Tradeoff Analysis

Illustrative results

TOA projects

Ecuador - Carchi

• Potato-pasture system

• High external inputs

• Steep slopes

• High altitude (>2800 m.a.s.l.)

• Well-distributed rainfall 950-1300 mm/yr

• Mean temperatures (9-12 ° C)

Ecuador - Carchi

Stakeholder meetings

Indicators

• Economic indicators

• Human health effects of pesticides

• Environmental effects of pesticides• Water erosion• Tillage erosion

Ecuador - Carchi

Stakeholder meetings

Scenarios

• Price policies

• Pesticide handling (incl. protective clothing)

• Integrated Pest Management

Ecuador - Carchi

Ecuador - Carchi

Ecuador - Carchi

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Year

Inc

rea

se

in

ca

rbo

fura

n l

ea

ch

ing

(g

/ha

/yr)

A: shallow topsoil, low tillage erosion rateB: deep topsoil, low tillage erosion rateC: shallow topsoil, high tillage erosion rateD: deep topsoil, high tillage erosion rate

Ecuador - Carchi

Inherentproductivity

Carbofuranuse

Potato/dairyratio

Tillageerosion

Carbofuranleaching

Carbofuran leaching

Low

High

Carbofuran leaching

Low

High

Carbofuran leaching

Low

High

Carbofuran leaching

Low

High

Carbofuran leaching

Low

High

Carbofuran leaching

Low

High

Carbofuran leaching

Low

High

Carbofuran leaching

Low

High

Carbofuran leaching

Low

High

Ecuador - Carchi

0

25

50

75

100

0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500

Carbofuran leaching (g/ha)

Cu

mu

lati

ve

pro

ba

bil

ity

(%

)

+50%

+25%

Observed prices

-25%

-50%

EPA limit

Ecuador - Carchi

• Capacity development through IPM Farmer Field Schools

• Participatory technology development (CIALs)• Exchanges among communities

Activities centered on men

Ecuador - Carchi

Activities centered on women

• Knowledge strengthening (IPM FFS, directed training)• Introduction of IPM to grade school curriculum• Propaganda campaigns

Ecuador - Carchi

Community level action

• Strengthening community participation through:– Exchange of information and public discussion– Analysis of tradeoffs– Site visits

• Advocacy:– Elimination of highly toxics– Public investment in IPM

Ecuador - Carchi

Farmer field schools

• Reduction in pesticide use, while maintaining production (19 t/ha): 12 to 7 applications (60% less active ingredient by area)

• Reduction in use of most toxic pesticides: Metamidaphos (40%), Carbofuran (75%)

• Improved profitability: Cost/tm $21 (22%); net benefit/ha. $722 (36%); return on investment: from 120% to 145%

TOA projects

Peru – Cajamarca

• Potato-pasture-grain system

• Low external inputs

• Steep slopes

• High altitude (3200 -3600 m.a.s.l.)

• Average annual rainfall <700mm/yr

• Temperatures around 10°C

Peru - Cajamarca

Stakeholder meetings

Indicators

• Economic indicators

• Water erosion

• Carbon sequestration

Peru - Cajamarca

Stakeholder meetings

Scenarios

• Terracing

• Carbon contracts

• Climate change

Cajamarca - terracing

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

6000

6500

7000

7500

8000

8500

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Terrace productivity 1=125, 2-150…9=325)

NP

V U

S$

Terraces, low altitude

No terraces, low altitude

Terraces, high altitude

No terraces, high altitude

Cajamarca – climate change

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Terrace productivity 1=125, 2-150…9=325)

NP

V U

S$

Terraces with climate change

No terraces with climate change

Terraces

No terraces

Cajamarca - terracing

0 100

100

% Subsidy% p

rofi

tab

le t

err

aced

field

s

Steep slopes

Minor slopes

Incl. maintenance subsidy

Construction subsidy

Cajamarca – carbon sequestration

0 12000

300

Carbon (metric tons)

Pri

ce (

$/m

etr

ic t

on

)

Terraces + Agro-

forestry(high carbon)

Terraces(high carbon)

Terraces(Low carbon)

TOA projects

Senegal - Njoro

• Peanut-millet rotation

• Low external inputs

• Rolling/flat terrain

• Low altitude (<50 m.a.s.l.)

• Semi-arid climate (<700 mm/yr)

• Average temperature 24° C

Senegal - carbon supply curves

0

100

45000Carbon (Mg)

C P

rice (

$/M

g) Fertilizer

Fertilizer+

Crop residues

Note threshold effect of increased labor costs plus transaction costs.

TOA projects

Kenya - Machakos

• Mixed crop-livestock system

• Low external inputs

• Steep slopes

• Altitude (500-2000 m.a.s.l.)

• Semi-arid climate (500-1500 mm/yr)

• Average temperature 20° C