TRACE ELEMENTS ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER IN SOME PARTS OF APOMU SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

Manganese boron iron copper selenium aluminium

TRACE ELEMENTS ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER IN SOME PARTS OF APOMU SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 WATER POLLUTION

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY

1.4 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY

1.5 RELIEF AND DRAINAGE

1.6 CLIMATE AND VEGETATION

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1GEOLOGICAL SETTING

2.2REGIONAL GEOLOGY

2.3 STRATIGRAPHY

2.4LOCAL GEOLOGY

2.5 HYDROGEOLOGY

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 FIELD METHOD

3.2 FIELD INSTRUMENTS

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULT PRESENTATION

4.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

4.2 ANIONIC COMPOSITION

4.3 CATIONIC COMPOSITION

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION

5.1 RECOMENDATION

REFERENCE

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Water is a very important component of the earthly environment. Throughout the history of man, water has always been sustaining life and serving communities. The importance of the quality of available water cannot, however, be over-emphasized. As far as Nigeria is concerned, there is abundant of surface and groundwater resources, particularly in the South-Western region which is entirely within the tropical rainforest zone (Obatoyinbo and Oyedotun, 2011). Rijswijk (1981) estimated the groundwater resources at 0 – 50m depth in Nigeria to be 6 x 106 km3 (6 x 106 m3). However, from the eight mega regional aquifers in Nigeria which Akujieze et al., (2003) estimated, the deposit of the total groundwater yields additional groundwater resources of 7.2 times Rijswijk’s figure, the total of which is estimated to be 50 million trillion l/year (Akujieze et al., 2003). Earlier, Hanidu (1990) has estimated the surface water resources in Nigeria to be 224 trillion l/year. Hence, with the available surface water resources of 224 trillion litre per year (l/year) and about 50 million trillion l/year as groundwater resources, there is an assured water abundance in Nigeria. Any shortfall in meeting the rising population needs is principally due to harnessing, distribution, delivery and quality (Hanidu, 1990; Akujieze et al., 2003).

Through the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1980 – 1990), the NPC (2006) recommended and proposed water for all by the year 2000. For this to be achieved, Nigeria launched a National Borehole Programme, which included 760 boreholes with only 228 (30%) being productive (Akujieze et al., 2003). The failure of this project may be due to poor knowledge of groundwater disposition in Nigeria, the bureaucratic nature of government projects or the attitude of new political government officials to discard their predecessors initiated projects, resulting in those ventures to be white-elephant projects. With the view and understanding that groundwater is much more of high quality than surface water (which are exposed to all sorts of pollution),

individuals have been embarking on digging wells in their neighbourhood and apartments to meet their growing water needs for their multifarious purposes.

However, the quality of groundwater depends upon several factors such as lithology and conditions prevailing within formation, quantum of water available in the aquifer and its rate of circulation. Apart from these factors, the activities of microorganisms, temperature and pressure are also responsible for the chemical characteristic of groundwater (Ramanathan,2004). Therefore, groundwater is not entirely pure water because it usually contains dissolved mineral ions (Okagbue, 1988). The type and concentration of these dissolved minerals can affect the usefulness of groundwater for different purposes (Boyle, 1988). If certain mineral constituent are present in excessive amounts, some type of treatment may be necessary to either change or remove the dissolved mineral before the water can be used for the intended purpose. The major cations found in groundwater include calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and anions such as bicarbonate (HCO3-), sulphates (SO42-), chloride (Cl-) with non-ionic constituents like oxides, phenols, synthetic detergents, dissolved gases e.g. oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) (Tijani, 1994). These constituents result in the good quality of groundwater when they are present in optimum concentrations.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

This project is aimed at:

Investigating the quality of groundwater in the study area Knowing the level of pollution in the study area Proffering, if possible a remediation process and design of proper and

efficient management that will be environmentally safe To access and determine the nature of groundwater contamination in the

study area. To contribute to the knowledge on groundwater generally for future use by

other researchers. To compare the quality of water samples collected from the study area with

the Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS), approved by standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON) drinking water standards and world Health Organization (WHO).

1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Samples were taken at different locations in Apomu area in Osun state. Physical parameters of ground water were carries out on the samples to determine its ph, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS). The geochemical analyses of the samples in order to its portability were also undertaken. This study will be relevant to researchers because the results would provide necessary informations for future studies of other forms of research.It will provide knowledge an groundwater to geologists dealing in groundwater as commercial business.

1.4 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY

The study area lies within longitude N 7o 18I 40 and latitudeE4o 11I 20

respectively. The area is accessible through good road network and several footpaths which made sampling easier. Neighboring towns are Ikire and OriEru.

The study area is accessible through good motor able roads. There are major roads minor roads and footpaths but so of the footpaths have been turned to major roads due to recent development in the area.

Figure 1. Accessibility map of Apomu

1.5 RELIEF AND DRAINAGE

The study area has

Figure 2. Drainage Map of Apomu

1.6 CLIMATE AND VEGETATION

The state is covered by secondary forest and in the northern part, the derived Savannah mosaic predominates. Originally, virtually all parts of the state had a natural lowland tropical rain forest vegetation, but this has since given way to secondary forest regrowth. Among the reasons for this are fuel wood production, road construction, clay and sand quarrying and traditional farming practices.

Human interference, by way of cocoa plantation, but has replaced the forest. Hence, the natural tree species have given way to oil palm and dense thickets. Mature forests still in the Owu forest reserve at the southern part of the State.

The climate of the Southwestern Nigeria is monsoonal in character and like all monsoonal climates, it has a contrast between well-defined dry and wet seasons (Adebekun, 1978). The wet season lasts from April to October with an annual rainfall of about 2500mm at the coast and about 1220mm at the northern limit of the forest belt (Gilbert, 1969). The monthly mean minimum temperature is about 22.480C while the monthly mean maximum temperature is about 31.240C with the average yearly temperature of about 26.60C. Furthermore, the average yearly relative humidity is about 76.05% (Federal Office of Statistics, 1988).

Map of Nigeria showing Vegetation

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Assessment of groundwater quality has been undertaken on several parameters in check. Quite a number of scholars have researched into groundwater quality, among which are (Ajibade et al. 2009 and 2011, Aiyegbusi et al. (2010), Bruce and Hobson,(1979), Babiker,(2007), and WHO,(2006).

Ajibode et al, (2011), recognized that rapid growth in urban population, industrial activities, commercial activities and agricultural development especially in Ibadan area are major factors controlling astronomical increase in the search and uses of portable water.

Comparative and correlative study with Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD) data of some industries in Nigeria and Ghana revealed the BOD concentration in some selected area in Ota is slightly polluted. Ajibade et al. (2009).

Water is an essential part of life and lack of fresh water readily available for drinking, for use in the industry, agricultural use for so many other purposes where is essential is a limiting factor hindering developments in many parts of globe (WHO,1991).

No existing water can be referred to as pure water since it contains some ions, gases and other substances can be present in it and would also be present as dissolved solids. As water sweeps into the ground, some of it clings to particles of soil or to roots of plants just below the land surface. Minerals are dissolved in the rock over a long period of time and the movement of groundwater in fractures of such; all these change the quality of groundwater In that environment (Ako et al 1990).

However, there is need to study and monitor the changes in the quality of groundwater taking place and be able to deduce the use of such water based on the quality. Hence, water quality determines the water usage.

These criteria were proposed by Davies and De Weist (1996) are used for classifying standard of drinking water and these are the presence of objectionable tastes, odour,color and the presence of substances with adverse physiological effect. A complete appraisal of available water resources in any area is accomplished when aspects of water quality are included.

Randall et al (1978) investigated into water supply on how it affects health and according to them, some relations have been recognized between water and health sine the time of Hipporates. For consumption by human beings, portable water must meet some quality standards, These standards which are set for all the metallic and non-metallic components of water are set for all the metallic and non-metallic components of water are set by the prevalent bodies such as environmental Protection Agency (EPA) etc.

Freeze and cherry discovered that surface and groundwater are not safe for consumption and consequently need treatment to render them safe before they are turned into the distribution system.

In recent years, the mobility of trace elements in groundwater has received considerable attention of some special interest are the trace metals in groundwater, for which maximum permissible or recommended limits have been set in drinking water standards. These include As, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn and Zn (WHO,1993).

CHAPTER 2

2.1 REGIONAL GEOLOGY

GEOLOGIC SETTING

2.0 REGIONAL GEOLOGY

The rocks in the study area belong to the Precambrian basement complex of Southwestern Nigeria, which itself is part of the basement rocks of Nigeria. The Basement Complex forms a part of the Pan-African mobile belt and lies between the West-African and Congo Cratons and South of the Touareg Shield (Black, 1980). It is intruded by the Mesozoic cal alkaline ring complexes (Younger Granite) of the Jos Plateau and lies uncomfortably overlain by cretaceous and younger sediments. The Nigeria Basement was affected by the 600Ma Pan-African orogeny and it occupies the re-activated region which resulted from the plate collision between the passive continental margin of the West African Craton and the active pheurasian continental margin (Burke and Dewey, 1972; Dada, 2006). The basement rocks are believed to be result of at least four major orogenic cycles of deformation, metamorphism, which was further followed by extensive migmitazition, grantization and gneissification of granites and granitoids are associated contact metamorphism accompanied by the end stages of the last deformation. The end of the orogeny was marked by faulting and fracturing (Gandu et al., 1986; Rahaman (1976, 1988) during some geological and petrological investigation, classified the Nigeria Basement Complex into six major groups of rocks. They are;

• Migmatite- gneiss- quartzite complex.

• Slightly migmatised to non-migmatised metasediment and meta-igneous rocks.

• Chanockitic, gabbroic and dioritic rocks.

• The older granite suites.

• Metamorphosed to unmetamorphosed calc-alkaline volcanic and hypabyssal rocks.

• Unmetamorphosed dolerite dykes, basic dyke and syenite dyke.

2.1 LOCAL GEOLOGY OF THE AREA

The area covered by the southwestern Nigeria basement complex lies between latitudes 70N and 100N and longitudes 30E and 60E right in the equatorial rain forest region of Africa. The main lithologies include the amphibolites, migmatite gneiss, granites and pegmatites. Other important rock units includes the schists, made up of biotite schist, quartzite, schist talk-tremolite schist, and the muscovite schists. The crystalline rocks intruded into these schistose rocks. For the purpose of this chapter, discussion is limited to the crystalline basement rocks of southwestern Nigeria.

The amphibolites and the hornblende gneiss

The amphibolites and hornblende gneiss are the mafic and intermediate rocks in southwestern Nigeria. The amphibolites are made up of the massive melanocratic and foliated amphibolites. In Illesha and Ife areas these amphibolites occur as a low lying outcrops and most are seen in riverbeds. The massive melanocratic amphibolites is darkish green and fine grained. Commonly hornblende gneiss outcrops share common boundaries melanocratic amphibolites. This rock (hornblende gneiss) crops out at Igangan, Aiyetoro and Ifewara, along Ile-Ife road as low lying hills in southwestern Nigeria. The hornblende gneiss is highly foliated, folded and faulted in places.

The Magmatite-gneiss complex

The geotectonic complex which constitutes over 75% of the surface area of the southwestern Nigeria basement complex is said to have evolved through 3 major geotectonic events:

• Initiation of crust forming process during the Early Proterozoic (2000Ma) typified by the Ibadan (Southwestern Nigeria) grey gneisses considered by Woakes et al; (1987) as to have derived directly from the mantle.

• Emplacement of granites in Early Proterozoic (2000Ma).

• The Pan African events (450Ma-750Ma). Rahaman and Ocan (1978) on the basis of geological field mapping reported over ten evolutionary events within the basement complex with the emplacement of dolerite dykes as the youngest.

2.4 HYDROGEOLOGY

Complex geological, hydrological, and metrological factors control distribution and circulation of groundwater. A saturated rock may have all its opening and interstices filled with water. This is dependent on the type of rocks. Therefore, for good groundwater transmission, an aquifer must posses high porosity and permeability.

In the works of Onwuka, (1990), three main hydro geologic units were delineated in the Dahomey basin which is upper aquifer(alluvium and coastal plain sands), middle aquifer (Ilaro formation) and lower aquifer (Abeokuta formations) lying directly on the basement complex. However, the continuity of these aquifers in terms of type materials and hydraulic properties are said to vary from location to location and seems not restricted to any particular direction (Idowu et al. 1999). In the study area, the main hydrogeologic unit is Quatenary alluvium coastal plain sands. The relationship between the local geology and hydrologic characteristics is the delineation of the four aquifers that falls within the strata.These aquifers are encountered near the zero elevation and it extends towards to a depth of about 80m. The second aquifer usually occur at depth of about 80-150m below ground level while the third aquifers are usually struck at the depth of about 150-250m with the thickness of the permeable layers rarely exceeding 25m. The fourth aquifer is deeper than 450m, and it is associated with Ilaro/Abeokuta formation.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

This chapter gives full information of the method employed in the collection of the samples, preservation, laboratory analysis and physical parameters that were obtained. Prior to sampling, a preliminary survey of the studied area was carried out after which samples location were selected.

References were also made to past related works, journals, and maps, while results of the analyses were compared with Standard Organization of Nigeria (2007) and World Health Organization (2006).

3.1 FIELD METHOD

A total of twenty five samples were collected each for cations (acidified), anions and heavy metal analysis in which the trace elements can be extracted from and sampling points were geo-located with the use of Global Positioning System (GPS). Prior to sampling, the plastic bottles used were thoroughly washed and rinsed twice with the samples itself to prevent contamination and were also well labeled. Physical parameters obtained in-situ includes pH, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC). These parameters were determined directly by the use of HACH sensION1 potable pH meter,

Water samples for the analysis were acidified with two drops of tri-oxo nitrate (iv) acid (HNo3) prior to laboratory investigation at ACME Laboratories, Vancouver, Canada.

3.2 FIELD INSTRUMENT

The field instrument used for sampling are plastic bottles, global positioning system (GPS), pH meter, paper tape, permanent marker, trioxonitrate (iv) acid (HNo3)

3.3 PURIFICATION OF COLLECTION CONTAINERS AND LABORATORY APPARATUS

All plastics utilized were pre-washed with detergent water solution, rinsed with tap water and soaked for 48hrs in 50% HNO3, then rinsed thoroughly with distilled ionized water. They were then air-dried in a dust free environment. This was done to remove any present metals in order to avoid error.

3.4 FIELD ANALYSIS OF PARAMETERS

a) Temperature

This is measured with mercury thermometer. The thermometer is put in water and the value is read odd directly. The type of thermometer used in Mercury-in-glass and was calibrated in degree celcius(0c)

b) Ph

The Ph is measured using ph meter with a reference electrode immersed in a sample solution. In most cases, buffer solution of KMOF is used to calibrate the ph meter.

Procedure for measurement of ph

1) Check to confirm, that the correct electrode has been connected to the ph meter.

2) If the manual temperature compensation is employed, set the control to the appropriate temperature.

3) Standardize the Ph meter using buffer solution close to the ph value of the water to be tested. Thoroughly wash the electrode with distilled water and then the sample tube measured.

4) Measured ph in an unstirred solution to an accuracy of 0.1 ph unit5) Between measurements, keep electrodes in distilled water.

b) Total Dissolved Solids

Solids may be present in suspension and the procedure for its analysis involves gravimetric analysis requiring the measurement of mass. A balance capable of measuring 0.0001g is needed, an oven, a dessicator and also a steam bath is required.

Procedure of measurement of TDS

1) Place a grassfire filter dish on its holder2) Wash three times with 20ml distilled water3) Heat clean evaporating dish at 105o c and cool I n the desiccator.4) Filter a known volume of water, (say 150ml) of water sample through the

glass fibre filter and continue to apply the vacuum for three times.5) Transfer a known volume (say 100ml) of the filtered sample to the

weighted evaporating dish.6) Evaporate on a steam bath and dry for 1 hour in an oven at 105o c.7) Remove from the oven , cool and place in a desiccator.8) Weigh the dish, repeat steps 6 and 7 until a constant mass is obtained

TDS is measured in mg/1 i.e. the ratio of mass of residue to the volume of filtrate.

Map showing sampling points

SAMPLE CODES AND THEIR LOCATION CO-ORDINATES

Sam-ple no

location name

GPS reading Heightabove sea level (m)

Heightof the well(m)

Purpose of the well

Close to septic tank(m)

Nearness to stream (m)

Close to Waste dump

Depth of the well (m)

pH

1 House in apomu

N070 20’ 26.6’E004011’55.0’’

238.4 1 Domestic use

15 N.A. N.A. 6 6.5

2 Block industry

N07020’26.4’’E004011’50.1’

224.5 None IndustrialUse

N,A. N.A. N,A, 6 6

3 Restaurant

N07020’32.3’’E004011’42.7’’


Far N.A. N.A. 6 5

4 Along the road (abandoned)

N07020’32.3’’E004011’42.7’’

220.2 1 Aban-doned well

25. N.A. N.A. 4 5.5

5 Mosque along the road

N07020’35.3’’E004011’40.1’’

209.8 1 Ablution purpose

N.A. N.A. N.A. 4 6

6 Along the road close to a shop

N07020’39.1’’E004011’34.7’’


Far 20 N.A. 2 5

7 Along the road close to a mosque

N07020’43.8’’E004011’26.9’’

218.1 0.5 Ablution use

N.A. N.A. N.A. 1 5

8 Close to a house along the road

N07020’59.3’’E004011’19.7’’


15 100 N.A. 5 6

9 Dump site

N07021’5.2’’E004011’16.9’’

202.5 0.5 Block molding

N.A. 15 10 1 5.5

10 Along the road

N07021’15.7’’E004011’4.9’’


N.A. N.A. N.A. 3 5

11 Along the road

N07020’52.6’’E004011’13.7’’


N.A. N.A N.A. 6 5.5

12 Along the road

N07020’58.3’’E004011’06.6’’


N.A. N.A. N.A. 5 6

13 Anglican church

N07021’06.0’’E004010’59.2’’


N.A. N.A. N.A. 4 6

Sam-ple no

Location name

GPS reading Height above sea level (m)

Height of the well (m)

Purpose of the well

Close to septic tank (m)

Nearness to stream (m)

Close to waste dump (m)

Depth of the well (m)

pH

14 Along the road

N07021’07.4’’E004010’52.3’’


N.A. N.A. 15 2 6

15 Along the road

N007021’11.7’E004010’18.4’’

202.1 1 Aban-doned well

N.A. N.A. N.A. 9 5

16 Along the road

N07021’08.3’’E004010’18.4’


N.A. N.A. N.A. 12 5

17 Junction N07021’13.9’’E00410’49.8’’


N.A. 5 N.A. 2 5.5

18 In front of a boutique

N07021’14.5’’E004010’55.3’

197.7 0.5 Domestic use

N.A. 8 N.A. 1 6

19 Very close to the road

N07021’14.3’’E004010’54.1’

196.9 I Domestic use

N.A. 20 N.A. 1 6

20 Close to a house

N07021’15.4’’E004010’56.2’


N.A. N.A. N.A. 2 5.5

21 Along the road

N07O21’16.7’’E004011’01.8’


N.A. N.A. N.A. 6 6

22 Along the road

N07021’16.7’’E004011’04.5’


N.A. N.A. N.A. 7 5

23 Close to a gutter beside a salon

N07022’0.48’’E004011’16.3’


N.A. N.A. N.A. 5 5.5

24 Along the road

N07022’06.4’’E004011’29.8’

215.8 I Domestic use

N,A, N.A. N.A. 4 5.5

25 Along the road

N007022’1’’E004011’24.3’


N.A. N,A, N.A. 2 6.6

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS, INTERPRETATIONS AND DISCUSSION

4.0 RESULT PRESENTATION

This chapter presents the results obtained from geochemical analyses of groundwater in the study area, their interpretations and general discussions. The results of the physical parameters are shown in the table below:

Conductiviy Turbidity

TDS Hardness Alkalinity Color

µS/cm FTU mg/L mg/L CaCO3 mg/L CaCO3

Sample1 110 1.44 75 36 56 cloudy2 360 19.39 240 112 84 cloudy3 270 6.04 180 66 72 milky4 290 180 195 104 100 cloudy5 470 4.57 305 140 128 cloudy6 470 0.39 315 132 132 cloudy7 290 1.11 195 70 74 milky8 360 1.21 240 130 116 cloudy9 330 3.16 220 120 116 cloudy10 540 4.09 360 158 136 cloudy11 700 2.62 470 260 160 cloudy12 980 74.44 650 256 192 cloudy13 1040 12.43 690 215 174 cloudy14 1130 1.68 750 208 212 cloudy15 260 10.64 175 90 94 milky16 100 170.52 70 28 34 milky17 620 3.23 410 148 168 milky18 580 0.83 309 180 130 cloudy19 720 2.66 480 208 166 cloudy20 860 17.66 570 206 152 cloudy21 380 22.02 255 98 100 cloudy22 480 0.33 320 86 72 cloudy23 1030 0.12 690 290 232 cloudy24 630 0.94 420 162 132 clouy25 540 0 360 132 144 cloudystdev 289.463296

548.66851

192.0992

69.20741771

48.82663208

W.H.O 500

4.1 physical characteristics

4.1.1 pH

This is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration which determines the acidity, and alkalinity of water. The pH value indicates whether water is likely to be either corrosive or scale forming. According to W.H.O, (2006) standard, the ph value of acceptable water must be less than 6.5 or greater than 9.2 is harmful. The ph of samples ranges from 5.52 – 6.o.

4.1.2 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS

Total dissolved solid is a measure of the combined content of all inorganic and organic substances contained in a liquid in molecular, ionized or micro-granular suspended form. It is used in the study of water quality. The TDS range of water sample is between 70-690mg/1.

4.1.3 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

Electrical conductivity is a measure of ions and salinity conductivity, the conductance of ground water have a wide range depending on rock types and length of reaction time and in some cases may approach those of the rain from which they originated or exceed that of the sea water. Measurement of conductivity is used as a guide in selection of laboratory procedures for determining dissolved constituents and indicates the dissolved solids content of water for water portability. The conductivity of the water sample ranges between 100- 1130.

From the result of the analysis EC range is 100 – 10400 µs/cm, with an average of 24.37 which is below W.H.O. (2006), since low amount of electrolyte does not have negative effect on humans, therefore, the range is acceptable. The TDS and EC values fall within W.H.O. (2006) standard for drinking water of 500mg/1.

Drinking water standard of the selected parameters by the standard organization of Nigeria

PARAMETER RANGE MAXIMUM HEALTH IMPACTPERMIT BY SON

Temp 28.0 - 32.6 Ambient NonePh 5.0 - 6.5 8.5 NoneEC 100 - 1130 NoneTDS 70 - 690 500 mg/l NoneHardness 28 - 290 150 mg/l NoneAl 1.0 - 8211 0.2 mg/l Potential neurodegenerative disorderFe 0 -1342 0.3mg/l NoneMn 0.00-1371.18 0.2mg/l Neurological disorderB 7 - 155 2.4 mg/l Diarrhoea,vomittingSe 0.00 - 4.2 4 mg/l Hair of finger nail lossesCu 0.00 - 14.2 1 mg/l Gastrointestinal disorder

Variation plot for the physical parameters

Trace composition

Aluminium which is has the highest concentration especially in location 16 ranges from 1 to 8211ppb followed by Manganase which range from 0.00 to 1371ppb. Then Iron (Fe) ranges from 0 to 1442ppb. The next is Boron (B) that also range between 7 to 155.

Then selenium is below 4.2 in all samples and copper which is the least abundant ranges between 0.10 to 14.2ppb

CONCENTRATION VALUES OF CATIONS IN THE SAMPLED WELLS

Sample Cu Fe Al B Mn Se

1 0.2 <10 63 8 0.22 <0.52 0.5 <10 10 13 13.49 1.63 <0.1 <10 10 <5 0.69 1.44 3.1 <10 47 18 6.73 0.95 1.7 <10 12 28 0.98 1.06 <0.1 <10 3 21 0.42 1.97 1.8 <10 12 14 3.99 1.28 <0.1 <10 8 8 0.42 <0.59 0.8 <10 2 7 0.40 0.610 1.7 <10 2 10 6.33 0.9

11 <0.1 <10 <1 14 0.57 0.712 0.6 <10 39 78 2.91 1.513 0.5 <10 1 73 2.39 4.214 0.7 <10 1 90 1.44 3.815 3.1 <10 14 60 0.36 3.316 0.2 1342 8211 8 6.72 <0.517 0.4 <10 17 18 <0.05 1.118 2.0 <10 17 21 29.40 0.819 0.7 <10 4 35 21.35 1.720 0.8 <10 14 25 1.56 1.421 1.7 58 179 11 4.31 1.222 4.3 <10 14 8 1371.18 <0.523 0.2 <10 2 16 1.16 1.224 1.8 <10 30 23 4.68 1.225 14.2 <10 18 155 4.82 1.1

In the study area, the concentrations of the trace elements are in the order

That Aluminium (Al) > Manganese(Mn) > Iron (Fe)>Boron(B) > selenium (Se) > Copper (Cu).. Al has the highest concentration in the study area while Cu is with the lowest concentration.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2500

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Fe

Fe

WELLS

CON

CEN

TRAT

ION

S (p

pm)

Concentration of Fe in the study area

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 250

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

B

B

WELLS

CON

CEN

TRAT

ION

S (p

pm)

Concentration of Boron In the study area

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 250.00

200.00

400.00

600.00

800.00

1000.00

1200.00

1400.00

1600.00

Mn

Mn

WELLS

CON

CEN

TRAT

ION

S (p

pm)

Concentration of Mn in the study area

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 250.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

CU

CU

WELLS

CON

CEN

TRAT

ION

S (p

pm)

Concentration of CU in the study area

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 250.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

Se

Se

WELLS

CON

CEN

TRAT

ION

S (p

pm)

Concentration of Se in the study area

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 250

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

Al

Al

WELLS

CON

CEN

TRAT

ION

S (p

pm)

Concentration of Al in the study area

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

0.00

1000.00

2000.00

3000.00

4000.00

5000.00

6000.00

7000.00

8000.00

9000.00

MnAl

MnFeBAlSeCu

WELLS

CON

CEN

TRAT

ION

S (P

PB)

FIG :Variation plots for trace elements showing their various concentrations in the study area

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0.00

200.00

400.00

600.00

800.00

1000.00

1200.00

1400.00

MnSON

Wells

CON

CEN

TRAT

ION

S (p

pm)

Comparison of Mn with SON standard

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00

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

SONFe

WELLS

CON

CEN

TRAT

ION

(ppm

)

Comparison of Fe with SON standard

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2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

CuSON

WELLS

CON

CEN

TRAT

ION

(ppm

)

Comparison of Cu with SON standard

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 250

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

BSON

WELLS

CON

CEN

TRAT

ION

(ppm

)

Comparison of B with SON standard

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0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

AlSON

WELLS

Conc

entr

ation

(ppm

)

Comparison of Al with SON standard

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 250.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

SeSON

WELLS

CON

CEN

TRAT

ION

(ppm

)

Comparison of Se with SON standard

STATISTICAL PARAMETERS OF GEOCHEMICAL DATA OF WATER SAMPLE IN THE STUDY AREA

TRACE ELEMENTS ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER IN SOME PARTS OF APOMU SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

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