Tractors and Related Equipment

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TRACTORS AND RELATEDEQUIPMENT


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TRACTOR USES

Tractors have manyheir uses as constructionequipment. While their primary purpose m aybe to pull or push loads, they are also used asmounts for many types of accessories, suchas front-end shovels, rippers, bulldozerblades, side booms, hoes, trenches, etc.


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Types of Tractors

Tractors maybe divided into two major types:

1. Crawler2. Wheel

- wheel tractor are either two-wheel or

four-wheel.


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Factors to be Considered in

selecting Tractor

1. The size required for a job

2. The kind of job for which it will be used.

3. The type of footing over which it will operate.4. The firmness of the haul road

5. The smoothness of the haul road

6.The slope of the haul road

7. The length of the haul

8. The type of work it will do after this job is

completed


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CRAWLER TRACTORS


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Crawler tractors are usually rated by size orweight and power. The weight is importanton many projects because the maximumtractive force that a unit can provide islimited to the productof the weight times thecoefficient of traction for the unit.


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Crawler Tractors with direct drive

Some manufacturersspecifications list twosets of drawbar pulls-

rated and maximum. Therated is the drawbar pullthat can be sustained forcontinuous operation,while the maximum is

the drawbar pull that thetractor can exert for ashort period whilelugging the engine.


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WHEEL TRACTORS


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In civil engineering, a wheel tractor-scraper is a piece ofheavy equipment used for earthmoving.

A scraper is a large piece of equipment used in themines.The rear part has a vertically moveable hopper (also

known as the bowl) with a sharp horizontal front edge. Thehopper can be hydraulically lowered and raised. When thehopper is lowered, the front edge cuts into the soil or claylike a plane and fills the hopper. When the hopper is full (8to 34 m3 or 10 to 44 cu yd heaped, depending on type) it israised, and closed with a vertical blade (known as the

apron). The scraper can transport its load to the fill areawhere the blade is raised, the back panel of the hopper, orthe ejector, is hydraulically pushed forward and the loadtumbles out. Then the empty scraper returns to the cut siteand repeats the cycle.


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Gradability

It is defined as the maximum slope,expressed as a percent, up which a crawler orwheel-type prime mover may move at auniform speed. The gradability may bedetermined for an empty or loaded vehicle.


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The forward motion of a prime mover is limitedby the following factors

1. The power developed by the engine and available asdrawbar pull or rimpull

2. The rolling resistance of the haul roasd

3. The gross weight of the prime mover and its load

4. The grade to be negotiated. Adverse grade adds to theresistance, while favorable grade subtracts from theresistance.


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BULLDOZERS


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General information

A bulldozer is a crawler (continuous tracked tractor)equipped with a substantial metal plate (known as a blade)used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or othersuch material during construction or conversion work andtypically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device(known as a ripper) to loosen densely-compacted materials.

Bulldozers can be found on a wide range of sites, mines andquarries, military bases, heavy industry factories,engineering projects and farms.

The term "bulldozer" is often used erroneously to mean anyheavy equipment (sometimes a loader and sometimes anexcavator), but precisely, the term refers only to a tractor(usually tracked) fitted with a dozer blade.


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Operation that Bulldozers are

involve.

1. Clearing the land of timber and stumps

2. Opening up pilot roads through mountains androcky terrain

3. Moving earth for a haul distances up toapproximately 300ft

4. Helping load tractor-pulled scraper

5. Spreading earthfill

6. Backfilling trenches7. Clearing construction sites of debris

8. Maintaining haul roads9. Clearing the floors to borrow and quarry pits


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hydraulic-controlled bulldozers
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Crawler-mounted versus wheel-

mounted Bulldozers

Crawler-mounted bulldozers advantage

1. Ability to deliver greater tractive effort

2. Ability to travel on muddy surfaces3. Ability to travel over rough surfaces

4. Ability to operate in rocky formations

5. Greater flotation because the lowerpressures under the tracks

6. Greater use versatility on jobs


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Wheel-mounted bulldozers advantages1. Higher travel speeds on the job or from one job

to another

2. Elimination of hauling equipment to transportthe bulldozer to a job

3. Greater output, specially when considerable

traveling is necessary4. Less operator fatigue

5. Ability to travel on paved highways withoutdamaging the surface


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Crawler-tractor-mounted Bulldozer


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Wheel-tractor-mounted Bulldozer


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Computing the output of bulldozers


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CLEARING LAND


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Land clearing operations1. Complete removal of all trees and stumps,

including roots

2. Removing all vegetation above the surface ofthe ground only

3. Disposing of vegetation by stocking andburning it

4. Knocking all vegetation down the chopping orcrushing it to or into the surface of the ground

5. Killing or retarding the growth of brush bycutting the roots below the surface of theground


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Types of equipment used

1. Tractor-mounted bulldozers

2. Tractor-mounted special blades

3. Tractor-mounted rakes

4. Tractor-pulled chains and steel cables

5. Special machines with pusher bars, anddrum-type wheels equipped with blades to

chop the vegetation as the machine passesover it.


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Land-clearing blade Tractor-mounted V blade


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Tractor-mounted V blade

spitting large tree

Tractor-mounted land-

clearing rake


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Tractor-mounted clamp

rake

Tractor-pulled chain


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Tractor-pulled root plow Tree-shredding machine
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Tractor-mounted grapple

shear

Tractor-mounted clearing

blade


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Ripping rock

The major developments that areresponsible for the increase in rippingrock

1. More powerful tractors

2. Improvements in the sizes and performances ofrippers

3. Better instruments for determining the ripability of rocks

4. Improved techniques in using instruments andequipment


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Ripper

The ripper is the long claw-like device on the back ofthe bulldozer. Ripperscan come as a single

(single shank/giantripper) or in groups oftwo or more (multi shankrippers). Usually, a singleshank is preferred for

heavy ripping. The rippershank is fitted with areplaceable tungsten steel alloy tip.


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Front-end-loaders

This are used extensively in construction workto handle and transport bulk material, such asearth and rock, to load trucks, to excavateearth, as bulldozers.


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Front-end loader


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Articulated wheel-tractor-mounted loader


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Tractors and Related Equipment

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