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Trading Patterns-Reformation SOL Review

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Major Trading Patterns Silk Road- overland trade route that carried goods from the Mediterranean cultures across Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia to China and back Maritime Routes (Indian Ocean)- brought Chinese products by sea to destinations around the Indian Ocean and beyond

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Major Trading Patterns Trans-Saharan Routes- trade of gold and salt

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Major Trading Patterns Mediterranean Trade Network- linked up with the Silk Road, Indian Ocean, and Trans-Saharan Routes to distribute products to Mediterranean ports (connected Europe to North Africa, Byzantine Empire, and Muslim Empires)

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Renaissance Definition- period of rebirth and creativity Humanism- study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues (differed from Middle Ages- focus was on salvation and the church)

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Renaissance Italian Renaissance- stressed education and revival of classical themes Northern Renaissance- stressed education and the revival of classical themes + religious and moral reform

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Painters and their Accomplishments Michelangelo Leonardo da Vinci

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Writers and their accomplishments ErasmusPraise of Folly William Shakespeare

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World Religions (Judaism) Founder- Abraham Holy Book Torah Main Beliefs- Ten Commandments (moral and religious conduct) Location in 1500 Europe and Middle East Location Today North America and Israel

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World Religions (Christianity) Founder Jesus Holy Book Bible Main Beliefs Jesus is the Son of God, life after death, New Testament (life of Jesus) Location in 1500 Europe and Middle East Location Today North America, South America, and Europe

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World Religions (Islam) Founder Muhammad Holy Book Quran Main Beliefs Muhammad (prophet) & Five Pillars + Mecca & Medina (holy cities), Sunni and Shia (sects) Location in 1500 Southeastern Europe, North Africa, and Asia Location Today Asia, North Africa, and Middle East

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World Religions (Hinduism) Founder N/A Holy Book Vedas and Upanishads Main Beliefs Caste System, Reincarnation, Karma, and Dharma Location in 1500 India & Southeast Asia Location Today - India

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World Religions (Buddhism) Founder- Siddhartha Gautama Holy Book N/A Main Beliefs - Four Noble Truths, Reincarnation, Karma, Dharma, Eightfold Path Location in 1500 East and Southeast Asia Location Today East and Southeast Asia

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Reformation (Four Major Problems) Usury (supported by merchants/opposed by Church) Italian Domination (German and English upset) Corruption (Indulgences and simony) Church misuse of power

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Martin Luther Major Issue sale of indulgences Actions - created 95 Theses (arguments against indulgences) and posted them on the door of Wittenbergs All Saints Church- believed indulgences had no basis in the Bible Salvation - Faith Alone (only needed to believe to get to heaven) Views about the Bible only source of religious truth (do not need a priest to interpret it for you)

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John Calvin Bible only source of religious truth Salvation predestination (god had long ago determined who would gain salvation saints and sinners) Church Hierarchy theocracy (government run by church leaders) Religious practices hard work, discipline, honesty, mortality, etc (want people to believe that you are among the saints)

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English Reformation Henry VIII Defender of the Faith (attacked Luther for the Catholic Church) + Broke with Rome(wanted a male heir) = Anglican Church (Elizabeth I) + Act of supremacy made king or queen of England head of the Church + took land and wealth from Catholic Church in England

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Impact of Reformation Peace of Augsburg allowed German princes to select religion (protestant or catholic) Thirty Years War- Holy Roman Emperor wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism (war between Protestants and Catholics) + Germany remained divided Cardinal Richelieu (France) changed conflict from religious to political Anglican church - Church of England Edict of Nantes religious freedom for French Protestants (Huguenots)

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Catholic Reformation Jesuits - seek out and punish heretics + spread Catholic Faith Inquisition enforce catholic doctrine/punish heretics Successful- stopped spread of Protestantism and some came back to the Catholic Church

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Changing Cultural Values, Traditions, and Philosophies Growth of Secularism (opposite of religious), individualism (humanism), and religious tolerance No longer a unified Church in Europe (multiple Christian groups)

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Printing Press Invented by Gutenberg Bible- first book printed Books became cheaper/knowledge increased

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Homework #s 1-30, 203-207 Next class: Quiz on this information for the warm-up! 15 Multiple choice questions