Toxicology Risk and Hazard
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Transcript of Toxicology Risk and Hazard
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RISK AND HAZARDASSESSMENT
NUR FAIZAH MAHBUB
A107000
SITI NORHAYATI ISMAIL
A107355
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RISK AND HAZARD
ASSESSMENT
defnitions
2 elementso risk
Example orisk
assessment ortoxic air
polltants!en"ironments
$omparison o%a&ard
assessment'it% risk
assessment
( Stepsin risk
assessment
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RISK :probability that the hazard will occur under peci!ice"poure condition#
HAZARD: capability o! a ubtance to caue an ad$ere
e!!ect#
RISK ASSESSMENT : the proce by which the hazard%e"poure and ri& aredeter'ined#
HAZARD ASSESSMENT: proce dei(ned todeter'ine !actor contributin( to the poible ad$ere
e!!ect o! a ubtance to which a hu'an population or anen$iron'ental co'part'ent could be e"poed#
DE)INITI*NS
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The two elements of risk
Risk = Exposure x Haar!
Ri& criteria
o! li!eti'eincre'ental
ri&
E"poure
!actor )drin&in( water%
oil in(etion
etc
*he'ical
peci!icpropertie
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+#Doe,reponeae'ent -characterization o!the relation betweendoe and incidenceo! ad$ere e!!ect in
e"poed population#
.#Hazard identi!ication -
characterization o! innate
ad$ere to"ic e!!ect o!
a(ent#
/#E"poure ae'ent
- 'eaure'ent oreti'ation o! the
intenity% !re0uency and
duration o! hu'an
e"poure o! a(ent#
1#Ri& characterization -
eti'ation o! the
incidence o! health
e!!ect under the $ariou
condition o! hu'an
e"poure#
" #ASI$ STE%S IN THE RISK ASSESSMENT
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HAZARD IDENTI)I$ATI*NDetermine whether exposure to a &hemi&al &an in&rease the
in&i!en&e of a parti&ular a!'erse effe&t(
Determine the likehoo! of o&&urren&e in humans(
In this step )the potential for xeno*ioti& to in!u&e an+ t+pe of
toxi& haar! is e'aluate!(
Information is ,athere! an! anal+e! in a wei,ht-of-e'i!en&e
approa&h(
The t+pes of !ata usuall+ &onsist of .
-Human epi!emiolo,+ !ata
-Animal *ioassa+ !ata
+Supportin, !ata
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H,MAN E-IDEMI*.*/0 DATA
Mot deirable and (i$en hi(het priority
ince they a$oid the concern !or pecie
di!!erent in the to"ic repone#
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ANIMA. 1I*ASSA0 DATA
2ri'ary data ued in ri& ae'ent#
Ani'al tudie% which are well,controlled e"peri'ent with :
,&nown e"poure
,e'ploy detailed
,care!ul clinical
,patholo(ical e"a'ination
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S,--*RTIN/ DATA
Deri$ed !ro' cell and bioche'ical
tudie 'ay help the ri& aeor
'a&e 'eanin(!ul prediction a toli&ely hu'an repone#
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D*SE+RES-*NSE ASSESSMENT
Decribe the relationhip between 'a(nitude o!
e"poure and the incidence o! e!!ect in hu'an#
Eti'ate the 0uantity o! a hazard that 'ay reach or(an
or tiue#
Eti'ate how di!!erent o! e"poure to a pollutant chan(e
the probability and e$erity o! health e!!ect#
E!!ect le$el uch a /D012/ethal !ose3)/$012/ethal
&on&entration3)ED012Effe&ti'e !ose3) an! N4AE/(
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/D01 :the !ose of toxi&ant that will kill 01 per&ent of the testor,anism within a perio!(
/$01 .me!ian le'el &on&entration) a stan!ar! measure oftoxi&it+( It tells how mu&h of a su*stan&e is nee!e! to kill half
of a ,roup of experimental or,anism in a ,i'en time(
ED01 .temporar+ an! re'ersi*le effe&ts(
N4AE/. exposure le'el without a!'erse effe&ts(
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E$aluation o! the ource o! the e"poure
The route by which hu'an are e"poed 3inhalation% &in contact%
in(etion4
5e$el o! e"poure
Di!!erent type o! or(ani' e"poe 3hu'an% ani'al% adult% in!ant 4
2ycho,che'ical characteritic 3lipid olubility% water olubility%
$apor preure etc4
6e biomarkers to 'a&e ri& proce 'ore reliable#
E-*S,RE ASSESSMENT
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A an indication o! the internal doe !or properdecription o! the doe repone relationhip
Deter'ination o! the N7AE5 and the doe reponerelationhip
Deter'inin( pecially eniti$e (roup !or eti'atin( anuncertainty !actor
1I*MARKERS
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RISK $HARA$TERIZATI*N
Two part :,.#Nu'erical eti'ate o! ri&
+#Help deciion 'a&er 8ud(e the i(ni!icanceo! the ri&#
*o'parion o! the 'eaured with the predicted e"poure le$el
to deter'ine potentially proble'atic e"poure le$elInclude probability o! health with en$iron'ental e!!ect
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)rom N*AE.
9ariou para'eter can be deter'ined :
Examples 3
or !ood additi$e : A&&epta*le Dail+ Intake 2ADI3 a'ount o! che'ical to which a peron can be
e"poed !or a li!eti'e without u!!erin( har'!ule!!ect#
or !ood conta'inant : Tolera*le Dail+ Intake 2TDI3 eti'ate o! the daily inta&e o! the che'ical that
can occur o$er a li!eti'e without
appreciable health ri&
or occupational e"poure : Threshol! /imit 5alues 2T/53 e"poure !or an ei(ht hour wor&in( day
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$*M-ARIS*N *) HAZARD ASSESSMENT 4ITHRISK ASSESSMENT
$HARA$TERISTI$ HAZARD ASSESSMENT RISK ASSESSMENT
2robabilitic reult No ;e
Ae'ent endpoint Not e"plicit e"plicit
Scale o! reult Dichoto'ou *ontinuou
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RISK ASSESSMENT )*R T*I$ AIR-*..,TANTS !EN5IR*NMENT#
What are toxic air pollutants2oionou ubtance in the air that co'e !ro' natural ourceor !ro' 'an'ade ource and can har' the en$iron'ent orhealth#
What are health risksMeaure o! the chance that will e"perience health proble'
4 steps risk assessment process
- Hazard identi!ication
,Doe repone ae'ent
,E"poure ae'ent
,Ri& characterization
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63 Haar! i!entifi&ation
>hat health proble' are caued by the air pollutant?E"a'ple : cancer% repiratory irritation% ner$ouyte' proble'% birth de!ect#
73 Dose response assessment
Source : !actory 'o&etac& auto'obile
Then deter'ine the a'ount o! the to"ic air pollutantreleaed in a peci!ic ti'e period#
Deter'ine how it 'o$e away !ro' the ource#Eti'ate the a'ount o! each peron inhale#
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83 Exposure assessment
Deter'ine on how to"ic pollutant 'o$e throu(h the body#E"a'ple : by breathin(% in(etion% aborption throu(h the &in
State the 'o$e'ent and chan(e in the body#E"a'ple once the pollutant enter the body it can tay in thelun( be e"haled or 'o$e into the blood !ro' the lun(#
Decribe on how to"ic pollutant chan(e the way o! the bodywor&#
"3 Risk &hara&teriation
*o'binin( the reult o! the e"poure ae'ent and the doerepone ae'ent (i$e an eti'ate o! the increaed li!eti'eri& o! cancer !or an indi$idual e"poed to the 'a"i'u' predictedlon( ter' concentration#
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REEREN*ES
=ohn Ti'brell#+@@/#Introduction to To"icolo(y#=ohn Ti'brell#+@@/#Introduction to To"icolo(y#/rd edition# Taylor ranci/rd edition# Taylor ranci
Ernet Hod(on#+@@/# A te"tboo& o! ModernTo"icolo(y% Second edition
Salem H., Olajos E. 1999 Toxicology in Risk Assesment New York: Taylor & Francis Inc.
En$iron'ental 2rotection A(ency:
http:BBwww#epa#(o$
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THATS A!! "
THAN# YO$ %%