vehspeed, it w
n each resultw by some i
behaviors, wg into an unr
d on just thaic and rules
h to lane chaecause of thved in pedesuely suited t
of rules tom.
ne change ala vehicle is
oposed modemet for a lane
current lanoves true, thforward in thging lanes ifhecks to detele. If and onne change thvailable gap hicle on the n
(Hobeika &
celerate wheonly if neceshaviors. Becrequired in
ttainable speway (Los Al
putes the fornt speed ansuring that ihicle is trave
will acceleratting case, theincrement fowhile at the realistic situ
at – choice. rather than
anges and pahe clearly destrian flow wto this parti
o govern pa
lgorithms, o able to be iel will utilize change to o
e is less thahe vehicle bhat lane is grf the forwardermine if adjnly if all of at occurs wibackwards inetwork cou
16
& Gu,
erever ssary, cause n the eed – lamos
rward d the t will eling. te by ere is or no same
uation
Lane some
assing efined within icular assing
one to in the ze the occur
an the begins reater d gap acent these
ill not in the uld be
Peter D.
travelingthey willAlamos N
In additioalso inclulane wheright whe
2.3 BNow thatbelt systethat impaamount ofacilities
G2.3.1
First off,ergonomspecific restrictioeach stepmanufactSociety o
At presenapproximthe minimThe reasothe formaas those saturatedfrom form
Additionsuch speescalatorspecificadegrees (into horiz
Other souescalatormeaning confidentincline o(Bangash
Kauffmann
g. This is tol not be traveNational Lab
on to the TRude addition
en faced withenever possi
Belt Charact sufficient bem, the systact the operaof documen.
Geometric S, the physica
mics, and pubstep widthsns present op are constraturer (Schinof Mechanic
nt, the mostmately one mmum width on that wideation of a thipedestrians
d conditions, ming (O'Nei
nal specificatcification st
rs of less thanation mandat(Welch, et alzontal ones.
urces providrs not exceed
that contrat of their in
of 30 degreeh & Bangash
o ensure thaeling so fastboratory, 200
RANSIMS-dnal decision h a faster waible in order
cteristics background tem itself neation of esca
ntation and r
Specificatioal layout of blic safety. s of 24”, 32on the situatained to be
ndler Escalatal Engineers
t common trmeter. The re
that can ader belts are alird lane in thtraveling inso belt widt
ill, 1974).
tions also exates that then 10 meters tes that the l., 2009). Th
de alternate vd 30 degreeactors can tnstallation pes but permih, 2007).
Chapter 2:
t no matter t as to collid06).
defined proclogic that walker approato ensure th
exists to defeeds to be calators and mregulation th
ons f a moving b The individ2”, and 40”tions where 7-7/8" (0.2mtors, 2010). s’ Safety Cod
read width oeason for the
dequately sulmost never he center of n the center ths are kept t
xist that are e requiremenwith at leastlevel of in
his paramete
values for ths with an alechnically “recision (Doit installation
: Literature R
what the cade with the s
cedures for cwill serve to aching from hat the passin
fine the behaconstructed. moving walkhat applies
belt system dual tread d” (up to 1.0narrower tr
m) and 15-3 These spe
de for Eleva
on escalatorse prevalence
upport two inseen in practhe belt. Thlane would
to one meter
not as pertinnt that three t four steps m
nclination ofer was used
e specified allowable ma“cheat” upwonoghue, 19ns up to 35
Review
apabilities osubject vehic
changing landrive slowebehind. In
ng lane is kep
avior of the Fortunatelykways meanto the desig
is standardidimensions a0 meters) arreads may b3/4" (0.4m), ecifications tors and Esc
s and movine of this partndependent ctice is that ahis behavior d not be ablr to prevent t
nent to the oflat steps e
mandated onf an escalatto convert d
angle of inclargin of errowards in ste981). Europ degrees in
f that adjacecle at the ne
nes, the proper users backthis way, thpt free from
pedestrians y, the publicns that theregn and capa
zed to faciliare mandatere allowed, e used. Therespectivelyare confirm
calators (Do
ng walkwaysticular tread travel lanes
a wider belt could provee to reach athis third lay
operation ofxist on each
n taller instaltor belt is ndiagonal dist
lination. ASor of plus oreepness as lpean specifithe case of
ent back vehxt time step
posed modek into the ouhe users will
m impedimen
within a moc safety con exists a sizabilities of
itate ease ofed such that
with signife rise and ruy, according
med by Ameonoghue, 198
s is 40 inchewidth is tha
s for pedestrwould encou
e to be dangea handrail dyer of pedest
f the model. h end on lowllations. An
not to exceetances and sp
SME requirer minus 1 delong as theyications allof low belt sp
17
hicle, (Los
l will utside
keep ts.
oving ncerns zeable these
f use, only
ficant un of
g to a erican 81).
es, or at it is rians. urage erous, during trians
One w-rise nother ed 30 peeds
s that egree, y are
ow an peeds
Peter D.
For movibelt shou
A diagraby annotyellow aedges of
O2.3.2
An additmoving wcodes is meters pelocalitiesregulatorAdditionwith esc1974), almeters pminute, s
In the Opossible operationflow of p
Kauffmann
ing walkwayuld not excee
am illustratintating a pictand black meach tread f
Operationaltional area owalkways arthat the speeer second (Ws to approvery officials, nally, variousalator belt slthough this er second.
so long as th
O’Neill studyunder vary
nal speed of passengers t
y installationed 12 percen
ng these specture of a KO
markings, whfor safety (D
Figure
l Parameteof concern fore allowed toed of an esc
Welch, et al.e operation although th
s transit agespeeds of upis well in eGenerally, eir degree of
y that descrying operatif 145 feet pethrough a m
Chapter 2:
ns, the commnt (Bangash &
cifications isONE escalathich are sugonoghue, 19
e 2.4: Standa
ers or governmeo operate. Talator should, 2009). Hoat a highe
his provisionencies such ap to 180 feeexcess of themoving walf inclination
ribed Londoion speeds
er minute (0.moving belt
: Literature R
monly accep& Bangash,
s shown as Ftor found at
ggested by th981).
ard Escalato
ental regulathe most typid not exceed
owever, the Ar speed pron is rarely as the Londoet per minue typical opelkways are p
n is kept low
on’s experimwas also i
.74 meters psystem, whe
Review
pted requirem2007).
Figure 2.4. t Dulles Intehe ASME S
or Dimensio
tors is the spical requiremd 90-100 feeASME codeovided that taken advanon Undergro
ute, or 0.91 eration speepermitted to(Donoghue,
ments, an asincluded.
per second) wether an esc
ment is that
This figure ernational ASafety Code
ons
peed at whicment on the pet per minutee provides th
it is deementage of (Dound have cmeters per
ed within thao operate up, 1981).
ssessment oIt was detwould provi
calator or a m
the incline o
has been crAirport. Note to highligh
ch escalatorpart of munie, or 0.44 to
he opportunited safe by
Donoghue, 1conducted st
second (O'Nat system ofp to 180 fee
of the througermined thaide the maximoving walk
18
of the
reated te the ht the
rs and icipal
o 0.51 ty for local 981).
tudies Neill, f 0.72 et per
ghput at an imum kway
Peter D.
(O'Neill, and the smovemenbelt. Noversa, cocontinues
2.4 CAs was pis at presspeed anfails to achanges i
E2.4.1
Measuredpassengefrom the higher es(Goodmabased on(Turner, no longeanalyzingand the w(Sutthaw
L2.4.2
As with determinthe enginstairs, esquality sservice m
In terms develope0.75 werneeding a2008).
To give apublishedlevel-of-sdesired sflow per
Kauffmann
1974). Thestationary flont, higher spot only is it oncerns are as to convey p
Capacity Anpreviously desent a very and then adjuaccount for in pedestrian
Empirical Cad flow rate
ers per hour. manufactur
stimate of 6an, 1992), ann the combin
1998). O’Ner permitted g the capacitwalking lane
wassuntorn, 2
evel of Sermost transp
ned by compneer or planncalators, and
since in all metric.
of volume-ted such that e deemed toa more detai
a more descrd a guide atservice gradspace per peunit width o
e stated reasoor surface opeeds cause t
hazardous also raised bpassengers i
nalysis escribed in Sapproximate
usting by soma number on stream cha
apacities es for escal
This rangerer publicatio6400 passennd an empirnation of treNeill further
by legal coty of each lae under a rep2010).
vice Determportation fa
puting its volner to determd moving wabut the mos
o-capacity (stations whi
o need enhaniled study of
riptive valuet the same t
des could be edestrian – ion the facilit
Chapter 2:
son for this oon either endtrouble for uto change fr
by the poteninto a crowed
Section 1.3.2 endeavor. me arbitrary
of key factoraracteristics.
ators genera of values won shown pr
ngers per horically defineead width, be
confirms thodes (O'Neilayer of an espresentative
mination cilities, the lume-to-cap
mine what amalkways thisst extreme p
v/c) ratio, onich possesse
ncement. A vf its pedestri
e of service qtime as the assigned to
in effect, thety. The ratin
: Literature R
occurrence dd. While a husers when thfrom a constntial for dangd area.
2.1, determinBy combini
y occupancy rs while dev
ally give cawas found acreviously (T
our from Frued range of elt speed, an
hese values, ll, 1974). Sscalator to gi scenario of
level of seacity ratio a
mount of thes approach ispeak loading
ne analysis ped one or mov/c ratio betian facilities
quality of itsprevious stuthese facilitie inverse of ngs ranged f
Review
deals with thhigh belt spehey have to tant platformgerous pileu
ning the capaing an ideali
y factor, the veloping a v
apacities incross a varietThyssenKrupuin based onabout 4100 nd incline palbeit on a 4
Subsequent sive the capacf choice beh
ervice of a and occupane facility’s cas the only reg conditions
performed oore facilitiestween 0.5 ans (WMATA,
s pedestrian udy that deties. The det
f occupancy from LOS A
he interface eed allows foboard or dis
m to a moviups to occur
acity of a moized occupapresent stat
value that is
n the vicinitty of sourcespp Elevator, n occupancyto 5400 pasresent on th48” escalatostudies havecity of both
havior (Davi
moving belncy rate. Thapacity is beeal way of ms delay is n
on the Washis with a v/c nd 0.75 flagg, Access and
facilities, Wtailed the mterminations– as well a
A, where a su
between thefor faster spesembark froming one andif a moving
oving belt syancy with thete of the pras not sensiti
ty of 4000-s, including 2004), a sli
y statistics ssengers per hat particularor which is ae gone furththe standings & Dutta, 2
lt system cahese factors aeing utilizedmeasuring senot an appli
ington Metroratio at or a
ged that statid Capacity S
Washington Mmethods by ws were basedas the sustaiufficient are
19
e belt eed of m the
d vice g belt
ystem e belt actice ive to
-6000 5400
ightly alone
r hour r unit a size her in g lane 2002)
an be allow . For
ervice icable
o was above ion as Study,
Metro which d on a nable
ea per
Peter D.
pedestria“completthe accepLOS C, dbe slightlthis behastanding Manual,
2.5 MWith thebecame simulatiodesired sand trackthe simulof rules aThis simwould netime to en
S2.5.1
Accordinflow-baslevel, madescribe found in choosinginteractiodetailed lthe behav(Hoogen
C2.5.1.1
In the conoted beimposed methodointo a nuis progremovemenremains o
CA2.5.1.2
Althoughscience o
Kauffmann
an exists freete breakdowptable servicdefined as a ly restricted avior is poss
riders on b2008).
Modeling Fe collection time to det
on approach simulation cak the current lation spaceand behavio
mulation spaceed to possensure its ope
imulation Ang to Hoogeed systems acroscopic mthe conditiogas flow m
g to use velon between level are micvior of an endoorn & Bov
ellular Automourse of invetween the a
by the trelogy known
umber of regessed througnt must be sone (Hobeik
A Approach th cellular autor automotiv
ely select spewn in pedestrce level for p
space per pdue to the in
sible within belt systems
Frameworkof informat
termine howand softwa
apabilities. and desired
. Once the eoral parametece itself wasess the abilityeration and a
Approach ndoorn and like those fmodeling uson of the syodels do notlocity distribthe entities
crosimulationtire system vy, 2000).
mata (CA) Fraestigating Tapproach utead spacing
n as cellular gularly spacegh the netwosome intege
ka & Gu, 200
to Pedestriantomata simu
ve behavior,
Chapter 2:
eed and to parian flow witpedestrians opedestrian ofnability of fathe norms o
s start to ca
k tion regardi
w best to care was to f
First, the sid states of a mentities wereers would gs another key to display adherence to
Bovy, therefound in transes system-w
ystem. Narrt distinguishbutions to ss in the sysons like the o
through the
amework TRANSIMS tilized by thg on an esautomata, o
ed cells, eachork using a r multiple o
04).
n Flow Modelulations are g
they have s
: Literature R
ass slower-mth any stopp
on stairs andf 10 to 15 sqfast walkers tof gap accepause noticea
ng pedestriaonstruct the
find an effecimulation nemultitude of e inserted inovern the iney capability
the current o real-world
e are three mnsportation wide paramrowing in soh between thsimulate thestem throughone sought foe choices and
and its rulehe TRANSIMscalator. Tor CA. CA h of which isimple set o
of the cell si
ing generally moseen some im
Review
moving userspages” is thed moving belquare feet. Wto pass otherptance in thable conflict
an behaviore simulationctive frameweeded to havf individual ento the simulnteraction any, in that thecondition o
operations.
model types engineering
meters like aomewhat, mhe individualeir behaviorh rule-basedor use in thisd interaction
es of driver MS microsiTRANSIMSdivides eacs the size ofof rules, witize such tha
ore commonmplementatio
s all the waye norm. Usilt facilities wWhile speedr slower-mo
he adjacent lts (WMATA
r and dynamn. The goawork that wve the abilityentities as thlation space,nd progressioe selected m
of the model
that can be g problems. average flow
mesoscopic ml players in r; but they d approaches project thans of those e
interaction, imulator and
S uses a coh link foundf one systemth the qualifat the occupa
n in other fielon in pedest
y to LOS F wing these criwas deemed ds are observoving pedestrlane. At LOA, Site Plan
mics compileal in selecti
would providy to create,
hey move thr, a predefineon of all ent
model framel at any insta
used to des At the bro
w and densimodels like a system, instill provid
es. At the at seek to desntities it con
a similarityd the constroarse simuld on the net
m user. Eachfication that ancy of each
lds like comtrian simulat
20
where iteria, to be
ved to rians,
OS C, nning
ed, it ing a
de the alter,
rough ed set tities.
ework ant in
scribe oadest ity to those
nstead de for
most scribe ntains
y was raints lation twork h user
each h cell
mputer tions.
Peter D.
Blue anddimensiomodels capproach
Howevercharacterobservedof one cewhere it cell size
After a rUsing a fto providchoice opspeed of omitted cfoot on oposition users wiladditiona
C2.5.1.3
Again, Hassert thacomplex & Bovy,that is cha CA moworry abprimary spacing oapproach
C2.5.1.4
Howevermodel. Othe modeconditionis a manexact samclosely apedestriaSchreckebecomes
Kauffmann
d Adler cononal free spacontained ru
hes were dee
r, the Blue aristics to thed in pedestriaell per seconis possible fin the produ
range of wafull tread as
de suitable septions to hal
f the system characteristicone step and midway betwll be maintaal positions p
riticism of CAHoogendoornat CA modesituations w 2003). In
haracteristic odel to workbout the traje
concern of of the escalah taken in thi
alibration of r, there remaOne paper oel and the imn exists whenifestation ofme decision-and the criteans make enberg, & L
necessary to
structed a sace using CAules that gomed to be in
and Adler ee pedestrianan behaviorsnd. Fortunafor a user to uced model e
alking speedthe cell size
ensitivity in lf-cell incremusers. As ic of human btheir other fween two st
ained even inpresent in th
A Approach n offers somels’ “oversimwhere the mithis project,of escalator
k. The presectory and tu
Hoogendooator treads ais paper.
f Model Paramain several ion implemenmportance ofere platoons f a “coopera-making procria for a lanlane chang
Latour, 1996o add in com
Chapter 2:
eries of moA principles overned the nferior to the
experiments n paradigm. s must be redately, since t
place their fequal to the d
s was conste does not alwalking spements per seit turns out, behavior, stefoot on an adteps. With thn the face oe available s
me criticism mplified or iicroscopic b, it is believs and movin
sence of laneurning behavorn and Bovand cellular
meters important fanting car-folf preventing of lane chanative ping-pcess. Therefne change arges back a6). In ordermplicating fa
: Literature R
odels that de(Blue & Adinteraction
e previously
provide som Most nota
duced to a sethe configurafeet to the trdepth of a tre
tructed usingllow enougheed. Consequecond, givingthis change
ep straddlingdjacent step,he inclusion
of a rider strspeed profile
of a proposincomplete behaviour of
ved that the cng walkwayses and balus
vior of the pevy. Additiframework o
actors to conllowing proca behavior t
ngers form iong effect” fore, if therere met with and forth ir to reduce actors like de
Review
escribed peddler, 1998) (ns between
defined TRA
me invaluabably, the coeries of discation of an read surfacesead, 0.4 met
g this setup,h variation inquently, it wag twice as mallows for t
g. This prac, effectively
n of followinraddling stepe.
sed aspect ofbehavioural pedestrians constrained,s provides a strades meanedestrians wiionally, the of the CA m
nsider duringcedures discthey refer toin somethingthat stems
e is a series oall of them,
in rapid suthe occurre
elays betwee
destrian flowBlue & Adlpedestrians,ANSIMS ru
ble guidanceontinuous sprete speeds, escalator lims, it was decters.
, a problem n the possiblas decided tomany optionthe inclusion
ctice occurs wcausing the
ng behavior, ps, with the
f this projecrules prohibis importan
, corridor-basuitably rigns that thereithin the sysnatural fit
model lends
g the construcusses issueso as “particleg of a “tailgfrom all useof users foll, it is possibuccession (
ence of this en lane chan
w a through ler, 2001). T, however,
ule sets.
e in applyingpeed distribu
all in incremmits the locacided to mak
was discovle walking spo adjust the ss for the wan of a previwhen a user e user to occu
spacing betadded bene
ct. He and Bbit applicati
nt” (Hoogendased environid framewore is little nestem, which
between recredibility t
uction of ths with calibre hopping.” ating dance”ers followinowing each ble to see se(Rickert, Nsort of eve
ges or even
21
one-These those
g CA utions ments ations ke the
vered. peeds speed alking ously has a upy a tween efit of
Bovy on to doorn nment rk for eed to is the
egular to the
e CA rating This ” that
ng the other
everal Nagel, ent, it some
Peter D.
small, rantheir best
M2.5.2
In order NetLogocompilerNetLogoindividuacharacterinstance,wants to which thin the reamodel (W
In additiNetLogodisplay osee the mmore impbehavingthrough performe
Finally, software continuouspacing, travel a transit us
Kauffmann
ndomized prt interest to d
Modeling Lato provide
was selecter, and a sim is designedal simulatedristic variabl a turtle couattain whilee simulational world. Gl
Wilensky & T
ion to the b provides an
of the simulmodel in actiportant beneg as intendeverifications
ed, as was de
although Nitself is wri
us, decimal additional p“half step”,
sers, as was d
robability thdo so.
anguage e the capabied to constrmulation sofd to provided entities –les that it c
uld be designe traveling aln operates, thlobal variablTisue, 2004)
benefits of nother imporation enviroion and obs
efit of this fed and that ts such as thescribed in S
NetLogo alloitten to allowspeed to eac
points may b putting thedescribed in
Chapter 2:
hat a user wil
ilities neederuct the modftware. Ba
e an object-o– called “tuan use to in
nated a “comlong a movinhe system asles can then ).
the object-ortant benefit onment. Threrve the pro
eature is thatthe operatiohis that the Section 2.5.1
ows for prow for actionch user rathee created in
em astride twSection 2.5
: Literature R
ll decide not
ed by the pdel. NetLogased on theoriented appurtles” – eanteract with
mmuter” withng belt. Bas a whole exhbe used to e
oriented framin that it prorough this s
ogression of t it allows thn does indecalibration .4, above.
ogramming tns to occur ier than a disthe speed p
wo consecu.1.2, above.
Review
t to change l
proposed sigo is at onc
e storied Loproach to prach turtle c
other turtleh some usersed on these hibits behavextract syste
mework wiovides the casimulation w
turtles throuhe programmeed approachof applicab
to occur win a continuocrete value t
profile. In thutive treads
lanes even w
mulation, ace a programogo programroblem solvican be givees and its en-defined desvariables an
viors approacem-wide par
th individuaapability to c
window, the ugh the syst
mer to verify h real-worldle model pa
within a CA ous manner.that is a mul
his way, useras is charac
when it may
a program cming languamming langing. By creen ownershinvironment. sired speed tnd the rules uching those frameters from
al user “turcreate a grapprogramme
tem. Howevthat the mo
d behavior. arameters ca
framework. By assignltiple of the rs may be abcteristic of m
22
be in
called age, a guage, eating ip of For
that it under found m the
rtles”, phical er can ver, a del is It is an be
k, the ning a
tread ble to many
ChapteThe literadirect resthrough mfields endevelopmthe logica
In order into two model ancan startAfter beimodel. F
3.1 InIn order instructioenvironmare show
SETUP rbut becauthat existmodel ca
Each of tof modeadjustmesimulatioproduce involved belt or in
er 3 – Modature reviewsearch existsmicrosimulanough data ment of the mal framewor
to make theprimary sec
nd its compot either emping properlyFinally, seve
nitializatioto properl
ons providesment and to cwn in Figure 3
runs throughuse of how ited previousan begin with
the modulesl initializati
ents as neceon space. Inobservable in the prev
n populating
del Develow revealed a s on the speation, by pulcan be coll
moving belt mrk contained
e resulting prctions. Firsonent variab
pty or populy initialized, eral additiona
on y initialize
s all the infoconfigure its3.1, below.
Figure
h several sett functions ely. Thereforh the GO com
s contained wion. The fiessary wher
n this sectionresults – th
vious three mg the system
opment plethora of pcific topic oling the neclected to comodel will btherein.
rogram easiest, there exibles. Depenlated with pthe GO rou
al protocols
the model,ormation thats initial pede
e 3.1: Flowc
ts of processeach iterationre, SETUP ommand.
within SETUirst three stere conflicts n SETUP wilhe ones thatmodules divwith pedest
23
pertinent staof determininessary inform
onstruct the be described
er to visualists a SETUP
nding on the pedestrians butine is whathave been e
, a SETUP t NetLogo nestrian state.
chart of “SE
ses in the con of SETUPonly needs to
UP has a speeps process may exist,
ll be broken t define the ided into thtrians. In or
atistics and png the capacmation fromproposed m
d including a
ze and compUP routine to
selections mbased on tht provides thnacted to fac
routine waneeds to adeq The compo
TUP” Routi
ourse of initiP by definitioo be run onc
ecific functi the user-de while the
n down basedsimulation
heir role in drder to provi
principles. Ecity of a mo
m research comodel. In all necessary
prehend, theo construct amade by thee inflow thahe actual funcilitate data
as developequately definonents of th
ine
ializing the son must cleace before the
on in the loefined inputfollowing
d on the twospace – wi
defining eithide a better
Even thoughoving belt faonducted in this section
y assumption
e model wasand initialize user, the mat was specnctionality ocollection.
ed. This sne the simule SETUP ro
simulation sar out any sete operation o
gical progret data and msteps define
o processes with the procher the simuunderstandi
h little acility other
n, the ns and
s split ze the model cified. of the
set of lation outine
space, ttings of the
ession make e the which cesses ulated ng of
Peter D.
the inputFigure 3.dials, anroutines.
B3.1.1
Because environmscenariosthe modecase, theorder to c
B3.1.1.1
The paraoverall othe lengtHoweveroperationthe modemeters inalong thean escala
The useravailabledirectionellipse, wlevel that
Kauffmann
ts available .2, below. I
nd the blue
Belt Charactof the range
ment can reqs are provideel for researc
model requcreate the in
Belt Parameteameters thatoperation, anth of the ber, because tn all of theseel in the “Conto cells by e direction oator step, the
r is additione are walkwan of travel dwalkways aret the facial e
within the n this figurebuttons rep
Figure
teristics e of capabilitquire a fair ed to give a ch purposes
uires informaitial simulati
ers define a m
nd type of beelt in meterthe model ie values mus
ompute Variadividing by
f travel. Sinse units are
ally able to ay, up escaladue to the he not dividedllipse is not
Chapter 3: M
model, the e, the green bresent actio
e 3.2: Model
ties affordedamount of
series of demthere is a g
ation about tion environm
moving belt elt that is bes as well asis being runst be converables” moduy the cell since this distacalled “tread
specify the ator, and dowhesitation obd in this mansignificantly
Model Deve
control boarboxes represns, includin
Control Boa
d by the modinput on th
monstrationsgreat deal of the belt as wment.
system gening modeleds the speed n under therted the cell-ule. This prode length, w
ance was chods” througho
type of belwn escalatorbserved in pnner becausey violated.
elopment
rd as rendersent user inp
ng the afore
ard in NetLo
del, the procehe part of ths to outside of flexibility iwell as the r
erally are thd. To this en
of its opere principles -based units ocess requirewhich as preosen based oout the mode
lt to be usedr. While escpedestrians fe their inclin
red in NetLputs, the tanementioned
ogo
ess of defininhe user. Aobservers, foin its functiorules that ex
hose that pend, the user ration in me
of cellularthat will be
es convertingeviously staton the standael.
d in the modcalators are from obscurnation is kept
Logo is shown fields are o
SETUP and
ng the simulAlthough exa
or someone uonality. In e
xist on board
ertain to its is asked to
eters per secr automata e used througg all lengths ted is 0.4 mard tread dep
del. The opdivided base
ring of the ft to a low en
24
wn as output d GO
lation ample using either d it in
size, input cond. (CA) ghout from
meters pth of
ptions ed on facial
nough
Peter D.
An additnarrow ssituation,are no pebelt. It impractic
B3.1.1.2
Several pthe belt. onboard effect of lane chaindepend
An additiimpacts d(Figure 3facial ellbetween
D3.1.1.3
Once all constructcalls thema belt surbased ceAlong tha horizonenvironmthe belt s
In3.1.2
Once theestablishpedestriaautomati
Kauffmann
ional capabistaircase – b, code contaedestrians se
is this typcal scenarios
Belt Rules parameters a
One suchthe simulatea behavioral
anging funcdent operatio
ional conditidownhill esc3.2) that allolipse principthem and th
Draw Simulatof this info
ted. Commam, and usingrface as showll configura
he length of tntal belt leng
ment are the showing whe
Fig
nitial Pedee belt has bed. This pr
an quantity acally popula
ility of the my creating ained in the “et to be statipe of verifics are automa
are also avaih rule included escalator l prohibition
ctionality won of the belt
ion that can calators andows the useple. The ree pedestrian
ion Environmormation hasands are sen
g the user-dewn in Figure
ation, complethe belt, 40 dgth of 16 mblack cells,
ere arrival qu
gure 3.3: Sim
strian Stateeen drawn wocess involvand behavioate the belt w
Chapter 3: M
model is the an escalator-“Adjust for Cionary, as thcation that
atically flagg
ilable to the des the optior moving w
n on the overithin the mt’s “lanes.”
be altered od staircases. er to specifymaining use
n immediatel
ment s been collent to NetLogefined belt lee 3.3. In thiete with shadistinct cells
meters. Otherepresenting
ueuing and d
mulation Env
e within the sves tabulatinor. Followinwith a baselin
Model Deve
ability to si-based simulConstraints”here would bis contained
ged or adjust
user to speion to speciwalkway. Thrall capacity model if th
on board the A slider is
y how manyers will ignoy in front.
ected and prgo that definength the pros figure, the
ading designs are visible,er purely aesg handrails, departure dis
vironment as
simulation sng and proceng this stepne scenario.
elopment
imulate behalation with a
” module autbe in the casd within thted.
ecify rules thify walk-onlhis rule was of the systee experime
belt is in regpresent on
y pedestriansore the desi
rocessed, thene the size oogram createe blue grid rened to make, which at 0.sthetic featuand the ligh
spersion occ
s Rendered i
space, the inessing the in, the user c
avior on a sta belt speedtomatically ese of an esc
he “Adjust”
hat could bely or stand-s provided inem. The userental scenar
gards to the the simulatis will choosire to leave
e model’s frof each cell,es a graphic epresents thee the individ.4 meters per
ures present ht gray cellsurs.
in NetLogo
nitial pedestrnput parametcan choose t
taircase – albd of zero. Inensures that calator or mo
module so
implemente-only restricn order to ter can also di
rio calls for
facial ellipseion control bse to observ
extra free s
ramework ca or “patch,”representati
e lane- and tdual cells vir tread reprein the simul
s on either e
rian state caters that relato have Net
25
beit a n this there
oving o that
ed on ctions st the isable r the
e that board
ve the space
an be ” as it ion of tread-sible.
esents lation nd of
an be ate to tLogo
Peter D.
A3.1.2.1
Using thelogical cdata to enthis situabeing simautomatiensuring
C3.1.2.2
Once thepedestriaconvertindiscussednumbers
Still furthof the thturtles this importpanel (Fithe walkwho are remaininfraction o
P3.1.2.3
For this mof user agto stand s3.2 sincepatches tare show
Next are required represent
Finally, aThis namperhaps tfacilities aggressivalong widisplayed
Kauffmann
djust for Cone user-input onstraints. nsure that anation is seen mulated. Sincally upgrathat the mod
ompute Variae adjustmenan variables ng walking d above; it to their corr
her adjustmehree pedestrihat is are assitant to note tigure 3.2). Ter class whinot standin
ng percentagof those who
edestrian Pamodel, threeggressivenesstill on the be these usersthat constitut
wn as black w
the “walkerfree space b
ted by the co
at the highesme was not cto show that
like transitve, speed-baith a lower d as red wed
nstraints data, the firAs discusse
ny rules incluif the user s
nce a staircade any peddel continue
ables nts have bee
may be cand climbinalso includeresponding f
ent is requireian classes igned to eachthat there arThe first slidile the seconng – will bege left on tho are not assi
rameter Selee classes of pss. At the lo
belt. Howevs still requirte the loadin
wedges point
rs,” which pobehind in tholor green.
st level of agchosen to reft they have tt stations. ased tendenclevel of spa
dges.
Chapter 3: M
st thing that ed before, thuded in the msets the belt ase cannot cdestrians dees to operate
en performeomputed fro
ng speed unies calculatinfractions.
ed in the calusing the uh class. Clare only two pder controls nd shows whe defined asis second sligned to the
ection pedestrians howest end ofver, a speed sre some speng and unloating in the di
ossess user-dhe opposite
ggressivenesflect any levthe most reasConsequentlies, meaning
ace required
Model Deve
must be donhis step invomodel are nospeed to zer
convey its paesignated as
smoothly an
d to ensureom the rawits from metng convertin
lculation of ser-defined ss options arpedestrian mthe percentahat percentas fast walkelider represestander clas
have been ef this scale, “slider can stieed that theyading areas. irection of tr
defined levelane in orde
ss is the clasvel of judgmson to be huly, commuteg higher leve
to complete
elopment
ne is to verifolves performot broken byro, which wassengers als “standers”nd efficiently
e that all ruw input dataters per seco
ng any relev
the actual nutotal inflowre described
mix sliders page of the toage of the reers, a class ents those wss.
established to“standers,” aill be seen foy observe w In the simu
ravel.
els of climbiner to make
ss of pedestrment on transurried in theiers are expels of walkine a merging
fy that the daming adjustmy user inputs
would imply tong at speed
” to the “wy.
ule sets havea. This inond to tread
vant percenta
number of pew rate and thd in Section 3present in theotal inflow themaining peknown as c
who are norm
o account foas their nameor these pede
while walkinulation envir
ng speed, waa lane chan
rians known sit system cir travels thrected to beng speed ang operation.
ata meets wiment of the s. An exampthat a staircad, the mode
walker” cate
e been follonvolves not ds per seconages from w
edestrians inhe percentag3.1.2.3, beloe model’s cohat is made edestrians –commuters. mal walkers
or different le implies, chestrians in F
ng along the ronment, stan
alking speednge. Walker
as “commuommuters erough ambul set to the d climbing s Commuter
26
ith all input
ple of ase is l will
egory,
owed, only
nd, as whole
n each ge of
ow. It ontrol up of those The
s as a
levels hoose
Figure gray
nders
d, and rs are
uters.” xcept latory most
speed rs are
Peter D.
P3.1.2.4
Using thsimulatioswitch ththe user.randomlyis based be presengiven ped
Each pedparametethis is desame timparamete
An examthis modsimulatioremoved imposed bottom oapparent model. W
Fi
3.2 OFollowinsimulatioprocedur“tick,” thor they cwill contending cr
Figure 3.the chartcommandrepresenttrue or faroutine’s
Kauffmann
opulating thee previously
on environmhat causes th When thisy distributedon a Poissonnt on the bedestrian is ge
destrian witers appropriaefined as the me, each peders such as it
mple of the redel the forwaon from the
from the ewhen this
of the simulthat this me
Walkers (gre
igure 3.4: Pe
Operation ng the complon process, re. The userhe name givecan select thtinue to runriteria are m
.5 shows a ft, a diamondds, rectanglt subroutine
false decision ending cond
e Belt y established
ment can be e simulations module is d along the len distributioelt under thaenerated is d
thin the sysate to its clasforward dir
destrian is its presently d
esulting simuard directionleft and pro
environmentfigure was lation. Howeans they areeen) and com
edestrian Po
letion of the the GO ro
r can either en by NetLo
he “GO” butn until the uet.
flowchart of d block can bles represens. Howevern. In this cditions have
Chapter 3: M
d pedestrian fully define
n to automatiactivated, t
ength of theon centered aat given beltdetermined b
tem is creass. Additionrection in theinitialized wdesired spee
ulation envin will alway
ogress forwart and countegenerated, awever, whene traveling i
mmuters (red
opulated Sim
SETUP rououtine must select the “G
ogo to a simtton. GO isuser stops th
all the modube seen. In
nt actions or, the diamo
case, the dec been met by
Model Deve
class paramd. On the cically populathe model cr belt. The qaround the et length and
based on oth
ated with innally, each pe model as wwith several d and the tim
ronment is sys be to therd along theed. It can all walkers n the directin the right ld) can likewi
mulation Env
utine, the mobe selected
Go Once” bumulation time
what NetLohe simulatio
ules containflowchart n
or modules, ond block recision preseny the end of
elopment
meters, the pcontrol boarate the belt wreates pedesquantity of pexpected vald operation her user-selec
nitial speed, pedestrian is well as set to
other counme since it la
shown belowe right, in the belt until talso be see– the blacktion of travlane and areise be seen in
vironment as
odel is ready d. Two oputton to pro
e step whichogo calls a on, an error
ned within thnotation, ova
and rectanepresents a nt in the GOa given simu
pedestrian mrd (Figure 3with pedestrstrians of eapedestrians tlue of pedesspeed. Thected lane ass
merging, aset to point
o the approprnt variables ast changed
w as Figure hat pedestriathey exit on en that undek wedge shavel is conside pointing fon the left lan
s Rendered in
to run. In options exist
ogress the mh in this mod
“forever butr occurs, or
he GO routinals representngles with bdecision str
O routine exulation seco
mix present i.2) there ex
rians if desireach class thathat are genestrians that we lane in whsignment opt
and facial eto the right riate lane. Ato keep traclanes.
3.4. Note thans will ente
the right aner the condiapes – are adered it becorwards alonne.
n NetLogo
order to begito execute
odel throughdel is one sectton,” meanithe simulat
ne. At the et start and enbars on theructure, usuaxists to see iond.
27
in the xists a ed by at are erated would hich a tions.
llipse since
At the ck of
hat in er the nd are itions at the comes ng the
in the e this h one cond, ing it tion’s
end of nding e end ally a if the
Peter D.
In3.2.1
In develobefore thsimply wcaused pframewohad not y
Howeverunderlingwere addpopulatiomoving bwalking
The procpedestriaspeed repspeed is jsomeone
With all more fac
Kauffmann
nducing Mooping the mohe implemenwalked unimpedestrians trk that caus
yet been prog
r, these earlg frameworkded. While pon module (Sbelt surface speed.
cess of coman achieves tpresents of just that – re else standin
the passengtor that mus
Figu
ovement odel, the firsntation of fo
mpeded alongo pass rightes a real-wogrammed.
y steps of mk of the mopedestrian cSection 3.1.2meant that t
mputing the through clima pedestrian
elative to theng stationary
gers on the bt be account
Chapter 3: M
ure 3.5: Flow
st goal was tfollowing ang their origint through othorld human t
model develdel functionharacteristic2.4), the facthe speed of
total speedmbing to then on the bele movement y on the belt.
belt travelingted for befor
Model Deve
wchart of "G
to induce mond passing rnal trajectorher, slower to slow dow
lopment werned satisfactcs like desirect that the mf the belt mu
d simply inve belt speed lt as seen byof the belt –.
g at their apre additional
elopment
GO" Routine
ovement. Inrules, pedestry at their or
moving pedwn upon enc
re necessarytorily beforeed speed had
model involveust be includ
volves addinthat exists i
y outside ob– so this spee
ppropriate toprocess mo
e
n early versiotrians preseriginal speeddestrians beccountering an
y in order te more advad been accoues pedestrianded in additi
ng the relatin the simulbserver, wheed is as if it w
otal speed, thdules can be
ons of the mnt in the syd. This behcause the lonother pedes
to verify thaanced subrouunted for then movementon to the rel
tive speed tlation. Thisereas the relwere observe
here remaine implemente
28
model, ystem havior ogical strian
at the utines e belt t on a lative
that a total lative ed by
s one ed on
Peter D.
the systemthe necesbeen proincluded obstructidefined sadvancin
In this wenough “is passed3.2.3.1) hspeed val
With theThe speeprocedur
B3.2.2
Once monumber walking involve pand beinGO routi
A3.2.2.1
In order must be In this mprocess ventity is based onthe queuignore laassigned
As beforpedestriacalculatewithin a equal to one-secoquantity,
Kauffmann
m. Althougssary paramegrammed inin the fram
on – like a speed of the
ng.
way, even if “knowledge”d. Howeverhas not beenlue.
above logiced logic conres contained
Boundary Oovement of of boundaryenvironmen
pedestrians eng removed ine itself is te
rrivals to assure cointroduced t
module, pedesvery similar assigned a
n its walkinge situation iane assignmto a random
re, the quantans within td in Sectiongiven class the number nd Poisson-r as would be
h it may seeeters and behnto them thumework of eslower walke pedestrian
an entity on” to know wh, since at thn implement
c in place, mntained withd in Section
Operations the simulat
y operationsnt. As showentering thefrom the simerminated.
ontinued opto the simulastrians are gto the belt pheading and
g capabilitiesin that simu
ment under cm lane.
tity of pedethat class thn 3.1.2.2. Spis defined bof one-hourrandom arrive expected o
Chapter 3: M
em as thoughhavioral charus far is theirevery pedestker on the ben and the am
n the belt ishat speed th
his point in tted, the curre
model develohin this sec3.2.3.1.
ted pedestrias to deal wwn in Figure system andmulation env
eration of thation space. enerated at tpopulation pd lane baseds and an initlation seconcertain unba
strians withhat will be pecifically, y a Poisson-
r arrivals divvals value ne
of a sum of P
Model Deve
h all pedestriracteristics fr desired sptrian that reelt – will bymount of dis
s slowed dowhey should acthe model dent speed va
opment couldction has be
ans was achwith the intere 3.5, the md arriving atvironment, a
he model in This functi
the entry endprocedure ded on its pedeial speed eq
nd and whethalanced con
hin each clasgenerated
in each seco-distributed
vided by 360early always
Poisson-distr
elopment
ians created for model opeed. An adepresents thy rule cause stance that
wn for someccelerate bacevelopment ariable will
d finally proeen included
hieved, it berface betwemodules that the belt, pand finally t
n successive ion is perford of the belt escribed in Sestrian class
qual to this dher the user
nditions, the
ss is determwithin a o
ond the numrandom num
00 seconds. s sums up toributed rando
in Section 3peration, in rdditional vareir current a conflict bthe pedestri
e reason, theck up to oncfollowing bbe initially
ogress to addd in the det
ecame timeeen the beltat represent pedestrians dthe procedur
time steps, rmed by theand assigne
Section 3.1.2s along withdesired speedr has instruce pedestrian
mined by theone-hour simmber of genember centere
In practice, o the originalom numbers
3.1.2.4 contareality all thaiable needs speed, since
between the ian is capab
ey will still ce the obstrubehavior (Seset to the de
ditional modtailed move
e to implemt and the sithese condi
departing theres by whic
new pedeste arrivals moed parameter2.4, above. h a desired sd. Dependincted the mod
may instea
e total numbmulation, aserated pedested around a v
the sum of l one-hour ar.
29
ain all at has to be
e any user-
ble of
have uction ection esired
dules. ement
ment a imple itions e belt ch the
trians odule. rs in a Each
speed ng on del to ad be
ber of s was trians value these rrival
Peter D.
Once genqueue, sprocedur
D3.2.2.2
Just as pethe simulthe belt removes several gpedestriacan be sethe mode
E3.2.2.3
The simuduring thsimulatiosection odividing the modethe GO rcontinuinafter thatcondition
There areif the usgrown toconditionwindow the simumodel, diteration module. simulated
Im3.2.3
AlthoughconfiguraClearly, empiricatraffic sywithin th
Kauffmann
nerated, the hould one
res discussed
Departures edestrians mlation envirosystem for them from
global count ans. If this meen that this el’s data coll
Ending Conditulation can bhe model d
on’s calculatof unexecutby zero, the
el exits its iteroutine flowng the modet particular ns that gover
e two exit coer-defined mo be so lonn is known ait could cau
ulation, as mdoes not exce
of the GO Therefore,
d second unt
mplementih great progation still dirules of pedl capacity va
ystems foundhe context of
pedestrians exist. Thes
d in Section 3
must be insertonment to apany pedestrthe model variables comodule is inmodule also
lection opera
tions be terminateddevelopmenttions will hatable code on the simulaerative execu
wchart (Figuel for anothecycle. The rn the model
onditions formaximum qung that it is as queue oveuse NetLogo measured by eed the user-routine incr, it can be til the exit co
ing Pedestrgress had beeid nothing todestrian interalues. To ped during thef this pedestr
Chapter 3: M
are adjustedse pedestria3.2.3.1.
ted into the pproximate rrians that haspace using
orrespondingnspected (coo contains soations.
d in one of st, as any ealt the GO or has to pation will stoution proced
ure 3.5). Thr iteration odecision ma
l.
r the GO rouueue has beapproachin
erflow, and ito crash. Tthe cumula
-specified sieases the ticsaid that Gonditions are
rian Interaen made upo prevent peraction wereerform this fue literature rrian model.
Model Deve
d backwards ans will late
simulation ereal-world bave progress NetLogo’s
g to the varioomplete modome computa
several wayserror messaroutine. Fo
perform an op. Howevedure is contahis module
of one simulaade at this p
utine in this een reached,ng the edgesif the queue
The second cative numbemulation lenck counter b
GO will perfe reached.
ction to this poinedestrians fre needed beffunction, the review (Sect
elopment
to ensure ther be gover
environmentbehavior. Thsed past theDIE comm
ous pedestriadel code is cation of syst
s. Many of tage dealing or instance, undefined m
er, the more cained within
represents tation secondpoint in the
model. The, which wous of the simwere to reac
condition cher of ticks thngth. As canby one throuform the sa
nt in the devrom simply fore the modfollowing a
tion 2.2) wo
hat they are irned by the
t, they must bhe departuree end of the
mand. As than classes tabcontained intem-wide va
these methodwith the eif the mode
mathematicacommon prothe diamondthe logical dd or stopping
routine is b
e first condituld mean thmulation envch the edge
hecks that thehat have be
an be seen inugh the incl
ame set of p
velopment owalking thr
del could beand passing rould need to
in the back oe “Move Qu
be removed es module che belt treadshey are remobulate the ex
n Appendix Aariables for u
ds were obseexecution oel comes upal operationocedure by wd block presedecision betg the GO robased on the
tion checks that the queuvironment. of the simule elapsed timen tallied b
n Figure 3.5,lusion of a Tprocedures e
of the moderough each oe checked agrules for high
o be implem
30
of the ueue”
from hecks s and oved, xiting A), it use in
erved f the pon a n like which ent in tween outine e exit
to see e has This
lation me of y the each TICK every
el, the other. gainst hway ented
Peter D.
Fo3.2.3.1
Followin3.5), the“Move Qwaiting thave alremodules
It is impBelt subSpecificapedestria“distanceimplemen
Kauffmann
Following Behng rules werre are two
Queue.” Asto board the eady boardedcan be seen
ortant to nobroutine andally, since Mans are not e traveled fntation (Sec
havior re implemenmodules th
s their namebelt surfaced the belt. in Figure 3.
Figure 3.
ote that the pd that sligh
Move Queue subject to f
for speed drtion 3.2.4.1)
Chapter 3: M
nted first. Aat require p
es imply, Mwhile Move
The general6.
6: Flowchar
procedures sht differencapplies in th
fatigue as throp” decisio) is ignored.
Model Deve
As can be sepedestrians t
Move Queue e Belt goverl procedures
rt of “Move
shown in Fies exist behe horizonta
hey would bon and resu
elopment
een in the Gto move, spinvolves th
rns the move involved in
Belt” Subro
igure 3.6 reletween Moval waiting spbe when climulting “Slow
GO routine fpecifically “he progressioement of pedn the two fo
outine
late specificve Belt andpace before mbing a sta
w with Dista
flowchart (F“Move Belt”on of pedestdestrians whllowing beh
ally to the Md Move Qentering the
airs so the iance” subro
31
Figure ” and trians
ho are havior
Move ueue.
e belt, initial outine
Peter D.
Althoughcontext oto no heaand largebetween
An additichange tclimbingbelt” whmaximummeans ththeir mamovemenwhat keefunction subject to
P3.2.3.2
After thesignificansimulatedbring theempiricareview.
HoweverAlthoughstationarywalking to these ga structuLane Cha
Kauffmann
h all other lof a queuing adway and ce stem fromthe queue an
ional factor that pedestr
g speed. Oncich triggers m walking sphat their desiaximum desint of the beeps a queue of the “on b
o the Move B
assing Behave implementantly from thd belt systeme observed tlly determin
r, one final sh it is commy relative toor climbing guidelines. re to pedestange module
ogic remainsituation in onsequently
m gaps that nd the belt.
that must berians experiece a pedestriseveral actiopeed to theirired speed isired speed w
elt their totalfrom develobelt” markerBelt and Lan
vior ation of folloe previous it
m was necesthroughput oned capacitie
step still remmon practico the belt shalong the bTherefore, thtrian passinge are shown
Figure 3.7
Chapter 3: M
ns in place, most cases
y no ability toopen as ped
e considered ence betweeian crosses oons. First, tr maximum s instantaneowill decreasl speed willoping at the r is that it tene Change su
owing rules,teration of thsary to approf the modees from the v
mained, and ce on escalahould stay ielt sticking he “Lane Ch
g within the in Figure 3.7
: Flowchart
Model Deve
since Movethe subsequeo acceleratedestrians are
at the interfen their deonto the beltthe pedestriaclimbing speously set to se; howeverl likely increbase of the ells the modubroutines ra
the operatiohe model. Hroximate reael’s simulatevarious studi
that was theators and min the outsito the insidehange” subrosimulation.
7.
of “Lane Ch
elopment
e Queue occent decision. Therefore,e able to bo
face betweenesired walkint, the model an’s desired eed. In the zero. For o
r, since thisease. This belt in unsa
del that that ather than M
on of the moHowever, thial-world behaed escalatorses found in
e implementmoving walkide lane wite, in reality outine was d The logica
hange” Subr
curs by defins will consis, forward pr
oard the belt
n the queue ang speed amarks that p
d speed is chcase of the sother classess is speed iincrease in
aturated conparticular p
Move Queue
odel was obsis drop in peavior, and its and movinSection 2.4.
tation of lankways that th those pedpeople do n
developed inal steps cont
routine
nition withistently yieldogression wt at the inte
and the belt and their depedestrian a
hanged from stander classs, this meansis relative toaverage spe
nditions. Anpedestrian isprocedures.
served to degerformance ot in fact servng belts clos1 of the liter
e changing rthose rema
destrians actnot always adn order to protained withi
32
in the d little will by erface
is the esired as “on
their s, this s that o the eed is nother s now
grade of the ved to ser to rature
rules. aining tively dhere ovide in the
Peter D.
The Lanesystem, bof two prpedestriathis figudeterminto ensurelane. Se“tailgatedimmediatpedestriafour cond
Kauffmann
e Change suboth ahead orocedures is an is currentlre are the t
ne which pede that they aecond, pedesd” by a fasttely flagged
ans are passeditions in thi
ubroutine begof and behind
run to deterly traveling three sets ofdestrians wilare in the appstrians eligiber pedestriand for a laned through fis set are me
Figure 3
Chapter 3: M
gins by calcud the pedestrrmine if a lanin. These prf rules that ll benefit fropropriate lanble for a righn who is folne change. four tests bat, the pedest
3.8: Flowcha
Model Deve
ulating the orian in both ne change isrocedures arare used b
om a lane chne and that tht lane chanllowing clos Finally, p
sed off of thtrian is flagg
art of Lane C
elopment
open space athe current
s warranted, re shown in
by the lane hange. Firstthey have nnge are checsely behind. parameters he TRANSIMged for a lane
Check Algori
around each and adjacendepending oFigure 3.8. change che
t, the pedestrot recently ccked to see
If this is tfor the rem
MS lane chae change.
ithms
pedestrian int lane. Nexton which lanAlso includck algorithmrians are scachanged intoif they are b
the case, themaining eliange rules.
33
in the t, one ne the ded in ms to anned o that being
ey are igible If all
Peter D.
After thelane chasimultanepedestriaadvantagparametesame instmoving cGO routi
A3.2.4
Even aftnumber o(Section
P3.2.4.1
The firstthemselvmodule wof tiredngiven peDistancecauses pethe belt literature
Howeverpedestriaway, thepedestriaequal to desired msubroutin
B3.2.4.2
Another importancorridor substantiDaamen,hesitationmoving b
Howevertherein, iby travel2.4.1).
Kauffmann
e model has ange, all peeously. Th
ans on the bge in their deer. Therefortant in time,commuter beine sequence
Accounting er implemenof other com2.1.2) that n
edestrian Limt complicati
ves. Humanwas added toess. This be
edestrian onc” routine (sedestrians toand anothe
e.
r, in order an’s initial de “speed desan, but after 2
the speed dminus two trne more intu
Bottleneck Faccritical facto
nce of modeexperiments
ial volume o 2005). Then from bothbelt.
r, when comit appears thlers as they It is believ
evaluated aedestrians whe reason thbelt before ecision procere, all pedest, thereby ensefore the wae and protoco
for Complinting pedest
mplicating faneeded to be
mitations ing factor tns naturally o the GO rouehavior is mce they havshown in Fio slow by onr tread per
to implemedesired speedsired now” v20 meters thdesired minureads per se
uitive and eas
ctors or shown in eling the imps, Hoogendoof pedestrianerefore, it is h the bottlen
mparing the hat this simutraverse the
ved that this
Chapter 3: M
all pedestriawho qualifihat the laneany pedestress as a resutrians make tsuring that aalker is allowols (Figure 3
icating Facttrian interac
actors that haaddressed.
to be implewill tire un
utine to causmanifested inve traveled aigure 3.5) pne tread per
second for
ent this mod and the spvariable wa
he equality wus one treadecond, and ssier to progr
the literaturpediment tooorn observns was funnimperative
neck and the
operation ofulation does
system bases similarity
Model Deve
ans and flagged for a se change crians are moult of their ptheir decisio
an open gap wed to make 3.5) are main
tors ction protocoad previousl
emented in nder the strase the simulan the model a certain di
performs thissecond afte
r every addi
dule a distipeed they deas initially swas altered sd per secondso on. Thisam.
e, especiallyo travel that ved a noticeneled down that this moe interface t
f the model indeed appred on the ca
has two c
elopment
ged the oneshift are mcheck algorioved is so
position on thons based onfor a walkera decision,
ntained.
ols in the mly been iden
the model ain of prolonated pedestrin a reductiostance. In s function. er traveling 2itional 10 m
inction needesire at a givet equal to
so that the spd. After 30s process wa
y in the Hooexists at a
eable delay through a
odel should ethat exists b
and the resroximate theapacities shocauses. Fir
s who woulmoved to thithms are pthat no pedhe belt or an
n the gaps arr will not befor instance
model, there ntified in the
came fromnged physicrians to exhibon of the dethis model, When enab20 meters hmeters, as s
ded to be mven momentthe “speed
peed desired0 meters, thas implemen
ogendoorn exbottleneck. in pedestriabottleneck (exhibit a combetween stat
sulting capace queuing anown in the list, although
ld benefit frhe adjacent performed odestrians gainy other arbround them a filled by a f. In this way
still remainliterature re
m the pedestcal exertion,bit the symp
esired speed , the “Slow bled, the ro
horizontally asuggested by
made betwet in time. Indesired” by
d now was inhis became snted to mak
xperiments, In many o
an travel wh(Hoogendoomparable levtionary floor
cities determnd delay inciterature (Se
h Hoogendo
34
rom a lane
on all in an itrary at the faster y, the
ned a eview
trians so a
ptoms for a with
outine along y the
een a n this y that nstead speed
ke the
is the of his hen a orn & vel of r and
mined curred ection oorn’s
Peter D.
experimemerging common disciplineescalatorDutta, 20
Furthermand the mSince thecauses thpedestriagap that observed
B3.2.4.3
Still anoparametedevelopm(Section escalatorthis tendechoose to
Since thepercentagcan be immodules facial ellsimulatiosize of on
The Movthe facialthis way,to preseron an uph
3.3 DWith thetaken to model. Tintervals subroutin
Kauffmann
ent featured pat the entryset of cour
e. Transit rs under cru002), much l
more, the delamoving belt e transition ohem to verifyans are delayfits their ne
d when a dive
Belt Parametether compli
ers themselvment. It is i
2.1.2.2) canr if they folloency in the o observe the
e user is ablege of pedestrmplemented
to determinlipse througon. If these ne tread. If n
ve Belt routil ellipse vari, a pedestriarve one treadhill facility.
Data Collece model perf
ensure thatThis means
during thenes that perm
pedestrians y to the bottrtesies to oncommuters
ush loading ike the beha
ay caused byis approximaof each pedey that a suitayed ever so seeds. This oerse stream o
ers cating factoes, as was imimportant ton cause discoow too closemodel, somee facial ellip
e to define wrians who chin the mode
ne which pedh a combinconditions w
not, the facia
ne was theniable to each
an who obserd of spacing
ction forming in at analyses cthat data carun. To
mit the user t
Chapter 3: M
converging otleneck, pedne another i
have been conditions
avior exhibite
y pedestrian ated quite westrian betwable gap exislightly in thoccasional dof pedestrian
or that has bmplemented o recall that omfort to st
ely behind the amount of
pse concept.
whether a behoose to obsel. First, extdestrians – iation of ranwere satisfieal ellipse var
n modified toh computed hrves the facibetween the
a way that acan be perfoan be collectdo this, sevto expand th
Model Deve
on the bottledestrians andin their norm
observed twhile attemed by the pe
hesitation awell by a com
een the Movists on the behat they may
delay very clns attempts t
been implemall the way the literatur
tair climbershe passenger f space must
lt is travelinserve the factra code wasif any – woundom probabed, the pederiable would
o include an headway termial ellipse coemselves an
accurately poormed on sited followinveral outpute functionali
elopment
eneck from nd especially mal routineto form dist
mpting to exedestrians in
at the interfampletely inadve Queue anelt ahead of y have to wlosely approto board a m
mented in thback in the re review res or pedestrir in front of tt be reserved
ng in the upwcial ellipse (Fs added in thuld be randobilities and
estrian wouldd be set to ze
additional dm present inoncept will bnd the forwa
ortrays realiimulations thng a simulatts were conity of the mo
numerous ditransit com
, and one otinct queues
xit transit stthis model.
ace between dvertent featnd the Movef them beforeait a second
oximates themoving belt f
he model demodel initia
evealed that ians travelinthem. In ordd in front of
wards directiFigure 3.2), the Populate Bomly selectethe belt typ
d be assigneero.
distance equn the logical begin to sloward pedestria
istic behaviohat are condtion run as wnstructed aloodel as a wh
rections andmmuters exhiof these is qs at the batations (Dav
a stationary ture of the me Belt procee boarding,
d before finde behavior thfacility.
eals with thealization pha
facial obscng upwards oder to accounf pedestrians
ion as well athese prefereBelt and Arred to observpe present ied a facial e
ual to the valdecision tre
w earlier in an when trav
or, steps muducted usinwell as at reong with sehole.
35
d only ibit a queue se of vis &
floor model.
dures some
ding a hat is
e belt ase of curing on an nt for s who
as the ences rivals
ve the n the llipse
lue of ee. In order
veling
ust be g the
egular everal
Peter D.
R3.3.1
As was splaced onumber oresults o(Figure 3observedmodel. Astabilize clear itsenumber o
Beside thof these mentionewas creathe systemclasses eobserved
T3.3.2
Another level of interfacetrajectorydistance be determ
Procedurany one three pedenabling plot.
Unfortunmodel, mthemselva “File Odata to anfile will one-secoas the poinformati
Kauffmann
Real-Time Oseen in the Nn the controof pedestrianf other com3.5) were s
d queue lengA running avinto a stead
elf of stationof simulated
he array of dand other v
ed density, fted to show m. This ploexperienced d average spe
Time-Spacemethod to oimpedance , and slowery of a singltraveled disp
mined at a gl
res were imptime in a re
destrians; hothe “Select
nately, the dmaking this ves are difficOutput” subron external tereport the snd intervalsosition, speeion, all the p
Outputs NetLogo-rendol panel forns who had
mputations chown. Thegths, as welverage flow
dy conditionnary pedestrseconds tha
dials, two plovariables thrflow, queue,the averaget was includthrough a
eed.
e Diagrams observe the experiencedr pedestriansle entity wiplayed alonglance by obs
plemented ineal-time timwever, the uPed” subro
data containinformation
cult to interproutine was cext file for animulation sy NetLogo wed, and desiplots produce
Chapter 3: M
dered contror easy viewi
entered andontained wiese calculatell as the den rate was als, which wasrians five timat had passed
ots were alsroughout the, and pedeste speed of eaded to show t
comparison
progressiond as a results is through thin the sysg the y-axis.erving the sl
n the model tme-space diaguser also hasoutine and ch
ned within tn impossibleret, especialcreated that gnalysis or plystem inputs
will print the ired speed oed in NetLog
Model Deve
ol board in Fing. In addd exited the ithin the “Ced parametensity and inso displayeds defined as mes. The ld since the st
o included te simulationtrian count vach class of the level of i
n between th
n of users tht of obstruca time-spac
stem, with t Because olope of the p
that permit thgram. The s the option ohoosing up
the NetLogoe to export ly over a longives the uselotting in anos for the purresults of th
of every pego can be rep
elopment
Figure 3.2, sedition to dis
system throCreate Plots”ers includednstantaneousd once the moccurring a
last real-timtart of the sim
to allow the n period. Invariables despedestrians impedance thhe user-defi
hrough the sctions like thce diagram. the elapsed f this setup,
produced lin
he user to trmodel is caof overridinto three of
o produced in this form
ng time interer the optionother prograrposes of rehe various pdestrian witproduced ou
everal real-tsplays showiough that ins” module ofd the currens flow rate
model had beafter the belt
me display “dmulation.
user to trackn addition tscribed abovfor all mem
that the walkfined defined
system and the bottlenec This type otime on ththe speed o
ne at any poin
rack up to thrapable of ranng these rand
their own to
plots is tramat. Additirval. To oven to export aam. If activaepeatability. performance thin the sysutside of the
ime outputs ing tallies ostant in timef the GO ront and maxiexhibited by
een given timt had a chandial” showe
k the progreto the previve, a second
mbers presenker and commd speed and
to determinck, the floorof plot showe x-axis an
of the travelent in time.
ree pedestriandomly sele
dom selectioo track in a
apped withinionally, the ercome this iall relevant mated, this ext Additionalvariables astem. Usingprogram.
36
were of the e, the outine imum y the me to nce to d the
ession ously d plot ntly in muter d the
ne the r-belt
ws the d the
er can
ans at ecting ns by third
n the plots
issue, model ternal lly, at s well g this
Peter D.
C3.3.3
Finally, sbelt systeuser to csimulatiothis, the mthe warnremoves queue mremoved length.
The reasocapacity run undeonly be aThereforobservedoutflow isystem rpoint, thecapacity.
The capaand outpexample simulatioinflow ofto be theseen to rstable at at all. Tgrow conbeen the
Kauffmann
Capacity Ansince one of em under difconduct a “Con automaticmodel monit
ning value – the extra m
members intofrom the qu
on for ensurtest is so tha
er a new set able to passe, although
d flow couldis continualleaches a poe inflow and
acity level deut volumes mof this queu
on performedf 4300 pedese maximum rise and fall around 20 p
The importannstantly overcase in an o
nalysis f the major pufferent inputCapacity Tecally takes ptors the queuby default,
members of to a global “ueue is adde
ring that the at the inflowof paramete
s a certain nthe inflow
d then be usely used as th
oint where thd the outflow
etermined usmatch, meanue behavior d on an uphistrians per hosustainable fwith the sto
people in botnt behavior r the course versaturated
Chapter 3: M
urposes of tht stream charest” of the eprecautions tue length to 75 pedestri
the queue. H“queue remoed to the qu
model will nw rate can init
ers. Even wnumber of pe
is well in eed as the inhe inflow inhe queue is
w will be equ
sing this proning that thecan be seen
ill belt with our, which wflow under t
ochastic natuth lanes, witto note in thof the entire
d simulation
Model Deve
his model wracteristics, aentire systemto ensure thsee if it apprans in eitherHowever, b
oved” count ueue length i
never experitially be set
with the infloedestrians nexcess of thflow in the n subsequen
observed toual and the sy
cedure shoue queue shoun in Figure 50% of ped
was the valuethese conditure of arrivath times of lhe plot, howe hour modeenvironmen
elopment
was to determa final subrom. When t
hat queue ovroaches the mr queue laneefore it doevariable.
in all display
ience queue to an arbitraow set to a
no matter hohe observed
second iterant iterations o reach steaystem will b
uld be the mauld act in a r3.9, below.
destrians obse computed tions. Althoals under thelonger queuewever, is thaled in this si
nt.
mine the capaoutine was adthis module verflow cannmaximum que – the systes this it tallThis quantit
ays and plots
overflow whary high valuhigh value,
ow many areflow exiting
ation of the of the capac
ady-state conbe at its maxi
aximum flowrelatively sta This plot
erving the faby the Capa
ough the quee model, it res and perioat the queueimulation, w
acity of a modded to allowis activated
not occur. Tueue. If it pem automatiies the offenty of pedests featuring q
hen performue on the firsthe belt wil
e waiting ing the queuesimulation.
city test untnditions. Aimum sustain
w where the able manneris the result
facial ellipse acity Test moeue length caemains relatds with no qe length doewhich would
37
oving w the d, the To do passes ically nding trians queue
ming a st test ll still n line. e, this
The til the
At this nable
input r. An t of a at an
odule an be tively queue es not
have
Peter D. Kauffmann Chapter 3: Model Development 38
Figure 3.9: Plot Showing Queue Growth under Steady-State Conditions at Capacity
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000 3300 3600
Que
ue L
engt
h
Elapsed Time (seconds)
ChapteWith thepedestriato answerepeatablof the moability toadditiona
While thmoving bto be capinclude inbelt systehandle qu
4.1 MIn order behavior be condubehaviortransport
There weassessed practical present aoperationcomparedrun unde
O4.1.1
Based onobserveddetermingleaned diagrammsources f
In this wThe visuway as thprocessedobstructin
er 4 – Rese model fullyan behavior ir various resle frameworodel, both in
o match empal application
e purpose ofbelt system upable of condnvestigatingems under pueuing unde
Model Validto verify thaand the real
ucted. Thesal source datation researc
ere two stepthrough a nbehaviors i
at the floor-nal practicesd to the capar the same in
Operation n informationd operationaned human b
from the limatic and pfound during
way, queuingual manner bhe followingd by which ng pedestria
ults and Dy developedin moving besearch questirk. Followinn terms of itirically detens were teste
f the model,under regionducting seve
g the sensitivproposed oper crush load
dation at the modell-world conde validationata as well ch indeed pr
s involved inumber of vin terms of -belt interfas had been vacity that wanput parame
n and data cal behavior ehavior withterature was
photographicg the literatur
g regimes anby which thig and passinlane changi
ans.
Discussiod and in woelt systems. ions proposeng a series ots representarmined capaed.
as it was ornally determeral other anvity of a properational ruleing conditio
l created durditions obser
n proceduresas the proc
rovided a sui
in this validavisual meansfollowing b
ace as a resverified, the mas observed
eters.
ollected durof the mod
h the goal ofs not limitec examples re review.
nd pedestrianis validationng behaviorsing was exec
39
on orking order,
As will be ed at the begof observatioation of pedeacity values u
riginally conmined input pnalyses. Theposed belt soe sets, and dns.
ring this prorved in a mos were implecedures and itable basis f
ation process to ensure behavior, pasult of bottlemodel’s outpunder empir
ing field studel could af verifying thed to numerof pedestria
n flow formn process was, which wecuted and h
, it could finseen below,
ginning of thons designedestrian choicunder the sa
nceived was parameters, te applicationolution to chdetermining
oject accuratoving belt syemented to c
rule sets pfor the simul
ss. First, thethat the sim
assing choiceneck and b
tput performrical studies
udies that weadequately bhe model’s orical resultsan behavior
ations couldas conductedere verified teadways we
nally be uti, the model hhe project wid to validatece behaviorsame input pa
to compute the model wns investigathanges in its
the required
tely represenystem, a sericheck that t
pulled from lation.
e operation omulated pedece, and in thboarding ef
mance characs found in th
ere found in be compareoperation. T; rather, ma
r were cont
d be observad occurred inthrough an ere maintain
ilized to simhas the capaithin a contro the performs as well as arameters, se
the capacitywill be seen bted in this seinputs, analy
d platform si
nts human chies of tests hthe diverse sa wide rang
of the modeestrians obsehe level of ffects. Aftecteristics couhe literature w
the literaturd to empiriThe data thaany examplained within
ationally vern much the inspection o
ned in the fa
mulate ability olled,
mance in its
everal
y of a below ection yzing ize to
hoice had to set of ge of
l was erved delay
er the uld be when
e, the ically
at was es of n the
rified. same
of the ace of
Peter D.
Fo4.1.1.1
Althoughin everydmain vallogic matprogramm
First, theoperationthe objecsimulatioopportunvisually v
For instabe seen fthe lowerthe simulthe leftmseen thattreads – belt, who
The reasspeed, ancommutebecause oin speed forward hrequired
It is also to downhexist solepedestriabelt in sawill be co
In the coSlow witslow dow
Kauffmann
Following Behh no video eday life for idation step tched up witmed into the
e model wanal rule schect-oriented non environmnity to validaverify that th
Fig
ance, in the sforming in thr climbing splation is from
most edge of tt those combetween the
o only leave
on for this bnd therefore ers farther aof this drop they may enheadways atin that situat
interesting hill, meaningely to leave
an. The faciaturated conompelled to
ourse of condth Distance wn in the re
C
havior evidence wasthis verificathat needed
th that whiche model and
as observedemes to ensunature of Ne
ment, much aate that thesehey match re
gure 4.1: Net
simulation she left lane –peed assignem left to rigthe figure, wmuters just
emselves andone tread.
behavior is bthe TRANS
ahead along in speed onlncounter. Tt higher spetion.
to note that g that the facdeceleration
ial ellipse coditions, as thleave an em
ducting this module was
eal world as
Chapter 4: Re
s found in thation step tod to be condh was foundthen to verif
d in operatiure that the fetLogo meanas they are se TRANSIMeal-world con
tLogo Simul
second show– at the top oed to the wa
ght across thewith the lead
entering thed the commu
because the SIMS logic
the belt haly need to le
This behavioreds to accou
in the simulcial ellipse wn room in thoncept becomhose pedestr
mpty tread in
evaluation ps activated ba result of
esults and D
he literatureo be performducted was tod in the TRAfy that norm
ion under afollowing rulns that theseseen in Figu
MS rule sets nditions.
lation Showi
wn in Figure of this figure
alker. Since e screen, com
ding walker ce platoon aruter in front
rearwards cis causing th
ave had to save one empr is similar tunt for the n
lation shownwas not a fahe case of ames importarians who chfront of them
process, an by the user. fatigue, the
Discussion
e, following med based oo ensure tha
ANSIMS liteal following
a wide rangles were exee rules were ure 4.1, belo
are observe
ing Followin
4.1 a platooe – behind ait is known mmuters juscloser to the re observed t than those
commuters ahem to leavslow down pty tread to ato how automnecessary re
n in Figure 4actor. Thesea sudden stoant when usehoose to obsmselves for
additional e Because o
e effective th
behavior is on personal at the prograerature and thg behavior oc
ge of input ecuted prope
graphicallyow. This figed by the mo
ng Behavior
on of comma walker, in g
that the direst entering th right of the to leave a lcommuters
are still travve a larger g
because of account for amobile drive
eaction and d
4.1 the belt e gaps observop on the paers are tightserve the facpersonal com
ffect was obof the meanshroughput o
common enexperience.
ammed follohen subsequccurred.
parameterserly. Fortunay displayed igure provideodel as well
muters, in redgreen, becauection of travhis platoon a figure. It clarger gap –further alon
veling at a hap forward.
f the walkerany sudden ders reserve ldeceleration
direction waved in this fart of the leatly packed ocial ellipse emfort.
bserved whes by which f which a b
40
nough The
owing uently
s and ately, in the es the as to
d, can use of vel in are at an be – two ng the
higher The
r, and drops larger
n time
as set figure ading
onto a effect
en the users
belt is
Peter D.
capable dthey propedestriacause a shockwavthough wtravelingbehind th
P4.1.1.2
Because verificatiregardingpassagewensuring undertakSpecificavisually ishown in
F
In this ficompletinwalkers commutecommutestanders of the thr
The comobservedbecause tspace opFigure 3.there is ofree spacmoving fspace is space reqthese tesstructure
Kauffmann
decreases asogress forwaan speed towshockwave ve front are
walkers and cg further bachese fatigued
assing Choiceof the level
ion of theseg passing bways like mo
that the TRen as was ally, the behinspected fo
n Figure 4.2.
Figure 4.2: N
igure, the leng a pass ofare defined
ers has formers want to in that lane.ree commute
mmuter located to make a cthis pedestrien to the lef.8. The firstonly one opce available fast enough available be
quired by a ts are passeof the GO r
C
s its length inard along iwards the unto form andusers who a
commuters dck will still d pedestrians
e of personal
e procedurebehavior onoving belt s
RANSIMS pseen in thehavior of thor conformity
NetLogo Sim
ft travel lanf a platoon od with a slomed behind go faster bu In this scen
ers present in
ed farthest bchange into ian meets theft in additiont of these crien cell in frin the oppoto permit an
ehind in thecommuter o
ed, a lane chroutine.
Chapter 4: Re
ncreases. Tts length, cnloading endd travel bacare constraindo not slow experience
s.
preference s was requin stairwayssystems in gassing rules
e validation he model uny. An exam
mulation Sho
e at the top of standers (ower climbi
the leadingut cannot mnario, passinn the right la
back on the the left lanee minimum n to all fouriteria, a lackront of this posite lane. Nn improveme left lane toof three free hange will b
esults and D
his is becaucausing a cd. Above ackwards downed by the duntil they ndelays as a
present in mired. Hows and escageneral, the were followof followin
nder a widemple of the m
wing Passin
of the figur(black wedging speed tg walker.
make a passng decisionsane, who wil
belt – that ie in next simeligibility ru
r of the TRAk of free spacpedestrian. Next, traffic
ment in speedo allow a mtreads unde
be conducted
Discussion
use a longer correspondina certain flown the lengtdecelerated pnear the end a platoon o
making lane wever, becaualators as w
primary focwed. To thing behaviore variety ofmodel that h
ng Behavior
re is limitedges) in the rithan commuTheir desir to the righ
s can be undll now be ins
is, closest tomulation secoules of being
ANSIMS lance in the curSecondly, t
c in the adjad in the left
merge whileer this operad at the app
belt will seeng drop in ow rate, thisth of the bepedestrians. of the belt, f slow mov
change deciuse of the lwell as wicus of this vis end, a simr in Sectionf operationalhighlights pa
and Gap Ac
d by a walkeight lane. Huters (red) red speed inht because oderstood throspected one
o the left of ond. This beg on the belne change crrrent lane, cathere can be acent lane ilane. Finalsatisfying th
ational scenapropriate poi
e its riders tiaverage rel
s speed dropelt. Beyond Therefore, other pedest
ving riders f
isions, more lack of literithin constrvalidation wmilar processn 4.1.1.1, abl conditions
assing behav
cceptance
er (green) wHowever, bec
are, a queundicates thaof the platooough the presat a time.
the figure –ehavior is lot and havingriteria outlinan be seen inseen to be
s observed lly, adequatehe preferredario. Since int in the ov
41
ire as lative p will d this even
trians forms
rigid rature ained
was in s was bove. s was vior is
who is cause ue of at the on of sence
– was ogical g free ned in n that more to be e free d free all of verall
Peter D.
Next, thewas obsefront of Howeverand was slowdow
Finally, tin the statimeframhas beenfactor thausers as world hastudy couwith time
Fl4.1.1.3
The finalof interfaFigure 4.location i
First, thefloor anddecision Althoughand the Tdecisions
The secoby definiplatform riders thrsystems,
In experia belt wethrough a3.2.4.2, behavior
Kauffmann
e middle comerved to havhim in the
r, as happentherefore b
wn.
the forwardmander platoo
me, no acceptn trapped in at merits furthe amount ve been obseuld examinee.
Floor-Belt Intel area of moace between.3, below. Ain the model
Figur
e hesitation od the belt is process to j
h this behaviTRANSIMSs made by ac
ond cause of ition a bottlto the narro
rough the vethese balust
iments by Here observed a constrictedit is believeprovides a
C
mmuter in thve recently c
left lane sinns in the realblocked by t
most commuon since he table gap hasthe slow lanrther researcof delay the
erved to chae this effect
erface Effectsdel operatio
n the stationAs has been l has on pede
re 4.3: NetL
observed in pdirectly ob
judge when ior is based
S following rctual pedestr
delay at the leneck in thaow belt. Th
ertical balustrtrades are us
oogendoorn to have a si
d system, as ed that the framework t
Chapter 4: Re
he right (botthanged lanence that coml world, he dthe platoon
uter in the rigentered the s yet presentne for the ench (Section ey have incu
ange their beon moving
s n that must
nary floor andiscussed p
estrian behav
ogo Simulat
pedestrians wserved in than acceptinon a combi
rule set, in prians using re
floor-belt inat it represehe belt itselrades that houally separa
and validateignificant eff
seen in Secset of info
that is simil
esults and D
tom) lane ofes to the righmmuter’s spdid not lookof standers
ght lane of Fbelt nearly ted itself in tntire journey4.3), that ofurred increahavior in thebelt systems
be inspectednd the movipreviously, thvior.
tion Showing
when it comhis model inng a gap preination of pepractice it seeal belt syste
nterface resuents a constrf provides rold the systeated by a dist
ed by othersfect in limitiction 2.1.2.3ormal rules lar to that us
Discussion
f Figure 4.2 iht in an attem
peed was limk far enough
before he c
Figure 4.2 htwenty simuthe adjacenty. This behf increasing
ases. Drivere face of pros to see if p
d for real-woing belt surfhere are two
g the Floor-B
mes time for n how pedesesent in fronedestrian obeems to closems.
ults from the riction from rigid boundaem’s handraitance of one
s, bottlenecking the rate a. However,that govern
sed in the qu
is inspectedmpt to pass
mited by theh ahead befocould pass t
as been stuculation secot lane to merhavior indica
aggressivenrs and pedesolonged obstpassenger pr
orld functionface. This o significant
Belt Interfac
them to transtrians use thnt of them tservance of
sely model th
fact that them free movem
aries to the ils in positio meter.
ks like the onat which ped, as was discns transit paueuing regim
. This pedesthe commu
e leading waore merging the source o
ck at that posonds ago. Inrge left, and ates an additness exhibitestrians in thetruction, so feference cha
nality is the area is showimpacts tha
ce
nsfer betweeheir own intto board thethe facial ehe behavior
e entry to a bment on a trmovement
on. In typica
nes at the entdestrians cancussed in Seassenger queme of this m
42
strian ter in alker. right
of his
sition n that so he tional ed by e real future anges
point wn in at this
en the ternal belt. llipse
rs and
belt is ransit of its
al belt
try to n pass ection euing
model.
Peter D.
Since traescalatorsince theopposed Dutch ex
One areadevelopincrowd scthe belt b
S4.1.2
Followinassess ththe modeobservatitheir expend, this to those routine a
C4.1.2.1
Perhaps approvedbehavior determinthis goal had to be
Even thodesign fraccuracythe propoprocess b
In order (Section initializeliteraturethat sevespeed, agin Chaptchoice besame geouniversityinformati2002) fea
Kauffmann
ansit passenr or moving we pedestriansto constrict
xperiment (H
a of future ng a module
cenarios. Thby way of the
ystem Outpng the verifie validity ofel having beions found in
perimental cosection will
determined nd especially
omparison tothe most im
d was that cof pedestri
nation of thatto be satisfa
e checked ag
ough one of rom the exis
y of the simuosed model by which mo
to use the m3.3.3) had tod with the i
e review wereral studies ggressiveneser 3. In theehavior wereographical rey (Fujiyamaion to a capatured in Sec
C
ngers typicalwalkway (Ds only haveing into a c
Hoogendoorn
research (Se for implemhis module ce bottleneck
puts cation of thf the various een successfun the literatuounterparts tl investigatein empiricaly to how the
o Empirical Cmportant vali
apacity. Asans on a mt belt’s capaactorily met,gainst empiri
f the stated gsting metho
ulation comphas been pr
oving belts a
model to calco be activateinput paramere clear abou
provided ins, and choic
ese cases, ave used, someegion. For i
a & Tyler, 20pacity studyction 2.4.1.
Chapter 4: Re
lly queue inDavis & Dutte to constricorridor from
n & Daamen
ection 4.3) mentation in tcould then bek created by t
e model’s ooutputs pro
ully checkedure, if the outhen the moe the accuracl studies. Ae resulting da
Capacities idation that s was menti
moving belt sacity under a, the belt capical sources
goals of the ds of utilizi
pared to real-roperly verifare selected a
culate capaced. With theeters set for
ut the paramensufficient de behavior t
verage valueetimes in adinstance, a s004), describy conducted
esults and D
n a relativelta, 2002), thect from the m a wide aren, 2005).
proposed athe model the used to mothe balustrad
operation in duced by thed against boutputs produdel itself cocy of the mo
Attention willata can be us
needed to boned beforesystem, witha user-definepacities detefound in the
model wasing capacity-world instafied that a mand specified
ity through e capacity terth in the liteters under wdata about io completely
es of normalddition to vastudy on climbed in Sectioon escalato
Discussion
ly linear fae effects of tnarrow queuea of free sp
fter the couhat incorporaodel pedestrides.
the previoue simulationth real-worl
uced by the mould not be lodel’s compl also be paised to invest
be performede, the modelh one of theed set of inpuermined by te literature.
to separatey curves andallations musmathematicald for use in a
simulation, est switch setterature. Whwhich the beimportant chy set the inpl human exealues from otmbing speedon 2.1.2.1, wors in the sa
ashion at thethe bottlenecue into the pace as was
urse of this ates pedestriian behavior
us section, itn. Even withld behavior amodel do nolabeled as a puted capacitid to the motigate pedest
d before thel was createde major endut parameterthe model th
e the practicd empirical st be ensuredl basis can bambulatory f
the Capacityt to “on,” thhile the stud
elt was operaharacteristic
puts of the mertion and asther studies
d conducted was used to pame system
e entrance tck are minimbelt. This measured i
project invian wayfindir in merging
t became timh the operatiand experim
ot similarly msuccess. Toty values rel
odel’s outputtrian trajecto
e model coud to simulat
d goals beinrs. Howeve
hrough simul
e of movingdata sourcesd. It is onlybe brought tfacilities.
y Test subroe model coudies found iated, it was fs like pedes
model as descssumptions aconducted iat a London
provide addit(Davis & D
43
to an mized
is as in the
volves ing in g onto
me to ion of
mental match o this lative t data ories.
uld be te the
ng the er, for lation
g belt s, the
y after to the
outine uld be in the found strian
cribed about in the n-area tional Dutta,
Peter D.
4.1.2.1.1 The first By settinallowed observedcapacity
Since theduring thsimulatioeven whevarious pthere is isince pasis limitedachieve tthe speeddescribed4.1.2.1.2 A seconobservedpedestriacapacity Transpormeters placks thethe slightof the em4.1.2.1.3 A final sof lane-sapproachduplicatepedestriaDutta, 20assumed motion. and the upedestria
C4.1.2.2
In order space diatime-spac
Kauffmann
CapacityScscenario tha
ng the modeland no rule
d on an escaof 6400 ped
e Fruin studhe measuremon’s computen changingpedestrian clinsufficient ssing is next d by the prethese speedsd at which d above largCapacityScd scenario
d capacity. an parameter
of 3800 pedrtation Hander second to resolution ntly lower cap
mpirical studyCapacityScscenario wasspecific cap
hes to capace their proceans per hour,002). It is a gap of tw
Conversely,users would ans on the be
reation of Timto gain a be
agrams was ice diagram
C
cenario1at was invesl to 20% stane restrictionsalator operatdestrians per
dy did not liment period,
ed capacity g the speed passes. It is broom availato impossib
esence of w. Thereforethe belt op
ely unnecesscenario2was then aWhen the m
rs with 80%destrians perdbook showo be 4051 pnecessary to pacity foundy. cenario3
s simulated wpacity conducity, which edures in sim, whereas thbelieved thwo treads b, the simulatnot be able
elt by a gap o
me-Space Diaetter understimplementedis a plot th
Chapter 4: Re
stigated was nders and 60s, a capacityting at 0.4 mhour (Goodm
ist the averathe input pachanged. A
preferences believed thatable on a mble in these c
walkers since, it is believ
perates, thersary.
nalyzed to model was s of pedestriar hour. Dat
wed a lowerpedestrians pmodel a bel
d at a slightly
with the pasucted by Dfortunately mulation for
he study founat the reaso
between waltion determine to sustain aof only one t
agrams tanding of td into the mhat shows th
esults and D
based on F0% of the way of approxm/s. This vman, 1992).
age behaviorarameters in As it turned and lane chat the reason oving belt s
conditions it e the users ted that the c
reby making
determine tset to operatans set to obta presentedr limit of caper hour (Tult speed of 0y lower spee
sing moduleDavis and D
provided amrm. The mnd a capacityon for this dlking pedestned that at tha walking patread.
he model’s odel in Sectihe trajectory
Discussion
ruin’s measualkers being ximately 660value is very
ral parametethis scenarioout, very si
anging aggrfor this is th
system for pappears tha
that desire tcapacity of thg the inform
the effects te in an uphbserve the faby Turner i
apacity for urner, 1998
0.45 meters ped in the sim
e disabled toDutta. Thimple pedest
model compuy of 6600 pediscrepancy trians in ordhis flow rateace and inst
operation, tion 3.3.2. A
y of a movi
urements oncommuters
00 pedestriay close to F
ers exhibitedo were varieimilar capac
ressiveness phat under satupassing to oat the entire pto move fasthe belt is tiemation gathe
of the faciahill directionacial ellipse,in his sectioescalators o). Althoughper second,
mulation mat
o mimic the is study ustrian and beuted a belt cedestrians peis that the der to accoue the belt wotead was abl
the capabilitAs discusseding entity w
n a downhillwith lane ch
ans per hourFruin’s comp
d the pedested to see howcities were fparameters ourated condiccur. Morepedestrian stter are unab
ed in large pering precau
al ellipse onn under the , the result w
on of the Veoperating at h this simulit is believedtches the fin
theoretical ed mathemelt speed dacapacity of er hour (Davtheoretical unt for clim
ould be congle to separat
ty to create d in that sectiwith elapsed
44
l belt. hange r was puted
trians w the found of the itions eover, tream ble to part to utions
n the same
was a rtical 0.45
lation d that dings
study atical ata to 7200 vis & study
mbing gested te the
time-ion, a time
Peter D. Kauffmann Chapter 4: Results and Discussion 45
plotted on the x-axis and the distance traveled since time zero on the y-axis. This type of plot is beneficial because the interaction between travelers within a system over can be determined from a static plot. Additionally, by inspecting the slope of the various traveler trajectories, the speed of an individual pedestrian can be determined since distance traveled over time elapsed is speed.
Although NetLogo is capable of generating its own plots, these figures lack clarity and are not suitable for detailed analysis. Therefore, the file output module described in Section 3.3.2 was employed to export simulation data for use in this analysis. In order to generate a suitable time-space diagram for analysis, the model was allowed to run for sixty seconds in a low flow environment of 1200 pedestrians per hour under the input parameters present in Example Scenario 0, described in Appendix B, Section B.4. The second-by-second pedestrian data contained in the output file were plotted in Microsoft Excel, and an excerpt from this plot is featured as Figure 4.4, below.
Figure 4.4: Time-Space Diagram Showing Following and Lane Change Behaviors
Figure 4.4 shows the trajectories of eight different simulated travelers observed during a time window of 25 simulation seconds over a 30-tread (12-meter) length of belt. In this figure, the pedestrians are individually color coded, with solid lines representing travel in the right lane and dotted lines indicating travel in the left lane.
The first conclusion that can be drawn from this figure is the distinct speed preferences of each of the three pedestrian classes. The four standers are all observed in this scenario to have a constant slope of 1, indicating that they are traveling at one tread per second (0.4 meters per second), which is the belt speed in Example Scenario 0. Likewise, the orange line representing Walker 20 can be seen to have a constant slope of two treads per second which is equivalent to the belt speed plus its climbing speed of 0.4 meters per second. The three commuters present in this scenario represent a more interesting situation, as their relatively aggressive behavior causes some of them to come into conflict with the other users in the system. While Commuter 16 exhibits a constant speed of three treads per second through a combination of the belt speed and its climbing speed of 0.8 meters per second, this is because it is traveling in the left lane for its
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
35 40 45 50 55 60
Horiz
onta
l Pos
ition
(no.
trea
ds)
Time Elapsed (seconds)
Stander 3Stander 4Stander 9Stander 12Commuter 16Commuter 17Walker 20Commuter 21
Peter D.
entire joupasses thexperienccompelle
CommutFigure 4second, mtwo treadCommutpass. Fothree treaonce bacwould impedestriaagain. Aremainin
Commut4.4 at timtravelingCommutof three tHoweverthe left la
It is in thto investglimpse ichange cdiagrams
4.2 PThroughofocus waeffective model de
S4.2.1
The first proposedsubjectedresulted ispecifiedmost extrother, les
Kauffmann
urney throughe two walkce slowdowed to take act
er 17 repres.4. When imuch below ds behind Ser 17 enterer this pedestads to satisfyck in the rigmmediately sans must waiAt time step ng in the left
er 21, on theme step 49.
g in the lefter 21 is exectreads per ser, since Comane and resu
his way that tigate the peinto the logi
choice behavs, the validat
Potential Aout the procas on its orsimulation
etermined du
ensitivity Aand perhaps
d solutions. d to such a in the result
d by a compreme peak loss critical loa
C
gh this sectiokers travelin
wns when thtion to main
ents perhapsit enters thisits desired s
Stander 12. ed the left latrian, a “comy the TRANght lane Comswitch back it five secon51, these fivlane for the
e other hand However,
t lane with cuting a passecond until
mmuter 21 haume its full sp
time-space derformance oic and proceviors can betion of the m
Applicationcess of develriginal purpoenvironmen
uring the val
Analysis of s most obvio Already insensitivity ing maximu
petent engineoading condiad levels it w
Chapter 4: Re
on of the beng in the righey come uptain their de
s the most ins plot at 38speed of thre At time st
ane to pass Smpleted pass”NSIMS lane c
mmuter 17 left again, b
nds since theve seconds hduration of
d, appears tothis behaviCommuter
s in the rightit begins to as not changpeed, passin
diagrams maof the modeedures conta found. Us
model can be
ns loping and aose of deter
nt. With thisidation proc
f Belt Systemous applicatin Section 4.analysis by
um flows. Heer will be itions. Inste
will still be p
esults and D
elt and thereght lane. Hpon slower sired speed,
nteresting ca seconds, itee treads pertep 41, the Stander 12, ” is indicatedchange rulesquickly enc
but under their last lane have elapsedthe time-spa
be in confliior can be e
21 progrest lane. Comencounter th
ged lanes recng Stander 12
ay be createel. Throughained within ing observabrought to a
assessing thermining thes goal compess can be e
ms ion of the m1.2.1, the cvarying the
However, in pforced to op
ead, by perfopossible to se
Discussion
fore does noHowever, the
travelers in as will be d
ase in the timt is exhibitinr second. Tdotted line merging bacd when it has discussed icounters anohe parameterchange in o
d and the Coace diagram.
ict with Walexplained byssing in the
mmuter 21 is he effects ofcently it is im2 and Stande
d from the mh the exampthe model t
ations made a successful
e performane capacity opleted, other xplored.
model is to pecapacities coe input parapractical desperate at caporming sensiee the belt’s
ot need to de other two n their currediscussed bel
me-space ding a speed
This is becauin the figu
ck right afteas achieved ain Section 3other standers of Examporder to be emmuter 17 p.
lker 20 wheny the fact the right laneable to travef Stander 12mmediately er 9 in the pr
model’s outpples describeto govern foof this and conclusion.
ce of the moof a belt sy
potential ap
erform sensiomputed by ameters to ssigns it is unpacity in allitivity analyss performanc
decelerate whcommuters
ent lane andlow.
agram showof one trea
use it is folloure indicateser completina rear headw.2.3.2. How
er. Ordinariple Scenario eligible to chpasses Stand
n it enters Fhat Walker e, indicatingel at its full s2 at time steable to swit
rocess.
put data anded above, a ollowing and
other time-s
odel, the pristem througpplications o
tivity analysthe model
ee what chanlikely that al but perhapsis on facilitce under a va
46
hen it both
d are
wed in d per
owing s that ng the way of wever, ily, it 0 all
hange der 9,
Figure 20 is
g that speed ep 54. tch to
d used brief
d lane space
imary gh an of the
sis on were
anges a belt
ps the ties at ariety
Peter D.
of input the engin
Another operatingbelt systeparameteeach indiAt saturabecomes system ispedestriain the cas
In order tthe modeover the applicatiopercent owhere pa(Blue & could usean existin
A4.2.2
Another implemenrestrictiopotentialsimulatiothrough oproposed
P4.2.2.1
The mossimulatioenable oimpose ocause pedinstead bthat of ththe user trandom athis sort and movi
Kauffmann
parameters. neer can gain
reason that g under slighems makes ters. At highividual pedeation, the rid
impossible.s almost excan mix, choicse where lug
to investigatel need only
life of the on would pof cells utilizassing and oAdler, 2001e the model ng system or
Analysis of Pfeature of thnted on thens that the lly by the ped
on environmobservation
d rules on the
edestrian Behst rudimentaon deals withor disable paon its patrondestrians to
be instructedhe adjacent lato instruct thand let passiof rule set iing walks an
C
By subjectn a better und
analyzing thhtly lower inthe capacity
her flow rateestrian has leders are pack. In the absclusively drice, and clim
ggage carryin
te the sensitiy to vary the
installation perhaps be mzed, as this
other choice 1), as describ
to see whatr exceeds the
Proposed Rhe model thae simulated literature inddestrians the
ment, their efof the mode
e performanc
haviors as “Rary rules coh pedestrian assing behavns. Other quadhere to st
d to ignore tane by somehe pedestrianing behaviorincludes thend indeed on
Chapter 4: Re
ting both proderstanding
he capacity onflows is they of the systes, pedestrianess room avked so tightlsence of thesven by the b
mbing capabilng can be ap
ivity of a moe input stream
and track tmost useful density rangbehaviors h
bed in Sectiot level of infe desired per
Rule Impleat can be usebelt. Thes
dicated wereemselves. Bffect could bel runs and tce of the bel
Rules” ontained wibehavior. Itvior could buasi-rules thtrict lane asstheir lane ase quantity dens to ignore r sort out thee “walk-left/n highway sy
esults and D
oposed and of the suitab
of saturated e fact that attem inherentns exhibit hailable for mly onto the bse confoundbelt speed. lities will m
pproximated
oving belt sym parameterthe resultingin belts wi
ge was identhave the moson 2.1.2.5. flow stream rformance m
mentationed in belt dese rules were put on belty activating be noted onthe use of tilt could be as
ithin the mot can be saidbe considere
hat are contasignment prosignment if
efined by thetheir assign
e pedestrians/stand-right”ystems as we
Discussion
existing facbility of the i
systems is ot capacity, thtly less sens
higher packinmaneuveringbelt that lan
ding behavioChanges in
make little difthrough use
ystem under rs in ways thg performanith occupantified in the st impact onUsing thesechange cau
metrics for a
esign is the ire included t facilities bya rule or co
n the capacitime-space dssessed as w
odel are thd that model ed a “rule” ained withinotocol. Conthe queue i
e user of the nment altoges on the belt” behavior thell.
cilities to seninstallation.
of less impohe behavior sitive to channg efficiencig than they one changes aoral factors,
the input stfference heree of the facia
nominal cohat could ponce metrics. ncies ranging
literature asn the operatie techniquesuses operatioproposed on
inclusion of to account
y various traombination oty of the be
diagram outpwell.
e ones thatparameters that a tran
n the model nversely, a bin their lanemodel. It is
ether and chot itself. A fuhat is observ
nsitivity ana
rtance than of passengenges in the ies, meaningordinarily wand even wathe capacitytream in terme, except per
al ellipse feat
nditions, useotentially be
This partig from 20 ts being the rion of the sy, a transit ag
onal problemne.
f rules that cat for the typansit operato
of rules withielt. Additionputs, the effe
t affect howlike the opti
nsit agency care the abili
belt’s riders ce was longers also possiboose their laurther exampved on escal
47
alysis,
those ers on input
g that would. alking y of a ms of rhaps ture.
ers of e seen icular to 40 range ystem gency
ms for
an be pe of ors or in the nally, ect of
w the ion to could ity to could r than le for
ane at ple of lators
Peter D.
St4.2.2.2
In this sea transit pedestriaof handlevacuatioexit a traonto a pSpecificaelectrifieshockwav
To addremodel. whereas bump alleffect ofsimulatio4.2.2.2.1 The first in that noan uphilpedestriaSection 4
The reasosituation transit stUnder thpedestria4.2.2.2.2 Next, theto stand oagency wobservedthis scenimperfecsituation,performa4.2.2.2.3 Finally, tstairs usi3800 pedbelieved
Kauffmann
tand-Only anection, standagency cho
ans to remaining would on protocolsansit facilityplatform to ally, pedestrd rails or ove behaviors
ess this reseActivating tactivating t
l standers inf walking anon. The scenRuleScena
simulation to walking orl escalator
an mix, spee4.1.2.1.
on an uphilldescribed a
ation, and thhis particularans per hour.RuleScenae scenario won the belt. would be abd, indicating ario, it was tions in the, the removaance. RuleScenathe scenariong either wadestrians peto be a resul
C
nd Walk-Onlying and walkse to implemn stationary increase. A
s or in the cy. If it were
bring that ians at the eother hazards present in h
earch questithe stand-onthe walk-onlto the walkend standing narios descriario1(Exampthat was conr standing rewith 95% o
eds, and cha
l escalator wabove. It whe only mear uphill esca ario2(Examp
was repeated No walking
ble to enforca slight impdetermined e packing oal of perturb
ario3(Exampo was run ualker or comer hour. Thlt of the redu
Chapter 4: Re
y Restrictionsking restrictiment a rule on the belt,
A potential ase of sever
e possible foplatform to
edge of the dous locatiohigh-density
ion, walk-onnly restrictioly rule wouer class. A
restrictionsibed below cpleScenarionducted to adestrictions wof passenge
aracteristics t
was used in twas envisionans of escapalator simula
pleScenarioexcept with
g or climbingce this restriprovement inthat this imp
of the belt dbations from
pleScenariounder walk-o
mmuter preferhis slight imuction in var
esults and D
ions will be on an escalthe numberusage for t
re crush loador enough uso its capacicrowd may
ons as the cy crowds (Fr
nly and stanon would cauld adjust thseries of tria on the ove
can be found2inSectionddress the re
were enabled ers observinthat were us
this scenarioned that thisping the crowation, the ca
4inSectionh a rule implg is permitteiction, a capn throughputprovement indue to walk
m the system
5inSectiononly rules. rences, the bmprovementriability that
Discussion
investigatedlator or movr of pedestrithis scenarioding on the sers to disemity, dangerobe thrown
crowd uncoruin, 1984).
nd-only ruleause all pedhe pedestrianal runs was erall capacit
d in Section BB.4)esearch queson the belt.
ng the facialsed in the ca
o was to apps scenario twded platforapacity of th
B.4)lemented whed. Althoughpacity of 440ut. Based onn capacity wking. As w
m has the eff
B.4)With all us
belt was obset over the bresulted fro
d. It was hypving walkwaans that the o may be upart of ped
mbark from ous conditiooff of the p
ontrollably s
es were impdestrians to n class voluthen conducty of a samB.4 of Appe
stion was tre This scena
l ellipse usapacity scen
proximate theook place inrm was a ba
he belt was f
here users arh it is uncert00 pedestria
n observationwas a result owith any opfect of impro
sers climbinerved to exhbaseline scem the presen
pothesized tay that forcebelt was cap
under emergestrians tryia transit ve
ons might olatform and
shifts due to
plemented inbecome stan
umes in ordcted to asses
mple belt threndix B.
eated as a coario took plaing the stan
narios featur
e platform en a subterraank of escalafound to be
re only permtain how a trans per hourn of the modof the removptimization-boving the ov
ng the escalahibit a capacenario was nce of stande
48
that if ed all pable gency ing to ehicle occur. d onto o the
n the nders
der to ss the rough
ontrol ce on ndard red in
egress anean ators. 3700
mitted ransit r was del in val of based verall
ator’s ity of again ers in
Peter D.
the originRule Sce
P4.2.3
Based onplatform the effectracks thused to dpeak hou
In additishoved olength thsituation with modesignersactivity cinto areaevacuatioprevent owhich wbelt will 1998).
Thereforother conambulatowas discrecorded Figure 4seen towwindow n
As was sthroughpimportanpossible with conaccount conjunctibehavior for a give
Kauffmann
nal case. Henario 2 from
Platform Sizn the analyssizing for tr
ct of limitinge growth of
determine theur crush load
on to the proff of a transihat exists at
is found wiving walkws fail to leacenters, the
as where insuon situationoneself from
would requirelikely be un
e, it is of grnditions likeory facilitiescussed in Se
in a given s.5, below. I
wards the uppnear the bott
seen in the put of a beltnt to note thaoutcome un
nfidence, simfor the randion with thefrom occur
en moving b
C
However, them packing in
zing sis performeransit facilitig the rate atf the queue ae maximum
ding conditio
reviously diit platform, aa moving b
ith escalatorways in distr
ve adequatecontinual dr
ufficient spas. This situ
m being forcee the cooper
naware of the
reat importae queuing ar. Fortunatel
ection 3.3.3,simulation. In this figurper left, withtom.
description t facility it at a maximuder that arrivmulations mdomness thate amount ofrring (Sectiobelt system c
Chapter 4: Re
e fact remainstanders alo
d in Sectionies. As wast which pedat the base onumber of p
ons.
iscussed sceanother situabelt facility rs in deep trributed facile queuing spriving action
ace exists to uation prese
ed into a packration of all e situation at
ance for engrea at landinly, in additio the model A screensho
re, the instanh the current
of the Capacan be saidm queue lenval condition
must be run t is inherentf space requon 2.1.1.2), tan be determ
esults and D
ns that the cone.
n 4.2.2.2, abs seen in thatdestrians canof the belt, apedestrians t
enario whereation where is when belansit stationlities like apace aroundn of the belaccommoda
ents a publiked queuingbelt passen
t the downst
gineers and ngs betweenon to being is capable
ot of the montaneous and
queue prese
acity Test md that a steangth determin. In order using diffe
t in stochastuired per pethe total ammined.
Discussion
capacity was
bove, the mot section, a m
n exit a confas was seen that will be p
e transit patit becomes i
lts are placens and mid-rairports. Acd escalators lt may causeate them, esic safety hag area is to wngers since ttream end (M
architects ton moving beable to plot of tracking
odel as rendd maximument in the mo
module (Sectady state quined in this wto determine
erent randomtic arrivals.
edestrian in mount of area
s lower than
odel can alsmoving belt fined area. in Figure 3
present in th
trons are in important to
ed in sequenrise office buccording to and moving
e passengersspecially undazard since walk backwarthose riders
Mansel, Men
o consider pelt facilities queue behathe maximu
ered in NetLm queue leng
odel shown
tion 3.3.3), ueue exists. way is only e the maxim
m number s Using thisorder to pre
a required to
n that observ
so have a rosystem can Since the m.9, it can al
his location u
danger of bo assess the qnce. This souildings andthe literatu
g walks at ms to be convder emergenthe only wards along thejust enterin
naker, & Har
platform areain the desig
avior over timum queue leLogo is showgth meters ca
in the simul
at the maxi However,
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51
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52
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53
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Peter D. Kauffmann Chapter 5: Conclusions 54
In order to combat these deficiencies in the state of the practice, a model was constructed to create a microsimulation of pedestrian choice behavior on moving belt facilities. By creating a simulation of pedestrian behavior, an experimental approach towards moving belt research could be utilized. In this way, not only could the performance of an escalator or moving walkway installation be tested at varying levels of occupancy up to its capacity, different inflow conditions could also be tested to see the effects of changes in the pedestrian stream on belt performance. Experimental changes to be implemented in the model included input flow, speed distribution, user aggressiveness, belt characteristics, and even passing and walking restrictions that could be implemented by an operator like a transit agency.
However, the functionality of the proposed model as a research tool relied on its ability to mimic real-world behaviors. While ample research existed on pedestrian characteristics like walking speed and stair-climbing ability as well as moving belt specifications like speed, very little information could be found about pedestrian choice behavior in confined spaces like those present on escalators and moving walkways. Most research into the following and passing choices made by pedestrians dealt with wayfinding and navigation through crowds in ambulatory facilities like airports and shopping centers, not through what effectively amounted to a walled-in corridor. To combat this shortcoming in the literature, it was decided that this model would use findings from another field of transportation engineering as an analogue for the decisions made by travelers on escalators and moving walkways.
Through the initial literature review as well as everyday observation, it was found that pedestrians on belts automatically segregate themselves into two layers, one for slower traffic and one for passing. These parallel layers mimic the lanes found on a typical road, including the following and passing choice behaviors exhibited by drivers. Therefore, it was determined that automotive research, specifically the field of car-following behavior, would be the source of the choice behaviors programmed into the model. Specifically, the behavioral rules found in the microsimulator module of TRANSIMS were implemented into the model because of the way that rule-based behavioral models are especially suited to governing pedestrian choice behavior. Further benefits were gained because of the similarity between the standardized spacing of step treads on an escalator and the discrete location information found in the cellular automata simulation framework that comprises the TRANSIMS microsimulator.
5.2 Comparison to Empirical Pedestrian Behavior and Capacity Data After the model had been successfully programmed in the cellular automata microsimulation environment, it had to be validated to ensure that it matched closely with real-world behaviors. In addition to simple visual verification that the programmed behavioral rules were followed, time-space diagrams were also utilized to create a more permanent record of passing and following choice. Throughout these processes, it was determined that the simulation accurately modeled pedestrian behavior in that each of the simulated entities within the system moved in accordance with observed real-world pedestrian behavior and that the simulated users interacted in much the same way as their physical counterparts. Furthermore, the microsimulated pedestrians each possessed internal variables that accurately accounted for their own individual desires and performance.
However, the basic research questions of this study were answered through an analysis of the model’s outputs. Data can be collected both on a pedestrian-by-pedestrian basis as well as on a
Peter D. Kauffmann Chapter 5: Conclusions 55
system-wide level for all three fundamental characteristics, specifically speed, flow, and density. Not only are the instantaneous, average, and maximum values of these characteristics tracked, other useful parameters like queue length for the system and headway for the users are also recorded. However, the advantage of a simulation of pedestrian flow over empirical studies is that changes in the operational state of the system can be modeled. As was stated previously, the goal of this project was to model both changes in rules implemented on a moving belt system by the operator as well as variations that may occur in the pedestrian stream entering an escalator or moving walkway.
To this end, several capacity tests were undertaken to compare the results of the model to empirically determined capacities found in the literature in order to continue with the validation of the model as a tool for both research and design. In Section 4.1.2.1, several studies from design manuals and research studies were simulated using the model, with the resulting capacity from the model closely matching those found in the literature for a variety of operational scenarios.
However, the real power of the model comes from its ability to simulate belt operations under a variety of conditions. The previous state of the practice of belt specification was to rely on capacity curves, as was previously seen above in Figure 5.1, or empirical studies like those that were used in the capacity tests, shown as green triangles in the same figure. In contrast, this model can simulate a limitless number of scenarios over a range of belt speeds and inflow conditions, resulting in the orange region of output capacities seen in Figure 5.1 that cover the variety of conditions that can be found in belt installations around the world. Perhaps the most important aspect of the model is that it can evaluate the performance of a belt in unsaturated conditions to ensure that it remains at a sufficiently low occupancy to ensure the comfort of its riders through their ability to make their own behavioral choices, giving the wide range of output flows seen in the above figure.
5.3 Real-World Applications of the Model Obviously, a microsimulated model of pedestrian behavior can be used to experimentally predict the characteristics and performance of the physical system it is meant to represent. It has previously been seen that capacity of a system can be found under a user-defined set of inflow parameters. However, there are several additional applications to which the model may be suited that were discussed in Section 4.2.
The first potential application is not particular dissimilar to the model’s primary purpose of capacity determination, that of performing sensitivity analyses of belt systems. By assessing the performance of a proposed system under a range of inflow stream settings, uncertainty in demand prediction can be accounted for in the design process. However, this same analysis can be applied to existing systems by varying the input stream and examining the result these changes have on the operation of a moving belt system in order to determine how long an existing facility can be expected to operate under nominal conditions before improvement or replacement becomes necessary.
As was discussed above, the model can determine the capacity of a moving belt facility under the expected set of input characteristics as well as to test the sensitivity of this sort of solution to changes in that input. However, other experimental tests can also be run using the simulation
Peter D. Kauffmann Chapter 5: Conclusions 56
framework. One such example described above involves analyzing the performance of an escalator under a proposed set of operational rules that could potentially be implemented by a transit authority or other operator, specifically a rule that all users must stand still on the belt was examined. Under emergency conditions, it may become necessary to direct users to pack more efficiently onto an escalator in an attempt to increase the overall flow rate leaving a subterranean transit facility, for instance. An experiment conducted in Section 4.2.2.2 appears to indicate that this sort of rule has the potential of increasing pedestrian throughput by a significant margin, on the order of 15 to 20 percent.
Finally, because of its ability to track queue length over the course of a simulation, the model seems to be suited for use as a tool for platform sizing. Given the stochastic nature of arrivals in a conventional belt installation or even the ebb and flow seen in transit facilities as trains and buses arrive and discharge their passenger loads, there exists the potential for significant queue accumulation at the entry to an escalator or moving walkway. By tracking the length of this queue over time and accounting for the minimum amount of space required per person in order to ensure pedestrian comfort and control and to prevent the formation of shockwaves in a crowd, it becomes possible to determine just how much space is required to safely contain the expected queue. If this area is supplied in the design of the waiting area at the entry to the moving belt, whether on a transit platform or simply at a landing between moving walkways, the safety of a system’s users can be preserved.
5.4 Summary of Contributions of the Project Based on the results presented in this paper, it seems that the fundamental approach of quantifying and modeling pedestrian behavior on a moving belt system using microsimulation is sound. Furthermore, the method by which the model was constructed – using data from a number of different disciplines within the field of transportation engineering – appears to provide a satisfactory framework for pedestrian behavior. In addition, it has been shown that the model created in this project can not only be used to analyze the capacity and fundamental characteristics of a belt system, it can also fulfill other functions such as providing plots of pedestrian trajectory and assessing the effect of rule implementation on the operation of the system under both normal conditions or under evacuation protocols.
In this way, it seems that the model provides a new approach to the design of pedestrian facilities like escalators and moving walkways. By allowing the user to input the specific parameters exhibited by pedestrians in that region, the engineer’s ability to accurately predict moving belt performance is greatly improved. In addition to the benefits to capacity analysis, significant gains are also observed in how well the growth of a queue and its behavior over time can be anticipated. Therefore, it is hoped that this model, or at least the approach it takes to quantifying and modeling pedestrian behavior, is implemented in the field of moving belt specification as a tool for both research and design.
57
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60
Appendix A – NetLogo Model Code ;; A.1 Create Global Variables globals [ treads inc_create_walk inc_create_stand inc_create_comm v_belt v_walk v_comm p_stand p_walk p_comm peds_in peds_in_belt standers_in walkers_in commuters_in peds_out standers_out walkers_out commuters_out flow flow_max density n_stand n_walk n_comm o_ellipse p_ellipse p_decel avg_speed_stand avg_speed_walk avg_speed_comm queue queue_right queue_left queue_removed queue_total max_queue time selected1 selected2 selected3 ] ;; A.2 Create Turtle-Specific Variables turtles-own [ speed speed_desired speed_desired_now rand_decel distance_forward gap_forward
Peter D. Kauffmann Appendix A: NetLogo Model Code 61
gap_back gap_forward_other gap_back_other tolerable_gap_back_other speed_desired_now_back speed_desired_now_back_other speed_desired_now_forward speed_desired_now_forward_other time_since_lane_change facial_ellipse lane on_belt ] ;; A.3 Create Pedestrian Classes breed [ standers stander ] breed [ walkers walker ] breed [ commuters commuter ] ;; A.4 Define Example Scenarios to scenario0 ca set belt_length 24 set Stand_Percent 25 set FastWalker_Percent 60 set beltspeed 0.4 set pedspeed_stander 0.4 set pedspeed_walker 0.4 set pedspeed_commuter 0.8 set climbspeed_walker 0.4 set climbspeed_commuter 0.8 set lanechange_allowed true set slow_with_distance false set belt_rules "None" set belt_type_for_facial_ellipse "Down Escalator" set obey_ellipse_percent 0 set initially_populate_belt true set mergespace_walker 0.8 set mergespace_commuter 0.4 set Max_Queue_Diff 20 set ignore_lane_assign true set inflow 2500 set stopafter_seconds 3600 set decel_probability 3 set min_t_btwn_lanechange 5 set capacity_test false output-print "Scenario 0 - TNV D 2500 0.4" set File_Output_TimeSpace false end to scenario1 ca set belt_length 24 set Stand_Percent 50 set FastWalker_Percent 50 set beltspeed 0.4 set pedspeed_stander 0.4
Peter D. Kauffmann Appendix A: NetLogo Model Code 62
set pedspeed_walker 0.4 set pedspeed_commuter 0.8 set climbspeed_walker 0.4 set climbspeed_commuter 0.8 set lanechange_allowed false set slow_with_distance false set belt_rules "None" set belt_type_for_facial_ellipse "Down Escalator" set obey_ellipse_percent 0 set initially_populate_belt true set mergespace_walker 0.8 set mergespace_commuter 0.4 set Max_Queue_Diff 20 set ignore_lane_assign false set inflow 3500 set stopafter_seconds 3600 set decel_probability 3 set min_t_btwn_lanechange 5 set capacity_test false output-print "Scenario 1 - FNX D 3500 0.4" set File_Output_TimeSpace false end to scenario2 ca set belt_length 24 set Stand_Percent 50 set FastWalker_Percent 50 set beltspeed 0.4 set pedspeed_stander 0.4 set pedspeed_walker 0.4 set pedspeed_commuter 0.8 set climbspeed_walker 0.4 set climbspeed_commuter 0.8 set lanechange_allowed false set slow_with_distance false set belt_rules "None" set belt_type_for_facial_ellipse "Up Escalator" set obey_ellipse_percent 95 set initially_populate_belt true set mergespace_walker 0.8 set mergespace_commuter 0.4 set Max_Queue_Diff 20 set ignore_lane_assign false set inflow 3500 set stopafter_seconds 3600 set decel_probability 3 set min_t_btwn_lanechange 5 set capacity_test false output-print "Scenario 2 - FNX U-95 3500 0.4" set File_Output_TimeSpace false end to scenario3 ca set belt_length 24 set Stand_Percent 50
Peter D. Kauffmann Appendix A: NetLogo Model Code 63
set FastWalker_Percent 50 set beltspeed 0.8 set pedspeed_stander 0.4 set pedspeed_walker 0.4 set pedspeed_commuter 0.8 set climbspeed_walker 0.4 set climbspeed_commuter 0.8 set lanechange_allowed false set slow_with_distance false set belt_rules "None" set belt_type_for_facial_ellipse "Up Escalator" set obey_ellipse_percent 95 set initially_populate_belt true set mergespace_walker 0.8 set mergespace_commuter 0.4 set Max_Queue_Diff 20 set ignore_lane_assign false set inflow 3500 set stopafter_seconds 3600 set decel_probability 3 set min_t_btwn_lanechange 5 set capacity_test false output-print "Scenario 3 - FNX U-95 3500 0.8" set File_Output_TimeSpace false end to scenario4 ca set belt_length 24 set Stand_Percent 100 set FastWalker_Percent 50 set beltspeed 0.4 set pedspeed_stander 0.4 set pedspeed_walker 0.4 set pedspeed_commuter 0.8 set climbspeed_walker 0.4 set climbspeed_commuter 0.8 set lanechange_allowed false set slow_with_distance false set belt_rules "Stand Only" set belt_type_for_facial_ellipse "Up Escalator" set obey_ellipse_percent 95 set initially_populate_belt true set mergespace_walker 0.8 set mergespace_commuter 0.4 set Max_Queue_Diff 20 set ignore_lane_assign false set inflow 3500 set stopafter_seconds 3600 set decel_probability 3 set min_t_btwn_lanechange 5 set capacity_test false output-print "Scenario 4 - FSX U-95 3500 0.4" set File_Output_TimeSpace false end to scenario5
Peter D. Kauffmann Appendix A: NetLogo Model Code 64
ca set belt_length 24 set Stand_Percent 0 set FastWalker_Percent 50 set beltspeed 0.4 set pedspeed_stander 0.4 set pedspeed_walker 0.4 set pedspeed_commuter 0.8 set climbspeed_walker 0.4 set climbspeed_commuter 0.8 set lanechange_allowed false set slow_with_distance false set belt_rules "Walk Only" set belt_type_for_facial_ellipse "Up Escalator" set obey_ellipse_percent 95 set initially_populate_belt true set mergespace_walker 0.8 set mergespace_commuter 0.4 set Max_Queue_Diff 20 set ignore_lane_assign false set inflow 3500 set stopafter_seconds 3600 set decel_probability 3 set min_t_btwn_lanechange 5 set capacity_test false output-print "Scenario 5 - FWX U-95 3500 0.4" set File_Output_TimeSpace false end to scenario6 ca set belt_length 24 set Stand_Percent 50 set FastWalker_Percent 50 set beltspeed 0.4 set pedspeed_stander 0.4 set pedspeed_walker 0.4 set pedspeed_commuter 0.8 set climbspeed_walker 0.4 set climbspeed_commuter 0.8 set lanechange_allowed false set slow_with_distance true set belt_rules "None" set belt_type_for_facial_ellipse "Up Escalator" set obey_ellipse_percent 0 set initially_populate_belt true set mergespace_walker 0.8 set mergespace_commuter 0.4 set Max_Queue_Diff 20 set ignore_lane_assign false set inflow 3500 set stopafter_seconds 3600 set decel_probability 3 set min_t_btwn_lanechange 5 set capacity_test false output-print "Scenario 6 - FNX U-0 3500 0.4 SLOW" set File_Output_TimeSpace false
Peter D. Kauffmann Appendix A: NetLogo Model Code 65
end ;; A.5 Select Pedestrians for NetLogo Time-Space Diagram to select1 if mouse-down? [ let mx mouse-xcor let my mouse-ycor if any? turtles-on patch mx my [ ask selected1 [ if (breed = standers) [ set color black ] if (breed = walkers) [ set color lime ] if (breed = commuters) [ set color red ] ] set selected1 one-of turtles-on patch mx my output-type "Selected Ped 1 = " output-print selected1 ask selected1 [ set color orange ] display ] ] end to select2 if mouse-down? [ let mx mouse-xcor let my mouse-ycor if any? turtles-on patch mx my [ ask selected2 [ if (breed = standers) [ set color black ] if (breed = walkers) [ set color lime ] if (breed = commuters) [ set color red ] ] set selected2 one-of turtles-on patch mx my output-type "Selected Ped 2 = " output-print selected2 ask selected2 [ set color yellow ] display ] ] end to select3 if mouse-down? [ let mx mouse-xcor let my mouse-ycor if any? turtles-on patch mx my [ ask selected3 [ if (breed = standers) [ set color black ] if (breed = walkers) [ set color lime ] if (breed = commuters) [ set color red ]
Peter D. Kauffmann Appendix A: NetLogo Model Code 66
] set selected3 one-of turtles-on patch mx my output-type "Selected Ped 3 = " output-print selected3 ask selected3 [ set color magenta ] display ] ] end ;; A.6 SETUP routine to setup clear-all constraints compute-variables draw-belt if (initially_populate_belt = true) [populate-belt] if (file_output_timespace = true ) [setup-file] end ;; A.7 Adjust for Constraints module to constraints if beltspeed = 0 [ set belt_rules "Walk Only" ] if belt_rules = "Stand Only" [ set Stand_Percent 100 set lanechange_allowed false ] if belt_rules = "Walk Only" [ ;; assume all standers become normal walkers set FastWalker_Percent ((1 - (Stand_Percent / 100)) * FastWalker_Percent) set Stand_Percent 0 ] ifelse belt_type_for_facial_ellipse = "Down Escalator" [ set o_ellipse false set p_ellipse 0 ] [ set o_ellipse true set p_ellipse (obey_ellipse_percent / 100) ] if slow_with_distance = true [ set belt_type_for_facial_ellipse "Up Escalator" ] end ;; A.8 Compute Variables module to compute-variables set treads (Belt_Length * 2.5) ;; convert meters to number of treads set v_belt (BeltSpeed / 0.4) ;; convert speeds in m/s to cells/tick set v_walk (ClimbSpeed_Walker / 0.4) set v_comm (ClimbSpeed_Commuter / 0.4) set p_stand (PedSpeed_Stander / 0.4) set p_walk (PedSpeed_Walker / 0.4) set p_comm (PedSpeed_Commuter / 0.4) set n_stand (Stand_Percent / 100 * inflow)
Peter D. Kauffmann Appendix A: NetLogo Model Code 67
set n_walk (((100 - Stand_Percent) / 100) * ((100 - FastWalker_Percent) / 100) * inflow) set n_comm (((100 - Stand_Percent) / 100) * (FastWalker_Percent / 100) * inflow) set standers_in 1 set walkers_in 1 set commuters_in 1 set p_decel (decel_probability / 100) end ;; A.9 Draw Simulation Environment module to draw-belt ask patches [ set pcolor gray if ((pycor > -2) and (pycor < 3) and (pxcor < treads + 2) and (pxcor > -3)) [ set pcolor black ] if ((pycor > -1) and (pycor < 2)) [ set pcolor gray + 2 ] if ((pycor = 0) and (pxcor > -1) and (pxcor < treads)) [ set pcolor blue] if ((pycor = 1) and (pxcor > -1) and (pxcor < treads)) [ set pcolor sky] if ((pycor = 0) and (pxcor > -1) and (pxcor < treads) and ((pxcor mod 2) = 0)) [ set pcolor blue + 1] if ((pycor = 1) and (pxcor > -1) and (pxcor < treads) and ((pxcor mod 2) = 0)) [ set pcolor sky + 1] ] end ;; A.10 Populate Belt module to populate-belt if (belt_rules != "Walk Only") [ set inc_create_stand random-poisson (n_stand / 3600 * (treads / (v_belt))) create-standers inc_create_stand [ set color black ifelse (belt_rules = "None") [ set lane 0] [ set lane (random 2)] setxy (random treads) lane set heading 90 set speed_desired 0 set time_since_lane_change 0 set speed_desired_now speed_desired set speed (speed_desired_now + v_belt) set on_belt true set time_since_lane_change Min_t_btwn_lanechange ifelse o_ellipse = true [ ifelse (p_ellipse >= (random-float 1)) [ set facial_ellipse 1 ] [ set facial_ellipse 0 ] ] [ set facial_ellipse 0 ] ] ]
Peter D. Kauffmann Appendix A: NetLogo Model Code 68
set inc_create_walk random-poisson (n_walk / 3600 * (treads / (v_belt + v_walk))) create-walkers inc_create_walk [ set color (lime + 2) ifelse (lanechange_allowed = false) [ ifelse (ignore_lane_assign = false) [ ifelse (belt_rules = "None") [ set lane 1 ] [ set lane 0 ] ] [ set lane (random 2) ] ] [ ifelse ((belt_rules = "None") and (ignore_lane_assign = false)) [ set lane 1 ] [ set lane (random 2) ] ] setxy (random treads) lane set heading 90 set time_since_lane_change 0 set speed_desired v_walk set speed_desired_now speed_desired set speed (speed_desired_now + v_belt) set tolerable_gap_back_other (mergespace_walker / 0.4) set on_belt true set time_since_lane_change Min_t_btwn_lanechange ifelse o_ellipse = true [ ifelse (p_ellipse >= (random-float 1)) [ set facial_ellipse 1 ] [ set facial_ellipse 0 ] ] [ set facial_ellipse 0 ] ] set inc_create_comm random-poisson (n_comm / 3600 * (treads / (v_belt + v_comm))) create-commuters inc_create_comm [ set color red ifelse (lanechange_allowed = false) [ ifelse (ignore_lane_assign = false) [ set lane 1 ] [ set lane (random 2) ] ] [ ifelse ((belt_rules = "None") and (ignore_lane_assign = false)) [ set lane 1 ] [ set lane (random 2) ] ] setxy (random treads) lane set heading 90 set time_since_lane_change 0 set speed_desired v_comm set speed_desired_now speed_desired set speed (speed_desired_now + v_belt) set tolerable_gap_back_other (mergespace_commuter / 0.4) set on_belt true set time_since_lane_change Min_t_btwn_lanechange ifelse o_ellipse = true [ ifelse (p_ellipse >= (random-float 1)) [ set facial_ellipse 1 ] [ set facial_ellipse 0 ] ] [ set facial_ellipse 0 ] ] ask turtles [
Peter D. Kauffmann Appendix A: NetLogo Model Code 69
loop [ ifelse any? other turtles-here [ fd ((2 * (random 2)) - 1) ] [ stop ] ] ] set selected1 one-of turtles output-type "Selected Ped 1 = " output-print selected1 ask selected1 [ set color orange ] set selected2 one-of turtles ask turtles [ loop [ ifelse (selected2 = selected1) [ set selected2 one-of turtles ] [ stop ] ] ] output-type "Selected Ped 2 = " output-print selected2 ask selected2 [ set color yellow ] set selected3 one-of turtles ask turtles [ loop [ ifelse ((selected3 = selected2) or (selected3 = selected1)) [ set selected3 one-of turtles ] [ stop ] ] ] output-type "Selected Ped 3 = " output-print selected3 ask selected3 [ set color magenta ] set peds_in (peds_in + inc_create_stand + inc_create_walk + inc_create_comm) set peds_in_belt peds_in set standers_in (standers_in + inc_create_stand) set walkers_in (walkers_in + inc_create_walk) set commuters_in (commuters_in + inc_create_comm) end ;; A.11 File Output module to setup-file let file user-new-file ;; We check to make sure we actually got a string just in case ;; the user hits the cancel button. if not is-string? file [ set File_Output_TimeSpace false stop ] ;; If the file already exists, we begin by deleting it, otherwise ;; new data would be appended to the old contents. if file-exists? file [ file-delete file ] file-open file ;; record the initial turtle data file-print "NetLogo Escalator Simulation Model Output" file-print "" file-print "INPUT PARAMETERS" file-print (word "Belt Speed = " BeltSpeed) file-print (word "Slow with Distance? = " Slow_with_Distance) file-print (word "Stander Pedestrian Speed = " PedSpeed_Stander) file-print (word "Walker Pedestrian Speed = " PedSpeed_Walker)
Peter D. Kauffmann Appendix A: NetLogo Model Code 70
file-print (word "Commuter Pedestrian Speed = " PedSpeed_Commuter) file-print (word "Walker Climbing Speed = " ClimbSpeed_Walker) file-print (word "Commuter Climbing Speed = " ClimbSpeed_Commuter) file-print (word "Probability of Deceleration = " Decel_Probability) file-print (word "Merge Space Back for Walkers = " MergeSpace_Walker) file-print (word "Merge Space Back for Commuters = " MergeSpace_Commuter) file-print (word "Lane Change Allowed? = " LaneChange_Allowed) file-print (word "Minimum Time Between Lane Changes = " Min_t_btwn_lanechange) file-print (word "Percent Standers = " Stand_Percent) file-print (word "Percent Commuters out of Non-Standers = " FastWalker_Percent) file-print (word "Difference in Queue Between Lanes for Arrivals to Ignore Assignment = " Max_Queue_Diff) file-print (word "Ignore Initial Lane Assignment? = " Ignore_Lane_Assign) file-print (word "Arrivals per Hour = " Inflow) file-print (word "Belt Length (m) = " Belt_Length) file-print (word "Initially Populate Belt? = " Initially_Populate_Belt) file-print (word "Belt Rules? = " Belt_Rules) file-print (word "Percent Obeying Facial Ellipse = " Obey_Ellipse_Percent) file-print (word "Stop After N Seconds = " StopAfter_Seconds) file-print (word "Capacity Test? = " Capacity_Test) file-print "" file-print "SIMULATION RESULTS" file-print "Turtle Number, Breed, Ticks (seconds), xcor (tread count), Lane, Speed (treads/tick), Desired Speed" file-print "TIME,VALUE,ticks,peds_in,peds_in_belt,peds_out,Density,queue_total" file-print "" end ;; A.12 GO routine to go if ticks >= StopAfter_Seconds [stop] if (queue_left >= 90) or (queue_right >= 90) ; queue overflow [ ask patches [set pcolor orange] stop ] lane-change move-belt arrivals move-queue tick departures create-plots end ;; A.13 Arrivals module to arrivals set inc_create_stand random-poisson (n_stand / 3600) create-standers inc_create_stand [ set color black ifelse (belt_rules = "None") [ ifelse (queue_right - queue_left) >= Max_Queue_Diff [ set lane 1 ] [ set lane 0 ] ]
Peter D. Kauffmann Appendix A: NetLogo Model Code 71
[ set lane (random 2)] setxy 0 lane set heading 90 set time_since_lane_change 0 set speed_desired 0 set speed_desired_now speed_desired set speed p_stand set on_belt false ifelse o_ellipse = true [ ifelse (p_ellipse >= (random-float 1)) [ set facial_ellipse 1 ] [ set facial_ellipse 0 ] ] [ set facial_ellipse 0 ] loop [ ifelse any? other turtles-here [ fd -1 ] [ stop ] ] ] set inc_create_walk random-poisson (n_walk / 3600) create-walkers inc_create_walk [ set color (lime + 2) ifelse (lanechange_allowed = false) [ ifelse (ignore_lane_assign = false) [ ifelse (belt_rules = "None") [ ifelse (queue_left - queue_right) >= Max_Queue_Diff [ set lane 0 ] [ set lane 1] ] [ ifelse (queue_right - queue_left) >= Max_Queue_Diff [ set lane 1 ] [ set lane 0] ] ] [ set lane (random 2) ] ] [ ifelse ((belt_rules = "None") and (ignore_lane_assign = false)) [ ifelse (queue_left - queue_right) >= Max_Queue_Diff [ set lane 0 ] [ set lane 1] ] [ set lane (random 2) ] ] setxy 0 lane set heading 90 set time_since_lane_change 0 set speed_desired v_walk set speed_desired_now speed_desired set tolerable_gap_back_other (mergespace_walker / 0.4) set speed p_walk set on_belt false ifelse o_ellipse = true [ ifelse (p_ellipse >= (random-float 1)) [ set facial_ellipse 1 ] [ set facial_ellipse 0 ] ] [ set facial_ellipse 0 ] loop [ ifelse any? other turtles-here [ fd -1 ] [ stop ] ] ] set inc_create_comm random-poisson (n_comm / 3600) create-commuters inc_create_comm [
Peter D. Kauffmann Appendix A: NetLogo Model Code 72
set color red ifelse (lanechange_allowed = false) [ ifelse (ignore_lane_assign = false) [ ifelse (queue_left - queue_right) >= Max_Queue_Diff [ set lane 0 ] [ set lane 1] ] [ set lane (random 2) ] ] [ ifelse ((belt_rules = "None") and (ignore_lane_assign = false)) [ ifelse (queue_left - queue_right) >= Max_Queue_Diff [ set lane 0 ] [ set lane 1] ] [ set lane (random 2) ] ] setxy 0 lane set heading 90 set time_since_lane_change 0 set speed_desired v_comm set speed_desired_now speed_desired set tolerable_gap_back_other (mergespace_commuter / 0.4) set speed p_comm set on_belt false ifelse o_ellipse = true [ ifelse (p_ellipse >= (random-float 1)) [ set facial_ellipse 1 ] [ set facial_ellipse 0 ] ] [ set facial_ellipse 0 ] loop [ ifelse any? other turtles-here [ fd -1 ] [ stop ] ] ] set peds_in (peds_in + inc_create_stand + inc_create_walk + inc_create_comm) set standers_in (standers_in + inc_create_stand) set walkers_in (walkers_in + inc_create_walk) set commuters_in (commuters_in + inc_create_comm) end ;; A.14 Move Queue module to move-queue ;; move the queue towards the escalator ask-concurrent turtles with [on_belt = false] [ ifelse (min-one-of other turtles with [(xcor > [xcor] of myself) and (lane = [lane] of myself)] [distance myself]) = nobody [ set distance_forward 20 ] [ set distance_forward (distance (min-one-of other turtles with [(xcor > [xcor] of myself) and (lane = [lane] of myself)] [distance myself]))] jump (min list speed distance_forward) loop [ ifelse any? other turtles-here [ fd -1 ] [ stop ] ] ] ;; people on belt speed up and change on_belt state ask turtles with [ (on_belt = false) and (xcor >= 0)] [
Peter D. Kauffmann Appendix A: NetLogo Model Code 73
set speed (speed + v_belt) set on_belt true set peds_in_belt (peds_in_belt + 1) set time_since_lane_change (max list 0 (Min_t_btwn_lanechange - 2)) ] ;; if we're unconcerned about the queue, we prevent queue overflow if Capacity_Test = true [ set queue_removed (queue_removed + count turtles with [ xcor <= -75 ]) ask-concurrent turtles with [ xcor <= -75 ] [die] ] ;; compute queue length set queue_left (count turtles with [(xcor < 0) and (ycor = 1)]) set queue_right (count turtles with [(xcor < 0) and (ycor = 0)]) set queue (queue_left + queue_right) set queue_total (queue + queue_removed) set max_queue max list queue_total max_queue end ;; A.15 Move Belt module to move-belt ask-concurrent turtles with [on_belt = true] [ set rand_decel random-float 1 if slow_with_distance = true [ if (xcor >= 50) [ ifelse (xcor >= 75) [ ifelse (xcor >= 100) [ set speed_desired_now (max list (speed_desired - 3) 0) ] ; slow more after 40m run [ set speed_desired_now (max list (speed_desired - 2) 0) ] ] ; slow more after 30m run [ set speed_desired_now (max list (speed_desired - 1) 0) ] ; slow a bit after 20 m run ] ] ; FOLLOWING BEHAVIOR ; Determine if there is another vehicle ahead (same lane, greater x-coordinate) ifelse (min-one-of other turtles with [(xcor > [xcor] of myself) and (lane = [lane] of myself)] [distance myself]) = nobody ; if no vehicle, set to an aribtrarily large headway [ set distance_forward 20 ] ; if there is a vehicle, set distance_forward equal to the distance [ set distance_forward (distance (min-one-of other turtles with [(xcor > [xcor] of myself) and (lane = [lane] of myself)] [distance myself]))] set gap_forward (distance_forward - 1) ; if speed >= gap, slow down to gap, keep minimum speed at v_belt ifelse ((speed + facial_ellipse) >= gap_forward) [ ifelse (rand_decel <= p_decel) ; if speed is greater than gap, we must slow down
Peter D. Kauffmann Appendix A: NetLogo Model Code 74
[ set speed (max list (gap_forward - 1) v_belt) ] ; some probability of extra deceleration, floor is belt speed [ set speed (max list (gap_forward - facial_ellipse) v_belt) ] ] ; otherwise slow to gap, floor is belt speed [ ifelse (speed < (speed_desired_now + v_belt)) ; if forward gap exists, check speed vs. speed limit [ ifelse (rand_decel <= p_decel) ; if not at maximum speed [ set speed (max (list speed v_belt)) ] ; some probability of no aceleration [ set speed (max (list (min (list (speed + 1) (gap_forward - facial_ellipse) (speed_desired_now + v_belt) )) v_belt)) ] ] ;; accelerate in increments of v_belt [ ifelse (rand_decel <= p_decel) ; if at or above maximum speed [ set speed (max (list (min list (gap_forward - facial_ellipse) (speed_desired_now + v_belt - 1)) v_belt)) ] ; some probability of deceleration [ set speed (max (list (min list (gap_forward - facial_ellipse) (speed_desired_now + v_belt)) v_belt)) ] ] ] ; otherwise maintain speed ;; move people at appropriate relative speed if belt_type_for_facial_ellipse != "Down Escalator" [ if facial_ellipse = 1 [ if (any? turtles-at facial_ellipse 0) [ set speed (speed - facial_ellipse) ] ] ] ;; move the users at appropriate relative speed jump speed ;; double check for overlap if any? other turtles-here [ fd -1 ] ] end ;; A.16 Lane Change module to lane-change if ( lanechange_allowed = true) [ ;; COMPUTE CONSTANTS ask-concurrent turtles with [on_belt = true] [ ;; calculate gaps around ped ifelse (min-one-of other turtles with [(xcor > [xcor] of myself) and (lane = [lane] of myself)] [distance myself]) = nobody [ set gap_forward 20 ] [ set gap_forward ((distance (min-one-of other turtles with [(xcor > [xcor] of myself) and (lane = [lane] of myself)] [distance myself])) - 1)] ifelse (min-one-of other turtles with [(xcor < [xcor] of myself) and (lane = [lane] of myself)] [distance myself]) = nobody [ set gap_back 20 ] [ set gap_back ((distance (min-one-of other turtles with [(xcor < [xcor] of myself) and (lane = [lane] of myself)] [distance myself])) - 1)] ;; calculate speeds of surrounding peds ifelse (min-one-of other turtles with [(xcor > [xcor] of myself) and (lane = [lane] of myself)] [distance myself]) = nobody [ set speed_desired_now_forward 20 ]
Peter D. Kauffmann Appendix A: NetLogo Model Code 75
[ set speed_desired_now_forward ([speed_desired_now] of (min-one-of other turtles with [(xcor > [xcor] of myself) and (lane = [lane] of myself)] [distance myself]))] ifelse (min-one-of other turtles with [(xcor < [xcor] of myself) and (lane = [lane] of myself)] [distance myself]) = nobody [ set speed_desired_now_back 0 ] [ set speed_desired_now_back ([speed_desired_now] of (min-one-of other turtles with [(xcor < [xcor] of myself) and (lane = [lane] of myself)] [distance myself]))] ;; calculate gaps in adjacent lane ifelse (min-one-of other turtles with [(xcor > [xcor] of myself) and (lane != [lane] of myself)] [distance myself]) = nobody [ set gap_forward_other 20 ] [ set gap_forward_other (([xcor] of (min-one-of other turtles with [(xcor > [xcor] of myself) and (lane != [lane] of myself)] [distance myself])) - xcor - 1)] ifelse (min-one-of other turtles with [(xcor < [xcor] of myself) and (lane != [lane] of myself)] [distance myself]) = nobody [ set gap_back_other 20 ] [ set gap_back_other (xcor - ([xcor] of (min-one-of other turtles with [(xcor < [xcor] of myself) and (lane != [lane] of myself)] [distance myself])) - 1)] ; calculate speeds in adjacent lane ifelse (min-one-of other turtles with [(xcor > [xcor] of myself) and (lane != [lane] of myself)] [distance myself]) = nobody [ set speed_desired_now_forward_other 20 ] [ set speed_desired_now_forward_other ([speed_desired_now] of (min-one-of other turtles with [(xcor > [xcor] of myself) and (lane != [lane] of myself)] [distance myself]))] ifelse (min-one-of other turtles with [(xcor < [xcor] of myself) and (lane != [lane] of myself)] [distance myself]) = nobody [ set speed_desired_now_back_other 0 ] [ set speed_desired_now_back_other ([speed_desired_now] of (min-one-of other turtles with [(xcor < [xcor] of myself) and (lane != [lane] of myself)] [distance myself]))] ] ;; LANE CHANGE RIGHT ask-concurrent turtles with [(on_belt = true) and (ycor = 1) and (time_since_lane_change >= Min_t_btwn_lanechange)] [ ifelse ((speed_desired_now < speed_desired_now_back) and (gap_back <= (speed_desired_now_back - speed_desired_now))) [ ;; lane change while tailgated if ((not any? turtles-at 0 -1)) ;; see if space exists [ set lane 0 set facial_ellipse 0 ] ] [ ;; standard lane change if ((speed_desired_now >= gap_forward) and (gap_forward_other > gap_forward) and (gap_back_other >= tolerable_gap_back_other)
Peter D. Kauffmann Appendix A: NetLogo Model Code 76
and ((speed - v_belt) <= gap_forward_other) and (gap_back_other >= tolerable_gap_back_other)) [ if (not any? turtles-at 0 -1) ;; see if space exists [ set lane 0 ] ] ] ] ;; LANE CHANGE LEFT ;; test if in right lane, time is over minimum; also, standers not allowed to merge left ask-concurrent turtles with [(on_belt = true) and (ycor = 0) and (time_since_lane_change >= Min_t_btwn_lanechange) and (breed != standers)] [ if ((speed_desired_now >= gap_forward) and (gap_forward_other > gap_forward) and (gap_back_other >= tolerable_gap_back_other) and ((speed - v_belt) <= gap_forward_other) and (gap_back_other >= tolerable_gap_back_other)) [ if (not any? turtles-at 0 1) [ set lane 1 ] ] ] ;; PERFORM LANE CHANGES SIMULTANEOUSLY ask-concurrent turtles with [(on_belt = true) and (lane != ycor)] [ set ycor lane set time_since_lane_change 0 ] ;; increase time since lane change ask turtles with [on_belt = true] [ set time_since_lane_change (time_since_lane_change + 1) ] ] end ;; A.17 Departures module to departures set peds_out (peds_out + count turtles with [xcor >= treads]) set walkers_out (walkers_out + count walkers with [xcor >= treads]) set standers_out (standers_out + count standers with [xcor >= treads]) set commuters_out (commuters_out + count commuters with [xcor >= treads]) if ([xcor] of selected1) >= treads [ set selected1 min-one-of turtles [xcor] ask turtles [ loop [ ifelse ((selected2 = selected1) or (selected1 = selected3)) [ set selected1 one-of turtles ] [ stop ] ] ] output-type "Selected Ped 1 = " output-print selected1 ask selected1 [ set color orange ] ] if ([xcor] of selected2) >= treads
Peter D. Kauffmann Appendix A: NetLogo Model Code 77
[ set selected2 min-one-of turtles [xcor] ask turtles [ loop [ ifelse ((selected2 = selected1) or (selected2 = selected3)) [ set selected2 one-of turtles ] [ stop ] ] ] output-type "Selected Ped 2 = " output-print selected2 ask selected2 [ set color yellow ] ] if ([xcor] of selected3) >= treads [ set selected3 min-one-of turtles [xcor] ask turtles [ loop [ ifelse ((selected3 = selected1) or (selected2 = selected3)) [ set selected3 one-of turtles ] [ stop ] ] ] output-type "Selected Ped 3 = " output-print selected3 ask selected3 [ set color magenta ] ] ask-concurrent turtles [ if xcor >= treads [die] ] set flow (peds_out / ticks * 3600) if v_belt > 0 [ ifelse ticks >= (treads * 5 / v_belt) [ set flow_max max list flow flow_max ] [ set flow_max "stabilizing..." ] ] set density ((peds_in_belt - peds_out) / Belt_Length) end ;; A.18 Create Plots module to create-plots ;; compute system average speeds set avg_speed_stand ((sum [speed] of standers) / (standers_in - standers_out) * .4) set avg_speed_walk ((sum [speed] of walkers) / (walkers_in - walkers_out) * .4) set avg_speed_comm ((sum [speed] of commuters) / (commuters_in - commuters_out) * .4) ;; plot speeds set-current-plot "Speeds" set-current-plot-pen "avg Stand" plot avg_speed_stand set-current-plot-pen "avg Walk" plot avg_speed_walk set-current-plot-pen "avg Comm" plot avg_speed_comm ;; plot fundamental characteristics set-current-plot "Fundamental Characteristics" set-current-plot-pen "Walkers in System" plot (walkers_in - walkers_out) set-current-plot-pen "Standers in System" plot (standers_in - standers_out)
Peter D. Kauffmann Appendix A: NetLogo Model Code 78
set-current-plot-pen "Commuters in System" plot (commuters_in - commuters_out) set-current-plot-pen "Density (ped/10 m)" plot (density * 10) set-current-plot-pen "Queue Length" plot queue_total set-current-plot-pen "Flow (1000 ped/hr)" plot (flow / 1000) ;; plot time-space diagram set-current-plot "Time-Space" set-current-plot-pen "Ped1" plot (([xcor] of selected1) * 0.4) set-current-plot-pen "Ped2" plot (([xcor] of selected2) * 0.4) set-current-plot-pen "Ped3" plot (([xcor] of selected3) * 0.4) ;; display time passed set time ticks ;; output file parameters if file_output_timespace = true [ file-print (word "TIME,VALUE," ticks "," peds_in "," peds_in_belt "," peds_out "," Density "," queue_total) foreach sort turtles [ ask ? [ file-print (word who "," breed "," ticks "," xcor "," Lane "," Speed "," speed_desired_now) ] ] ] end
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Appendix B – Model Operation Instructions The instructions contained within this section are taken directly from the support documentation included with the moving belt system model. All documentation related to this thesis is currently hosted online at http://dropbox.peterpages.net/thesis, with the final version of the model hosted at http://dropbox.peterpages.net/thesis/Version_1.1.2.html. The information contained within this section can be used to operate that model.
B.1 VERSION 1.1 This model was created between November 17-19, 2010 by Peter Kauffmann. It is based on Version 1.0.3, released November 16, 2010. For internal record-keeping purposes, the specific version is 1.1.2.
Improvements from Version 1.0.3 to 1.1.2 include: • the ability to plot time-space diagrams for selected pedestrians • the option to create a text file containing model parameters, system information, and
pedestrian characteristics at every tick for use in subsequent data analysis. This data can be used to make more detailed plots as well. This option does not function when operated within a web browser, only through the NetLogo software.
B.2 OPERATION 1) To configure the model, use the various inputs to set the user characteristics and
composition, operational parameters, and belt characteristics. Alternatively, select a default scenario to automatically set these inputs to a realistic set of values. Descriptions of the example scenarios are given below.
2) Press "Setup" to generate the simulation environment, including creating a belt at the user-specified length and populating it with users.
3) Press "Go" to begin the simulation. To slow down the model, move the slider above the simulation window to the left to decrease the number of model time steps ("ticks") that occur per actual second.
4) For an even better view of the tick-by-tick operation of the model, press "Go" again to stop the simulation and instead advance it one tick at a time by pressing the "Go Once" button.
More information about the model's operations can be found further down the page.
B.3 EXPLANATION After the parameters are set by the user in the upper section, the model is generated using the "Setup" routine. A belt is generated at the user-specified length with alternating colors shown every 0.4 meters, representing the code-specified tread depth on an escalator in the United States according to ASME A17.1. The input parameters are also used to populate the belt so that the flow is roughly accurate from the start.
After pressing "Go," the model generates escalator riders assuming Poisson distributed arrivals at the user-specified arrival rate and composition. These riders are placed on the model using a simplified linear queuing assumption at the base of the moving belt. These users move at the
Peter D. Kauffmann Appendix B: Model Operation Instructions 80
specified walking speed until reaching the belt, where they are assigned a "speed limit" equal to the sum of the belt speed (v_belt = 0 for stairs) plus their on-belt speed, which can be specified based on whether the belt is an escalator or moving walk as well as local parameters.
While on the belt, the user speed is determined by the available space in front of them in conjunction with the maximum speed that the individual is able to travel as limited by the previously calculated "speed limit.” Passing behavior is loosely based on TRANSIMS automotive passing rules with allowances made for pedestrian-specific behaviors and aggressiveness defined by the user. At the end of the belt, riders are tabulated and removed from the simulation environment.
B.4 EXAMPLE SCENARIOS Various example scenarios have been created to show the implementation of escalator management strategies and different hypothesized aspects of pedestrian behavior. The code name for each scenario is composed of several different components. For example:
T N V D 2500 0.4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Other parameters noted here | | | | | Belt Speed (m/s) | | | | Initially simulated arrival rate (passengers/hour) | | | Belt Type (Down escalator/Up escalator (with ellipse observer %) /Moving walk) | | Ignore Initial Lane Assignment? (V=check/X) | Belt Rules (None/Walk only/Stand only) Lane Change Allowed? (True/False)
The calculated approximate capacity values were determined by turning on the "capacity test" option. This prevents queue overflow from halting the model. Simulations were then run at various arrival rates until the maximum steady-state condition was reached.
==== Scenario 0 - TNV D 2500 0.4 ==== Basic escalator operation: downhill operation, passing allowed, no belt rules, and randomized walker/commuter lane assignment. Volume is kept low so passing behavior can be observed. Slowing with distance is ignored. Approximate Capacity: 6100 ped/hr, which closely matches the 5800 ped/hr value from the 80% rule. Lane changing will be turned off for subsequent scenarios in order to reduce variability in the results.
==== Scenario 1 - FNX D 3500 0.4 ====
Original operation of this model before implementation of passing behavior: downhill, no passing, no belt rules, strict lane assignment. Observe how the system's capacity is entirely based on that of the individual lanes and the average speed of walkers and commuters by varying the walking percentage and the climbing speeds. -- Approximate Capacity: 7100 ped/hr. Notice how by removing passing behavior we make the system more streamlined.
==== Scenario 2 - FNX U-95 3500 0.4 ====
Peter D. Kauffmann Appendix B: Model Operation Instructions 81
Same as Scenario 1 except on an uphill escalator with 95% of passengers observing the facial ellipse (0.4m forward gap required for comfort). Notice how the riders space themselves out and the resulting capacity drop. -- Approximate Capacity: 3700 ped/hr, since the belt space is not being utilized as effectively. Also, note the lowered density.
==== Scenario 3 - FNX U-95 3500 0.8 ====
Same as Scenario 2 except with higher belt speed of 0.8 m/s versus 0.4 m/s. This speed is used in the Moscow subway because of their extremely deep stations. See how capacity is improved - and actually doubled - by a faster belt even in a case where capacity has been lowered by the required pedestrian spacing. -- Approximate Capacity: 7500 ped/hr, assuming a simplified boarding delay.
==== Scenario 4 - FSX U-95 3500 0.4 ====
Same as Scenario 2 except with a rule implemented where users may only stand on the belt - no walking/climbing is allowed. Observe the effect on capacity. -- Approximate Capacity: 4400 ped/hr, which is slightly higher because of the removal of imperfections in packing due to walking.
==== Scenario 5 - FWX U-95 3500 0.4 ====
Same as Scenario 2 (and Scenario 4) except with a rule implemented where all users must walk up the escalator. Although this would be impractical to enforce in the real world, observe the effect on packing efficiency and capacity. -- Approximate Capacity: 3800 ped/hr - still slightly higher than Scenario 2 because of the reduction of variability due to the presence of standers, but lower than packing in with standers alone.
==== Scenario 6 - FNX U-0 3500 0.4 SLOW ====
Same as Scenario 1 except that it accounts for the endurance of the pedestrians. Based on speed curves found in the literature, pedestrians will slow as they climb an escalator. Note that this must therefore take place on an upwards escalator, but the percentage of pedestrians observing the facial ellipse has been set to zero to remove the impact of this factor. Because of the discrete nature of this CA model, speeds must be reduced in increments of 0.4 m/s (1 cell/second), and the first of these drops takes place at 20m, which is ten treads from the exit of the escalator. -- Approximate Capacity: 5100 ped/hr. This reduction is caused by a shockwave present at the speed drop, which eventually propagates back causing a capacity drop relative to Scenario 1.
B.5 ERROR CODES Several error codes exist to display problems with a model run.
• If a feature is selected that is not yet supported by the model, the background will turn red.
• If there is a queue overflow beyond what is supported at the base of the belt (currently 100 people), the background will turn solid orange.
• If an unsupported button is pressed, the background will turn blue.
Peter D. Kauffmann Appendix B: Model Operation Instructions 82
B.6 FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS If time permits, I plan to construct and implement a more realistic representation of the bottleneck that users experience while boarding the escalator. My thoughts on this protocol would be to use NetLogo's potential for continuous rather than discrete simulation to generate users in a Poisson-distributed manner at a random location some distance away from the mouth of the bottleneck and set them at a trajectory and speed that will take them towards the belt entrance. More complicated pedestrian spacing rules would need to be developed to govern the entrance to the bottleneck, but hopefully this would more accurately model the entry behavior seen in Hoogendoorn's "Pedestrian Behavior at Bottlenecks" (2005).
The starting setup would look something like this, with pedestrians being generated on the double lines and queuing into the belt:
=========== || || __ || ==== || __==== || || ===========
More documentation on this improvement will be included at its release or in the proposed research section, depending on my committee's decision.
B.7 RELATED MODELS General inspiration was taken from the "Traffic 2 Lane" model in the NetLogo library, although it must be said that there are several bugs with that model, most notably that vehicles will not change lanes even though the model description says they should. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/Traffic2Lanes
The only code within my model that can be sourced directly to "Traffic 2 Lane" are the method by which the POPULATE-BELT procedure adjusts pedestrians that are placed on an already occupied cell and the way that the average speed of the various entities are calculated, although I have had to modify the math involved in each of these processes to fit the configuration of my model. Additionally, the method by which the user can select pedestrians for the time-space diagram is influenced by the SELECTED-CAR routine of that model.
The general code structure by which the data is written to an external file was inspired by the "File Output Example" tutorial model, available in NetLogo's internal Model Library.
Peter D. Kauffmann Appendix B: Model Operation Instructions 83
B.8 REVISION HISTORY This model was created between November 17-19, 2010 by Peter Kauffmann. It is based on Version 1.0.3, released November 16, 2010. For internal record-keeping purposes, the specific version is 1.1.2.
Improvements from Version 1.0.3 to 1.1.2 include: • the ability to plot time-space diagrams for selected pedestrians • The option to create a text file containing model parameters, system information, and
pedestrian characteristics at every tick for use in subsequent data analysis. This data can be used to make more detailed plots as well. This option does not function when operated within a web browser, only through the NetLogo software.
Changes from Version 0.2.4 to 1.0.3 include: • several default scenarios for analysis of rule-based and physical system constraints
(described below) • inclusion of a "capacity test" option • support for pedestrian passing behavior with user defined aggressiveness • improved rules for when pedestrians ignore their initial lane assignment The proposed bottleneck simulation has been suspended from this simulation and will be attempted in a side project if time permits for future implementation in this model.
Modifications from Version 0.2.2 to 0.2.4 include:
• ability for users to ignore lane assignment if queue difference is too high • accounting for the surprisingly important difference between "distance to forward
pedestrian" and "gap to forward pedestrian" • more realistic following rules for close interaction • acceleration behavior based on the literature instead of my faulty "infinite acceleration"
assumption • generally, this model has a better implementation of following than v.0.2.2, which can be
seen by the fact that it is capable of passing a realistic number of passengers for a given belt speed
Changes from Version 0.1 to 0.2.2 included:
• the inclusion of default scenarios (only one so far) • the implementation of pedestrian following behavior. Before, pedestrians would just
walk right through one another, which is obviously inaccurate but took some time to implement into the model
• support for rules that constrain passengers to walk-only or stand-only behavior • the option to have climbers "tire" as they ascend stairs • the ability to specify the minimum forward free space and the percentage of passengers
who obey this rule in order to model the "facial ellipse" that causes riders to increase the forward space on a downwards traveling escalator
Peter D. Kauffmann Appendix B: Model Operation Instructions 84
Revisions from Version 0.0 to 0.1 included: • the option to initially populate the belt with users • improved output displays and plots. • math errors (dividing by zero, mostly) involved in setting the belt speed to 0 to model
stairs have been addressed
B.9 CREDITS AND REFERENCES Updates to this model should be available at http://dropbox.peterpages.net/thesis/
All work by Peter Kauffmann (c) 2010.
