Toxic Mining Waste in the pre-Accession Countries

the pecomines project

Marco D’Alessandro, Giovanni Bidoglio, Tamás Hámor,Győző Jordán, Erik Puura, Panos Panagos, Stefan Sommer, Marc

Van Liedekerke, Anca Marina Vijdea

European Commission, Joint Research CentreInstitute of Environment and Sustainability

Soil and Waste Unit

NATO/CCMS STUDY PILOT MEETINGBaia Mare, Romania, September 8 -11, 2003.

Concepts to Link Inventory, Impact Assessment and Legislation Development

Rationale: Why Mining?Rationale: Why Mining?Potential environmental risksPotential environmental risks

Safety of waste facilities (inSafety of waste facilities (in particular dam stability)particular dam stability)

Operational waste management Operational waste management (acid mine drainage, possible (acid mine drainage, possible contamination of the environment)contamination of the environment)

Commitment of the European Commission Commitment of the European Commission for a Directive on Mining Wastefor a Directive on Mining Waste

A Research Project Focusing on Inventory, Regulations and Environmental Impacts of Toxic Mining Wastes

Objective 1: Contribute to the assessment of the consequences of mining accidents in a perspective of ecosystem protection, by comparing approaches to site monitoring and restoration

Objective 2: Develop a methodology for inventory of toxic waste sites from mineral mining in relation to “sensitive” catchment areas, by combining an indicator approach and an analysis of satellite remote sensing

Objective 3: Comparison of existing legislation on mining and mining waste to support the environmental approximation process

10 Candidate Countries

InventoryEuropean

Environment Agency

TC Wastes

DG Environment

New Initiative on

Mining Waste

WorkshopRegulations

Environmental

Impact

Collaboration

with National

and Regional

Authorities

National

Experts

Workshop

pecomines project structure

pecomines state-of-playGuidance through a

Steering Committee: • Reference in each country to assure

scientific quality and relevance of the project in the light of needs of Candidate Countries.

• Organisation of Meetings and Workshops (October 2001, May 2002, autumn 2003) involving also UNEP, Euromines, WWF, MS, DG ENV, EEA.

Spin-off Project: • Joint field campaign MAFI, VITUKI,

ITC, JRC-IES and DLR for data acquisition at two Hungarian mining areas in conjunction with HySense flight (August 2002).

Work Packages in the DPSIR Framework

DRIVING FORCES

human demand for mineral resources

regulations

assessment

PRESSURES

emission sources as the result of exploitation of mineral resources and

abandoned mining areas

STATE

the quality of environment threatened by emissions originating from mining

activitiesIMPACTS

degradation of ecosystems, quality of life, including human health, cultural

resources, recreational value

RESPONSE

actions of communities and policy makers to reduce impacts and risks to an

acceptable level

inventory

THE INVENTORY APPROACHDevelop and test a methodology to gather data on potentially hazardous mining waste sites on a country basis. The approach combines site-specific information harmonised through a questionnaire and put into a relational database, with geo-referenced spatial information also derived from remote sensing data.

PRESSURESinventory

Expert network, communication with national experts responsible for data supply which ensures efficiency and quality control.

Digital interface, web application for data presentation, dissemination and inquiry through Internet was developed. All questionnaire data, spatial data (maps, etc.), other information e.g. text, graphs and photos.

Detailed guide, glossary and Questionnaire.Data need kept to the minimum necessary for site screening.Hierarchical data structure from basic (location, status, commodity) to

more complex and uncertain information (waste quantities, emissions). In this way the Questionnaire is suitable for both regional screening and detailed local inventory of mine waste source characterisation.

N1N1N1

N4

N5 - A

N5 - B

N9

P1

P1

P1

P2

P2

R1

R1 1

R1 6

R2

R3

R4

R5

R6 R7

R8

R9

N2

25-226-1

26-227-1

27-228-1

25-325-4

26-326-4

27-327-4

28-328-4

34-235-1

35-236-1

36-237-1

37-238-1

38-2

34-435-3

35-436-3

36-437-3

37-438-3

38-4

44-245-1

45-246-1

46-247-1

44-445-3

45-446-3 25 0 25 50 Kilometers

Spracoval: Data Image s.r.o., 10/2001

P2 - Handlová, Cíge¾, Nováky

R3 - Kremnica

R6 - Špania Dolina

R2 - Hodruša-Hámre

R1 - Banská Štiavnica

P1 - Baòa Dolina

R5 - Pezinok

R4 - Dúbrava-Magurka

N5 - Hnúša-Mútnik

N2 - Lubeník

N1 - Jelšava

R16 - Novoveská Huta R7 - Rudòany-Poráè

N9 - Zlatník

R11 - Smolník

N4 - Košice-Bankov

R9 - Slovinky

S

R10 - Rožòava

ROŽÒAVA

Ni ž ná Slan á

Štítn i k

Paè a

Be tl ia r

Henc k ovc e

Kun ov a -

-Te p l ic a

Slavec

Brz o tín

Krás noh o rs ká -

-Dlh á Lú k a

Ru dnáRak o v n ic a

Ho nc e

Rož ò avs k é --By s tré

Hru š ov

Drna v a

Lipo v n ík

Ja b lon ovn.T u rò ou

Gem ers k á Po lom a

Krás n oho rs kéPo dh rad ie

N1

R8

N2

R10 - Rožòava

R8 - Nižná Slaná

Selected "hot spots"in the Slovak Republic

Pe rn ek

Jab lon ové

PEZ IN OK

Sv ätý Ju r

Mo dr a

Vin ièn é

Vin os ad y Še nk vice

R5

Lu poè

Pra ha

Šu¾a

VE¼K Ý KR TÍŠ

Sk lab ina

Daè ov L om

Stred né -

-Plac h tinc e

Modr ý-Kam eò

Ve¾k án. Ip¾om

¼u bo r eè

Zá vad a

Suc h é -

-Brez ov o

Maš k ov á

Po to r

Do l . Stre hov á

Bu š inc e

No v á Ves

Do lné Plac h tin c e

Obec k ov

Ho rné S trh á re

Ho rn á S treh ová

Ma lé Zl ie v ceVe¾k é Strac iny

Ve ¾k é Zl iev c e

Mu ¾a

¼ubo r ieè k a

Tre nè

Prav ica

P1

P1

P1

Nová Baòa

Te kov s k á -

-Brez n ic a

Ža rn ov ic a

BAN SK ÁŠTIAV NIC A

Ho r. H ám re

Voz n ic a

Rudn o n . Hr ono m

Uh l i sk áIli j a

Dek ý š

Vy sok á

Hod ru š a -H ám re

Vy hne

Po dho rie

Hra b ièo v

Os trý G rúò

Bz en ic aHl i n ík

n.H rono m

Leh o tk a p.B reh m i

Sk le né --Te p l ic e

Do l .-

-Trnáv k a

Horná Ždaò a

Do l .-

-Žda òa

Bank y

PO È Ú V A D LI A N SK E

JA ZE R O

R1

R2

BANSKÁŠT IAVN ICA

Žib rito v

An to lIlija

Deký š

Vy sok á

Hod ru ša- Hám r e

Vy hn e

Po dh or ie

Ba n. --Stu de nec

n.Hr on om Sk len é--T ep lice

Ba nk y

Ba ns ká Belá

PO È Ú V A D LI A N SK E

JA ZE R O

R1

R2HANDL OVÁ

Kr em n ica

Rázt oèn o

Ku ne šo v

Tu rèe k

Ko pe rn ica

Ko so rín

Sla ská

Ba rt ošo va --Le ho tka

Hor ná -

-VesDoln á-

Nevo ¾n é

Ihr áè

P2 R3No vá ky

PRIEVIDZA

Di vi ac ka -

-N . V es

Di vi ak y

n. N it r ic ou

Ni t r ia ns ke-

Li eša ny

Bo jn ic e

Šu to vc e

Ko š

Ze m ia ns ke -

-K o st o¾an y

Leh ot a

p. Vt á èn iko m

Po dh r ad ie

Ci ge ¾

Se be dr a žie

Laz an y

Po r ub a Ne do že ry -

-B r e zan y

Ka men ec -

-p od Vt á èni ko m

By st r iè any

Èe r eò an y

NITR IAN SKE RUDN O

Nit ra

HA N D L O VÁ

Sk le né

M. È a usa

Ve ¾. È au sa

Ch r en ov ec

Rá zt oè no

Ku ne šo v

Ko pe r ni ca

Jan ov a-

-L eh ot a

Ko so rí n

Sl as ká

P2

P2

Kordíky

Rieèka

St. Hory

Harmanec

Priechod

Motyèky

R6

RUŽOMBEROK Sl ia èe

Lis k ov á -MIKULÁŠ

Lu d r o vá

Lip t.--Štiav n ic a

Pa rti z áns k a --¼u pèa

Ma la tiny

¼ub e¾a

Lip to v s k é --K¾a èan y

Dúb rav a

Ga lov any

Laz is k o

Pav èina --Leh o ta

Vá h

De mä no vá

Sv ä tý K ríž

Go tov a ny B od i ce

Pl oš tí n

Palúdzka

A nd i ce

Lip to v s k á Os ada

Lip t. Lú ž na

R4

Hnúša

Klenovec

n. Rimavicou

Krokava

N5-A

N5-B

R5 - Pezinok P1 - baòa Dolina R2 - Hodruša-Hámre R1 - Banská Štiavnica R3 - Kremnica P2 - Handlová, Cíge¾, Nováky R6 - Špania Dolina R4 - Dúbrava - Magurka N5 - Hnúša - Mútnik

KOŠICE

Kav e èan y

Beniakovce

Hrašovík

Vajkovce

Baška

Vyšný- -Klátov

Nižný-

Lor inè ík

N4

HarichovceSmižany

Teplièka

SPIŠSKÁN. VES

Mlynky

Novoveská--Huta

ZávadkaHni lec

Hornád

Spišské Tomášovce

N9

R16

Nižná Slaná

Slavošovce

Henckovce

Goèovo

Vlachovo

Kobeliarovo

PetrovoKoce¾ovce

Slavoška

Brdárka

Vyšná Slaná

N1

R8Smolnik

Štós

Smolnícka--Huta

R11

Gelnica

KROMPACHY

Kluknava

Helcmanovce

Slovinky

Kolinovce

Žakarovce

Kojšov

R9

Jelšava

Lubeník

Turèok

Revúcka--Lehota

ChyžnéMagnezitovceN1N1N1

N2

Jelšava

Slavošovce

Štítnik

Petrovo

RoštárOchtiná

Koce¾ovce

Rochovce

ChyžnéMagnezitovce

Goèaltovo

Rozložná

N1N1N1N2

Teplièka

Nálepkovo

Závadka

N9

R16Spišský Hrušov

Teplièka

Markušovce

Rudòany

Bystrany

Jamnik

Nálepkovo

Odorín

Matejovce

Chrasn.Hornádom

Závadka

Poráè

OlcnavaHornád

N9

R16

R7

N2 - Lubeník R9 - Slovinky R11 - Smolník R8 - Nižná Slaná R16 - Novoveská Huta N4 - Košice-Bankov N1 - Jelšava R7 - Rudòany-Poráè N9 - Zlatník

Inventory Example: Slovakia

Areas of intensive mining and processing waste (“hot spots”) in Poland

PL-Geological Survey

Extracted

matter DISPOSAL

AREA

Waste quantity

Annual Extraction

Hazardous component

MINING

BRANCH

Area

NUMBER

OF MINES

Gg

Number of disposals

thous. m2 Gg Gg/a

Upper Silesian Coal Basin

27 49 20 551.01) 441 4411) 90 881.22) NaCl - 1.76 %; FeS2

Hard coal Rybnik Coal District 15

102 480.0

14 6 202.0 252 625.0 50 750.82) NaCl - 1.76 %; FeS2

Lower Silesian Coal Basin

- - 4 2 730.0 74 248.0 - FeS2

Kleszczów Trough 2 34 664.0 2 3 080.0 14 000.0 4 109,03) Na2+, SO4

2-, Pb, Cr, La

Lignite Zittau Depression 1 9 177.0 1 887.5 no 3 456.03) Na2+ - 2,72 %, Hg, Cr,

Cu, Sr, V, Co, Ni

Konin District 9 15 700.0 2 4 320,0 29 400.0 1 339.03) Na2+ - 0.60 %, SO4

2- - 11.75 %, Sr, Cr

Radioactive elements

Kowary Area - - 10 168.5 4 710.0 - UO2 - 0.15 %; 0.1-0.4 μGy/h

Radoniów Area - - 3 no 520.0 - no

Lubin-Głogów Copper District

4 27 142.0 2 14 500.0 71 844.0 19 688.0 Cu - 0.17 %

Copper ore Grodziec Depression

- - 3 3 860.0 40 380.0 - Cu - 0.20 %

Złotoryja District - - 2 no 21 854.1 - no

Bytom Area - - 23 5 492.0 15.861.0 - Zn - 2.47 %, Pb - 0.38 %

Zinc/lead ore

Chrzanów Area 2 - 3 742.0 13 200.0 1 004.0 Zn - 1.02 %, Pb - 0.36 %

Olkusz Area 3 41 200.0 3 1 040.0 24 401.9 2 007.7 Zn - 0.85 %, Pb - 0.38 %

Nickel ore Ząbkowice Śląskie Area

- - 7 591.2 11 030.0 - Ni - 0.35 %

Arsenic ore Złoty Stok Area - - 2 no 100.0 - As

Sulphur Tarnobrzeg Area 3 940.0 1 5 237.5 1 540.6 208.04) H2S, SO2; in “kek” S – 44.0 %

Inventory Example: Hungary

Landscape Wounds (incl. mining sites) H-Ministry of

Environment

mining site in the database

mining site in the database

pecomines database: Web application

PRESSURESinventory

I. Identification and Location

II. Status and Production

III. Geological Characterisation of Mineral Deposit

IV. Mineral Processing and Waste Management

V. Emissions and Environmental Impacts

PRESSURESinventory

Support compilation of the inventory by improving spatial details and differentiation of potentially hazardous mining waste materials from other sites in the CORINE LC system. A geo-referenced mapping of surface mining waste deposits at local and national scale, based on spectral discrimination of mineralogical components. Demonstration of the method applied to Landsat-TM data for rapid screening.

The Remote Sensing Component

SLOVAKIA ROMANIA

Multi-temporal satellite scenes at time intervals covering the period 1985 – 2000. Total area covered is ca. 120 000 km2.

Fe

OH

SPECTRALLY BASED METHODOLOGY FOR RAPID SCREENING SPECTRALLY BASED METHODOLOGY FOR RAPID SCREENING OF MINING WASTES BY USE OF LANDSAT-TM IMAGESOF MINING WASTES BY USE OF LANDSAT-TM IMAGES

Exposed rock surface:Exposed rock surface:Andesite quarry-RO

Processed remote sensing image pointing out

ferric/ferrous minerals

Strong weathering of iron oxides and hydroxides

Secondary minerals in Secondary minerals in sulfide bearing deposits: sulfide bearing deposits: Porphyry copper open-pit

Oxidation of sulfides with release of acid water and heavy metals

Processed remote sensing image pointing out co-

occurrence of both OH and Fe bearing minerals

Processed image showing the zones with iron oxides and OH-bearing minerals

Fe

OH

Landsat-TM image (07.10.1991) Map of mineral fuels and metals

Novoveska Huta – Rudnany (Slovakia)

Output: large-area maps of spatial distribution of mining wastes

Discrimination between weathered materials and others prone to acidification

Detection of changes over time

REMOTE SENSING ANOMALIES REMOTE SENSING ANOMALIES DETECTED AND MAPPED IN SLOVAKIADETECTED AND MAPPED IN SLOVAKIA

Change detection in Smolnik – Smolnicka Huta area, Slovak Republic

25.08.1987 06.08.1992 20.08.2000

Active mine Closed mine Remediated tailing pond

STATE AND IMPACTSassessment

Actions on multi-country level require harmonised criteria and procedures to classify environmental impacts.A comparative assessment and ranking of different mining sites for 37 hot-spots focusing on initial steps of the overall risk assesment. The hot-spot (metal, uranium, fossil fuel, industrial minerals) categories are:

CONTAMINANT IDENTIFICATION

RISK CHA -RACTERISATION

TOXICITY ASSESSMENT

EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

FATE AND TRANSPORT

CONTAMINATION SOURCE

1. Sites emitting hazardous, polluted water2. Large contaminated lands, waste heaps and/or

tailing ponds3. Tailing ponds with large volumes of polluted

water or heaps with unstable slopes, at risk of accidental release of pollutants

... and application to other sites, which are compared on log-log scale plotting emission flow-rates and the number of times environmental quality standards are exceeded.

Emissions potential

1.E-01

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11

Emission m3/day (1 m3/day = 0.0116 l/s)

tim

es s

tan

dar

d e

xcee

ded

Baia Mare

BorsaMotru

Rosia Poeni

Elatzite

Medet

Buhovo

Eleshnitsa

Pang-juriste

Jachymov

Elias Nejdek

Bytiz

Mydlovary

Recsk I

Recsk II

Mecsek I

Mecsek II

Maardu

Estonian oil shale basin

Smolnik

BanskaStiavnica

Upper SilesianCoal Basin

Emissions potential

1.E-01

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11

Emission m3/day (1 m3/day = 0.0116 l/s)

times

sta

nda

rd e

xcee

ded

A

E

D

C

B

1 8764 532

Possible classification of hazardous sites with respect to the emissions potential.

A parameter IH (isohazard) is defined as log(times standard exceeded) + log(emission rate, m3/day), and its value has a meaning of a potential to pollute equal amount of good quality water per day .

regulations

The approach addressed and clarified:

Ownership (land, minerals, waste) Authority framework, licensing procedures Control, sanctions, liability Financial aspects and public acceptance National policies, programmes Data management and access Original regulatory ideas

RESPONSE

TYPICAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF MINING

IN CANDIDATE COUNTRIES

Council of Ministers (Government)

Ministry of Economy Ministry of Environment

Constitutional Court

Regional or Local Professional Authorities

Mining Authority Geological Survey Water Authority

Supreme Court

County Courts

Local Courts

Env. Authority

Legend

Jurisdiction First-instance AuthoritiesSupervising Authorities

L o c a l G o v e r n m e n t s

regulations

LEGAL CLASSIFICATION OF MINES IN CANDIDATE COUNTRIES

i l lega l(not l icensed)

pre -opera tiona l(l icensed m ining plot)

in opera tion(l icensed technica l opera tion plan)

tem porar i ly suspended

has ow ner has no ow ner("orphan" m ine )

not rem edia ted rem edia ted

c losed

not in opera tion

lega l(l icensed)

M INE S A ND Q UA RRIES

LEGEND

potentially high environmental riskmedium environmental risk

low environmental risk

RESPONSE

regulationsConclusions of the regulatory report

Adoption of EU waste legislation is advanced. Mining legislation shows differences among Candidate

Countries (e.g. ownership and scope). Opening and operation of mines are well regulated, closure and

aftercare are less prescribed. Regulatory enforcement requires improvement.

Geological data (including mineral resources) are well recorded, mining operation and waste data are less accurately managed.

Mining regulations focus mainly on safety and not on environmental impacts.

Limited use of royalty incomes for mitigating and remediating mining-related environmental impacts.

RESPONSE

available on request

from

tamas.hamor@jrc.it

Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the management of waste from

the extractive industries

Article 19 ... drawing-up inventories of closed waste facilities … identification ...and their classification according to the degree of their impact on human health and the environment

Article 20 Within three years… the Commission shall adopt ... definition of the criteria for the classification of waste facilities, … including threshold concentrations for hazardous waste and dangerous substances

pecomines: a pilot to support implementation

Contaminated Sites in Accession Countries

Workshop in Budapest – end of October Develop and test a large-scale approach to the inventory and assessment

of environmental impacts associated to contaminated sites Benchmarking historical heritage and national actions of 13 Accession and

Candidate Countries Agree on methodologies and establish a platform for information exchange

to collect, use and deliver back data

Community Actions on Soil

Towards a Thematic Strategy on Soil Protection (COM(2002)179 final)

Proposal for a Directive on Soil Monitoring (mid 2004)

Proposal for a Commission Communication on contamination, erosion and organic matter content of soil and related research and legislative needs