Introduction from Toxicants, Health and Regulation since 1945
Toxicants and Dose- Response - TOXSQUAD · Batrachotoxin Alcohol Caffeine Nicotine PCBs DDT Rank...
Transcript of Toxicants and Dose- Response - TOXSQUAD · Batrachotoxin Alcohol Caffeine Nicotine PCBs DDT Rank...
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Toxicants and Dose-Response
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What is toxicology?
-The study of poisons -The study of adverse effects of
chemicals on living organisms
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What is toxicant?
-Any substance that causes a harmful effect when administered to a living
organism
Hodgson, E. (Ed.). (2004). A textbook of modern toxicology.
John Wiley & Sons.
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What is toxin?
-A toxicant produced by a living organism
Hodgson, E. (Ed.). (2004). A textbook of modern toxicology.
John Wiley & Sons.
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Toxicant ≠ Toxin
Hodgson, E. (Ed.). (2004). A textbook of modern toxicology.
John Wiley & Sons.
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Classes of Toxicants Metals Agricultural Chemicals Toxins Combustion Products Drugs of Abuse Occupational Chemicals Radioactive Substances Emerging Contaminants
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History of Toxicology 1500 BC
Ebers Papyrus
mentions
medicinal and
poisonous
mixtures
399 BC
Socrates
sentenced to
death by hemlock
poisoning
371-287 BC
Theophrastus
describes
poisonous
plants
30 BC
Cleopatra
commits suicide
by snake bite
after studying
poisons
1493-1541
Paracelsus
describes that “The
dose makes the
poison”
1547-1559
Queen Catherine
de Medici of
France tests
poisons on the
poor and sick
1714-1788
Percival Pott writes
about association
of scrotal cancer
and chimney
sweeps
1962
Environmental
toxicology gains
international attention
with publication of
Rachel Carson’s Silent
Spring
Hodgson, E. (Ed.). (2004). A textbook of modern toxicology.
John Wiley & Sons.
Richards, I. S., & Bourgeois, M. (2013). Principles and practice
of toxicology in public health. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
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Are you a toxicant? Table Salt Dioxins Tylenol Water
Batrachotoxin Alcohol
Caffeine Nicotine PCBs DDT
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Are you a toxicant? YES No
Table Salt Dioxins Tylenol Water
Batrachotoxin Alcohol
Caffeine Nicotine PCBs DDT
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Paracelsus – The Father of Modern Toxicology
“All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from
a remedy.”
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Table Salt Dioxins Tylenol Water
Batrachotoxin Alcohol
Caffeine Nicotine PCBs DDT
Rank the toxicants from least to most toxic:
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Compound LD50 (g/kg) Water >90 Alcohol 7.06 Table Salt 3 PCBs 2 Tylenol 1.944 Caffeine 0.192 DDT 0.135 Nicotine 0.0034 Dioxins 0.001 Batrachotoxin 0.000002
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Considerations?
Others?
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vs.
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Lethal Dose Toxic Dose Effective Dose
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Dose-Response Curve
50%
90%
LD50
LD90
LOAEL
NOAEL
Threshold
Dose
Threshold dose – dose at which the affect first appears; not a point LD50 (Lethal Dose 50) - causes death in 50% of responders NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) - highest point with no response LOAEL (Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level) - lowest point with a response
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ADME
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ADME example