1. Introduction

Toyoaki NishidaKyoto University

Artificial Intelligence Adv., April 10th, 2013

Copyright © 2013 Toyoaki Nishida All Rights Reserved.

At a marketplace

Under cherry blossom

At a seminar room

Conversation is everywhere in our life 

Potential motivations:

(1) Interactional goal: to achieve social goals… inform, inquiry, request, propose, admit, greet, …

(2) Transactional goal: to create and maintain stories… storytelling as understanding and knowledge creation

(3) For entertainment: to play… conversation as a play

Why do people converse with each other?

Conversation is a complex business

Eye gaze

Hand gesture PosturePara linguistic

AskingNegotiating

Proposing

ConvivialitySocial networksTrust

Conversation is a complex business

[Clark 1996]

Adam: Sit down here [pointing at a chair] would youBart: ...

A

B

A+B

AdamBart

Sit down here would you

Conversation is a complex business

Level      A’s actions in progress4             A is proposing to B that B sit here for A.3             A is asking B to sit here.2             A is presenting to B a signal composed of “here”

plus pointing at the chair.1             A is executing for B’s perception the articulation of “here” 

and the movement of his arm.

Level      B’s actions in progress4             B is considering A’s proposal that B sit here for A.3             B is recognizing A’s request for B to sit here.2             B is identifying A’s signal as composed of “here” plus 

pointing at the chair.1             B is attending to A’s articulation of “here” and 

the movement of A’s arm.

Level      Speaker A’s actions                                Addressee B’s actions4             A is proposing joint project w to B      B is considering A’s proposal of w3             A is signaling that p for B                 B is recognizing that p from A2 A is presenting signal s to B             B is identifying signal s from A 1             A is executing behavior t for B         B is attending to behavior t from A

[Kendon 2004]

A context‐of‐use study of Open Hand Prone gestures suggests that they all share the semantic theme of stopping or interrupting a line of action that is in progress.  

Gestures as a part of speaker’s utterances

The Open Hand Prone  Pointing Gesture specifying size, shape and structure of an object

Stop / interrupt

Index Finger Extended Supine (palm down). 

Size‐shape‐specifier gesture serving as a referent for the deictic pronoun ‘that’.    

[Brown & Yule 1983] [Clark 1996]

Is it very rough down there though?

There are no cobbles

Rough in terms of people

Oh I see

Town

Is it very rough down there though There 

are no cobblesThere are no 

cobbles

Rough in terms of people?

Are the people 

rough?

Town

Town

Is it very  rough down there though

Are

the

road

rough?

There

are

no

cobbles

There

are

no

cobbles

There are no cobbles

Fix

Rough in terms of people?

Sync

Is it very rough down there though

Are the people rough?

Town

Town

Is it very rough down there though

Are the road rough?

There are no cobblesThere are no cobbles

There are no cobbles

FixRough in terms of people?

Is it very rough down there though

A B

Conversation is a complex business

Challenge: A robot that can participate in conversation

Augmenting conversation in the realworld

Challenge: Synthetic character who guides the user through the virtual world

Augmenting conversation in virtual environment

What is AI?What is AI?

Artificial intelligence

Artificial mind

Example→ Enthiran (The Robot), 2010

Year AI ICT1940～ 1936: Turing Machine, 1947: von Neumann Computer, 1948: Information 

Theory, by C. Shannon and W. Weaver, 1948: Cybernetics by Wiener

1950～ 1952‐62: Checker program by A.Samuel1956: Dartmouth Conference 1957: FORTRAN by J.Backus

1960～ 1961: Symbolic Integration program SAINT by J.Slagle1962: Perceptron by F.Rosenblatt1966: The ALPAC report against Machine Translation by R. Pierce1967: Formula Manipulation System Macsyma by J.Moses1967: Dendral for Mass Spectrum Analysis by E.Feigenbaum

1961: Mathematical theory of Packet Networks by L. Kleinrock1963: Interactive Computer Graphics by I.Sutherland

1968: Mouse and Bitmap display for oN Line System (NLS) by D.C.Engelbart1969: ARPA‐net

1970～ 1971: Natural Language Dialogue System SHRDLU, by T.Winograd1973: Combinatorial Explosion problem pointed out in The Lighthill report1974: MYCIN by T.ShortliffeMid 1970’s: Prial Sketch and Visual Perceptron by D.Marr1976: Automated Mathematician (AM) by D.Lenat1979: Autonomous Vehicle Stanford Cart  by H.Moravec

1970: ALOHAnet1970: Relational Database Theory by E.F.Codd1972: Theory of NP‐completeness by S.Cook and R.KarpMid 1970’s: Alto Machine by A.Kay and A.Goldberg1976: Ethernet1979: Spreadsheet Program Visicalc by D.Bricklin

1980～ 1982: Fifth Generation Computer Project1984: The CYC Project by D.LenatMid 1980’s: Back‐propagation algorithm was widely used1985: the Cybernetic Artist Aaron  by H.Cohen1986: Subsumption Architecture by R.Brooks1989: An Autonomous Vehicle ALVINN by D.Pomerleau

1982:TCP/IP Protocol by B.Kahn and V.CerfMid 1980’s: First Wireless Tag Products1987: UUNET started the Commercial  UUCP Network Connection Service1988: Internet worm (Morris Worm)1989: World Wide Web by T.Berners‐Lee1989: The number of hosts on the Internet has exceeded 100,000. 

1990～ 1990: Genetic Programming by J.R.KozaEarly1990’s: TD‐Gammon by G.TesauroMid 1990’s: Data Mining Technology1997: DeepBlue defeated the World Chess Champion G.Kasparov1997: The First Robocup by H.Kitano1999: Robot pets became commercially available

1992: The number of hosts on the Internet has exceeded 1,000,000.1994: Shopping malls on the Internet1994: W3C was founded by T. Berners‐Lee1997: Google Search1998: XML1.0（eXtensible Markup Language) by W3C1998: PayPal

2000～ 2000: Honda Asimo

2004: The Mars Exploration Rovers (Spirit & Opportunity)

2001: Wikipedia.2003: Skype / iTunes store2004: Facebook2005: YouTube / Google Earth2006: Twitter2007: Google Street View

2010～ 2010: Google Driverless Car / Kinect2011: IBM Watson Jeopardy defeated two of the greatest champions2012: Siri

History of AI research in contrast with ICT

Autonomous Vehicles‐ Lego Robots (1998 ‐)‐ European Land‐Robot Trial (2006‐)  (original source not found)‐ DARPA Urban Challenge (2007‐)‐The Microtransat Challenge: a transatlantic race of fully autonomous sailing boats. (2006‐)‐ Aerial Robotics (Sept. 28, 2011)Chess (competition ended)‐ Deep Blue defeated Gary Kasparov on May 11th, 1997Education‐ STEM Grand Challenge to develop adaptive, generalizable intelligent tutors (June 5, 2011‐)‐ Hewlett Foundation: Improve Automated Scoring of Student Essays (Jan, 2012)Face Recognition‐ the Face Recognition Vendor test (FRVT) (2002‐)Go‐ Entertainment and Cognitive Science, The University of Electro‐CommunicationLanguage Learning and Understanding‐ Loebner Prize (1990‐)‐ IBM WatsonLunar Robotics‐ NASA Prize for Digging Moon Dirt (September 20, 2005)‐ Google Lunar X Prize (2007‐)Medical Diagnosis and Monitoring‐ Nokia Sensing X Challenge (may 24, 2012)Rescue Operations‐ Robocup Rescue (2001‐)Robotics‐ The DARPA Robotics Challenge (October 2012‐)Japanese Chess (Shogi)‐World Computer Shogi Championship，IPSJ Computer Shogi ProjectShredder Challenge‐ DARPA Shredder Challenge (October 27th‐December 2nd, 2011; solved)Soccer‐ Robocup (1997 ‐)Entrance examination of the University of Tokyo‐ NII Artificial Brain Project: “U Tokyo Robot”

ConceptualTuring Test (1950)

Adapted from  AAAI>AITopics>Grand Challenges in AI

Grand Challenges in AIGrand Challenges in AI

Successful Topics of AI

Large-scale Search Knowledge-based Systems Language, Speech, Vision Planning Machine Learning and Data Mining Using AI in Creating Works of Art

AARON (1985)

The Mars Exploration Rovers (2003)

Experiments in Musical Intelligence (1987)

DeepBlue (1997)http://www.research.ibm.com/deepblue/

http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/spacecraft_surface_rover.html

http://www.kurzweilcyberart.com/

http://arts.ucsc.edu/faculty/cope/http://artsites.ucsc.edu/faculty/cope/mp3page.htm

IBM Watson (2011)http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/watson/index.shtml

ALVINN （An Autonomous Land Vehicle in a Neural Network） on Navlab (1989)http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=89891

‐ From philosophy to science‐technology

‐ Toy problems to the real world

‐ Powerful tools

‐ Grand challenges and competitions

Change in the style of AI research

Super Intelligence

1997: Deep Blue defeated G. Kasparov… Source: IBM Deep Blue, wikipedia

1997: Official opening of Robocup (H. Kitano)… Source: robocup.org,  robocup.or.jp, Wikipedia

1997: Mars Pathfinder… Source: NASA Mars Pathfinfer, Wikipedia

1999: Robot pet SONY AIBO… Source: SONY AIBO, Wikipedia

1999: OpenCV Project… Source: OpenCVWiki，wikipedia

2000: Honda ASIMO… Source: Honda ASIMO, Wikipedia

2004: Mars Exploration Rovers… Source: NASA‐JPL

2010: Google  Driverless Car… Source: Wikipedia, Sebastian Thrun’s home page, 3P

2010: Kinect… Source: xbox.com, Wikipedia

2011: IBM Watson defeated two Jeopardy! champions… Source: IBM Watson, Wikipedia

2011: iPhone Siri… Source: Apple, Wikipedia

2011: Google Voice Search… Source: Google

2012: Zen Takemiya Masaki with 4 stones … Source:  Sig ECS, UEC2012: Google Glass Project

… Source:  Project Glass2012: NTT DOCOMO’s Shabette Concier

… NTT DOCOMOOther： Smarter than You Think (New York Times) 

Year Title 邦題 Who Trailers Wikipedia

1968 2001: A Space Odyssey 2001年宇宙の旅 HAL9000

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uU4TQ1NTo50

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E5%B9%B4%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E3%81%AE%E6%97%85

1977 Star Wars スターウォーズ C‐3PO, R2‐D2 http://www.starwars.com/

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA

1982 Blade Runner ブレードランナー Replicantshttp://wn.com/Trailer_Blade_Runner

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC

1984 The Terminator ターミネーター The terminatorhttp://wn.com/terminator_1_trailer

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC_(%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB)

1987 RoboCop ロボコップ RoboCop (cyborg)http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/robocop/

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%97

1993 War Games ウォー・ゲームWOPR: War Operation Plan Response

http://wn.com/trailer_war_games

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0_(%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB)

1994 Disclosure ディスクロージャー Angelhttp://www.cinemagia.ro/trailer/disclosure‐hartuire‐sexuala‐5931/

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC_(%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB)

1998 Bicentennial ManアンドリューＮＤＲ１１４

Andrew, a new NDR‐114 robot

http://www.filmsnmovies.com/video/13004/bicentennial_man_trailer/

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BCNDR114

1999 The Matrix マトリクス Computerhttp://trailers.apple.com/trailers/wb/thematrix/trailer/

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9_(%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB)

2001 A.I. Artificial Intelligence Ａ.Ｉ. David , achild Mecha

http://wn.com/artificial_intelligence

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.I.

2002 Minority Report マイノリティレポートInsect robots(user interface is interesting, too)

http://wn.com/minority_report_official_trailer

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88

2004 I, ROBOT アイ,ロボット V.I.K.I . , Sonnyhttp://trailers.apple.com/trailers/fox/i_robot/trailer3/ap_lg.html

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4,%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9C%E3%83%83%E3%83%88

2009 ATOM Astro boy Astro boy Astro boyhttp://www.bing.com/videos/watch/video/astro‐boy‐trailer/5farfvx

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATOM_(%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB)

2009 Avatar アバター (tele‐existence) http://movies.foxjapan.com/avatar/

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%90%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC

2009 Surrogate サロゲート (tele‐existence)http://trailers.apple.com/trailers/touchstone/surrogates/

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88_(%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB)

Recent topics AI in the movies

Traditional AI Wow!Wow!

Wow!Wow!

Wow!

Wow!Wow!

Wow!

Wow!Wow!

Wow!

Wow!Wow!

Wow!Wow!

Wow!

Wow!Wow!

Wow!

Wow!Wow!

Wow!

‐ Machine intelligence alone will not help much.

‐ Process is more important than result.

‐ Researcher’s satisfaction may not benefit society.

Problems with the traditional AI framework

Dark side of super intelligenceDark side of super intelligence

Technology abuse

Responsibility flaw

Moral in crisis

Over‐dependency on technology

(Technological) singularity(Technological) singularity

The day when machine intelligence surpasses human intelligence.

IEEE Spectrum June 2008 issuehttp://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/ethics/signs‐of‐the‐singularity

“The AI Scenario: We create superhuman artificial intelligence (AI) in computers.”

“The IA Scenario: We enhance human intelligence through human‐to‐computer interfaces‐‐that is, we achieve intelligence amplification (IA).”

The fear of utopia 

So what?So what?

Dismiss as nonsense.

Neo‐Luddism.

Invent a better solution.

Endow AI with empathic capabilities.

Future AI

Glad to stay with you！

• Service• Presence• Empathy

Embedding AI in the society

DeepBlue Entertain with a game

IBM Watson Entertain with a game

Siri Conversation partner

(AI that can pass entrance exam) Effective and affective tutor

Traditional AI：High competence

Future AI：High empathy

EmpathyEmpathy

I am in difficultyTell me

Can we endow artifacts with empathic capabilities?Can we endow artifacts with empathic capabilities?

‐> ”Can machines have minds?”

The impossibility of artificial mind（Hubert Dreyfus，…）．

The media equation (Byron Reeves, Clifford Nass) 

The intentional stance（Daniel Dennet)

The brain creates our mental world (Chris Frith)

Can we build artificial minds?Can we build artificial minds?

Machine‐like humansHuman‐like artifacts

Brain

The mental world created by our brain

Super intelligence

Clouded Society

Sharing hypothesisSharing hypothesis

The more is shared, the more empathy is gained.

Thought 

Perception

Embodiment

Life

Common Ground

The role of conversational intelligence

CI People

Bootstrapping approach to endow computational intelligence with a capability to build a common ground with people for proficient communication.

Conversational IntelligenceConversational Intelligence

I have a problem

May I help you?

Problem Solving

Intelligence

EmotionalIntelligence

ConversationalIntelligence

SocialIntelligence

Our approach 

Application

Platform

Evaluation

Content production Model building

Analysis

Conversational interactions

Theory

Measurement

1. This course centers on conversations.2. Why conversations?

‐> Foundation of thought and communication3. Why do people converse with each other?

‐> As a part of social interaction, for creating and maintaining stories, for fun.

4. The complexity of conversations:‐> Multi‐level, multi‐layered, polysemy, polymorphism, coordination of multi‐modality.

5. People are not only proficient in expressing ideas but also skillful in interpreting utterances, thereby they learn from each other.

6. Building a conversationally intelligent agents helps people effectively communicate with each other by conversations.

7. Conversational intelligence can be counted as an important branch of artificial intelligence.

8. We will integrate the engineering and scientific approached to conversation.  

Summary

References

[Brown & Yule 1983] Gillian Brown and George Yule. Discourse Analysis, Cambridge University Press, 1983.[Clark 1996] Herbert H. Clark. Using Language. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (1996)[Kendon 2004] Kendon, A.: Gesture, Cambridge University Press, 2004[Nishida 2012a] Toyoaki Nishida: The Best of AI in Japan - Prologue. AI Magazine 33(2): 108-111, 2012

http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/2358/2288[Nishida 2012b] Toyoaki Nishida: Artificial intelligence research in the second half century, Journal of Information Processing and Management 55(7):

461-471, 2012 (in Japanese)http://dx.doi.org/10.1241/johokanri.55.461

[Nishida 2013a] Toyoaki Nishida: What’s AI, Journal of Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence 28(2): 326-335, 2013 (in Japanese)[Nishida 2013b] Toyoaki Nishida: Conversation Quantization as a Foundation of Conversational Intelligence. DNIS 2013: 230-245, 2013.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37134-9_18

Agenda of this course

Credits:Will be awarded based on one or more reports on subjects given at the class.

Calendar (tentative)

1. Artificial intelligence and conversational intelligence (April 10)2. History of conversational system development  (April 17)3. The architecture of conversational systems (April 24)4. Conversation measurement and analysis (May 1)5. Learning by mimicking and time‐series data mining (May 15)6. Techniques for time‐series data mining (May 22)7. Formation and maintenance of joint intentions (May 29)8. Production and management of conversation content (June 5)9. Conversation as phenomenon (June 12)10. Gestures (June 19)11. Turn‐taking system (June 26)12. Language use (July 3)13. Affective computing (July 10)14. Cognitive mechanism underlying conversation (July 17)15. Summary (July 24)

For more details: http://www.ii.ist.i.kyoto‐u.ac.jp/?page_id=4467&lang=ja