Toxicology Int.

7/24/2019 Toxicology Int.

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TOXICOLOGY:

ASCORBIC ACID:

Ascorbic acid is naturally found in vegetables and fruit, but can also

be articially synthesized.and it is very common to nd it in multivitamin supplements.

most aected systems in case of toxic eects are gastrointestinal,

urinary, the haematological.

Studies: ASCORBIC ACID: VIT C

6000mg nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, flushing ofthe face, headache, fatigue, and

disturbed sleep. Skin rashes were also

seen in the infants.

Long administration 3to

30gr day

Diarrhea abdominal cramps , was

observed as a side effect

1g at day for 3months Ascorbic acid did not significantlyinfluence the levels of serum

concentrations of cholesterol,

plasminogen activator activity,

plasminogen, fibrinogen, FR-antigen,

partial thromboplastin time, platelet

adhesiveness, alpha-antitrypsin, or

alpha!-macroglobulin.

2g at day for 2eek Supplementation of !"" mg of ascorbicacid per day did not affect bacterial

killing by leukocytes. #owever, daily

intake of ! g ascorbic acid for ! weeks

significantly impaired bactericidal

activity

50mg at day in neanate $ral supplementation of prematureinfants with vitamin % is not associated

with evidence of increased erythrocyte

destruction, hyperbilirubinemia, or other

morbidity

&itamin % increases iron adsorption and

may be dangerous in patients with

hemochromatosis, thalassemia, or

sideroblastic anemia.

Ascorbic acid has induced hemolysis inpatients with glucose-'-phosphate

dehydrogenase deficiency


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(any people believe vitamin % to be nonto)ic and beneficial to health* therefore,

the vitamin is often taken in large amounts. +here is no evidence suggesting that

vitamin % is carcinogenic or teratogenic or that it causes adverse reproductive

effects. Reviews of high vitamin % intakes have indicated low to)icity* adverse

effects have been reported primarily after very large doses greater than gday/.Data show little increase in plasma steady state concentrations at intakes above

!"" mgday, and saturable intestinal absorption and renal tubular reabsorption data

suggest that overload of ascorbic acid is unlikely in humans. 0ossible adverse

effects associated with very high intakes have been reviewed and include1 diarrhea

and other gastrointestinal disturbances, increased o)alate e)cretion and kidney

stone formation, increased uric acid e)cretion, pro-o)idant effects, systemic

conditioning 2rebound scurvy2/, increased iron absorption leading to iron overload,

reduced vitamin 3! and copper status, increased o)ygen demand, and erosion of

dental enamel

(1)(2)


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CITRIC ACID:

in humans and animals citric acid it is very present, it is one of the

major intermediates of chemical reactions of the Krebs cycle.

Approximately in humans it produces about 2g of citric acid daily

HUMAN EXOSURE

SOURCECITRIC ACID

C!i"i#$

%e&'%t

after ingesting a single dose of 2! g citric acid "approx. #$% mg&g'

a young (oman vomited and almost died

C!i"i#$!

%e&'%t

$%i'us

s'u%#es

systemic eects after single exposure through i.v. transfusion of

large amounts of citrated blood) depletion of body calcium, eetcs

on blood composition, nausea, exacerbation, muscle (eaness,

breathing di*culties up to cardiac arrest

C!i"i#$!

%e&'%t

$%i'us

s'u%#es

systemic eects after repeated exposure through oral doses of

potassium citrate, either solid or dissolved in (ater) minor

gastrointestinal disturbances, diarrhoea, indigestion, nausea,

+burning

Re*e%e"#e

+'',

excretion of citric acid in -2 adults ranges from $.! to ./- mmol&d

"total range 0.#1-.-0 mmol&d' respectively from 20 to %0% mg&d

"total range -01$,/0 mg&d'

s,i" Tests '"t-e $"i.$!s

Ac3ueus 4olutions 05 and !05of citric acid cause irritation,

ulceration on tissute

E/es citric acid applied for 2# hoursrespectively a 25 a3ueous

solution for 0 minutes found

severe and permanent injury to

rabbit eyes

Res&/%$t'%i 6oughing is reported for guinea pigs

exposed for 0 minutes toatmospheric citric acid

concentrations of -$ mg&m


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"aerosolised /5 solution'. 6oughing

(as also produced in guinea pigs

exposed to %! mg citric acid&ml as an

aerosol for minutes. 6itric acid

"concentration and application not

stated' caused brochoconstriction in

dogs (ith nonspecic air(ay

hyperreactivity.

(0)

ASARTAME:

7he 89A has established an A9: for aspartame of !0mg & g & b(. 7herefore,

current levels of use. 7herefore, current use levels ofaspartame, even by high

users in special subgroups, remains (ell belo( A9: levels.

9:A;;6C?B:6 7?@:6:7 no adverse eects due to aspartame(ere reported in mice, rats, or dogs given

doses up to $,000, $0,000, or /,000

mg&g b(&day, respectively

6DC?B:6 7?@:6:7 6hronic toxicity studies (ith aspartame,and its decomposition products, have

been conducted in mice, rats, hamsters,

and dogs. 7he conclusions of these

studies (ere consistent in that no

adverse eect of aspartame (as found

(ith doses up to #,000 mg&g b(&day

6AC6:B?E


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Hu.$" #!i"i#$! studies it- d$i!/

d'ses '* 3 .45,4 +5d$/ (.'%e t-$"

13 ti.es t-e esti.$ted d$i!/ $e%$4e

i"t$,e $"d 163 ti.es t-e est$+!is-ed

ADI +/ t-e 7DA) '* $s&$%t$.e *'% 28

ee,s e%e "'t $ss'#i$ted it- $"/si4"i9#$"t #-$"4es i" #!i"i#$!

.e$su%es '% $de%se ee#ts

?verall, the (eight of the evidence

indicates that aspartame has no eect on

behavior, cognitive function, neural

function, or seizures in any of these

groups.

"#'"!'

BRILLANT BLU E E100:

7he Fanel estabilisched the ne( A9: for the brilliant blue is /mg & g& day, this value is based on B?A


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t%e$t.e"t +ut "' .'%e det$i!s e%e

$$i!$+!e (H$"se" et $!6 1;


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LICORICE:

"Elycyrrhizin') ?ne of the common colpicance of a big inttae of

licorice are hypertension , hypocalemia and 3uadryparesis after

prolungated haevy licorice intaeJ:t is found in many foods and

beverages as a avor enhancer & avoring.7he 89A should start regulating the use of this substance and

create public a(areness through the media about its health

hazards. "'

L.

NATURAL EERMINT 7LAVOR:

CORN STRATCH:

Toxicology Int.

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