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Transcript of town and Planning
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PRESENTED BY
SIDDHARTH BHANDARI
PARIS
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The city of PARIS
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INTRODUCTION
Paris, one of the global capital hubs of the world, has beenthrough tremendous transformation throughout history. Thecity has withstood poverty, disease, underdevelopment,deindustrialization and many hardships thought the 19thcenturyand was redeveloped during the second empire of
Napoleon III. A famous figure,Baron Haussmann, comes tomind when identifying Pariss urban regeneration.Haussmann, as he is commonly known, was responsible forchanging the landscape of Paris into the wide boulevards,cafes and shops, public parks and monuments and the entire
urban architectural faade the city boasts of having today. Tounderstand Paris present urban structure and prosperity, it istherefore important to look at some of the cityshistoricalprominence.
http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=24832http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Baron_Haussmann.htmlhttp://urbantimes.co/2012/02/if-only-these-walls-could-talk-urban-history-and-torontos-murmur-project/http://urbantimes.co/2012/02/if-only-these-walls-could-talk-urban-history-and-torontos-murmur-project/http://urbantimes.co/2012/02/if-only-these-walls-could-talk-urban-history-and-torontos-murmur-project/http://urbantimes.co/2012/02/if-only-these-walls-could-talk-urban-history-and-torontos-murmur-project/http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Baron_Haussmann.htmlhttp://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Baron_Haussmann.htmlhttp://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=24832 -
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HAUSSMANN
Haussmann lived from 27 March180911 January 1891. The sonof a well off merchant family,Haussmann attended a universityto study law and music.Napoleon appointed Haussmann
the task of renovating andreinventing Paris1853.While Haussmann proved to bevery enthusiastic and a capableadministrator, it is important tonote that he never actually hadany experience as an architect or
an urban planner, which wouldresult in some of his plans notworking out quite as intended.
Portrait of
Georges-
Eugne
Haussmann
Emperor Louis
Napoleon III on
the left
presenting a
letter to
Haussmann onthe ri ht.
Jordan, David P. Baron Haussmann and Modern Paris.American Scholar, Vol. 61
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An example of the architecture in
pre-Haussmann Paris, typified by
narrow crooked streets.
- easons ormodernization
From 1800 to 1850 thepopulation of Paris doubled tobecome over one million. Thisrapid growth put great strainon Pariss.
In 1850 the majority of Paris
was still the medieval style ofunplanned narrow windingstreets.
These streets featured opengutters for carrying sewage,which were breeding grounds
for disease. These unplanned streets were
narrow, often had confusinglayouts and were not efficientfor commerce and traffic.
Haussmann's Architectural ParisThe Art History Archive, checked 21
http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.html -
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Pre-Haussmann Paris, typified by narrow streets
and cluttered lanes.
Haussmann's Architectural ParisThe Art History Archive, checked 21 Octob
http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.html -
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Political Reasons
From 1790 to 1850 France had transitioned between Royaldynasties, Republics, and Empires six different timesParis wasthe focal point of revolutionary movements and by this pointParisian barricades had become synonymous with revolution.
Napoleon III realized that the narrow streets of Paris were easy
to barricade and the winding disorganized layout made it difficultfor troops to quell rebellions quickly. Therefore it was hoped thatby with the new layout providing quick access for troops andbroad streets discouraging barricades, future revolutions couldbe avoided.
Napoleon had a great interest in modern technology,
architecture and city planing. He became inspired to remakeParis into a modern city after seeing London which had beenrebuilt in a massive project after the great fire in 1666. Napoleonwas determined to remake Paris into a great modern capitalworthy of the empire.
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Haussmann embarked on a radical project of urban designto rebuild Paris as a modern city. The project include :
A greatly expanded sewer system.
The construction of wide boulevards.
Gas lighting for the streets.The formulation of public building regulations.
The construction of monuments.
An updated and uniform facade for the citys buildings.
A reorganized and symmetrical road system.
The construction of new parks.The division of Paris into Districts and the expansion of the
citys limits.
HAUSSMANNS PLANNING
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One of the most important aspects of the plan was the
renovation of Pariss main roads.The main features of these
plans were:
Bringing symmetry to the city.
The new roads were laid out in a grid running east to west,north to south with diagonal connections radiating out.
Creating wide avenues to allow fast access for troops while
also improving commerce.
The construction of new roads and the widening of streets.Creating visual check points for troops.
ROADS
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Detail of the
Plan de
Turgot.Haussmann's Architectural ParisThe Art History Archive, checked 21
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In 1853, Haussman had outlined and began construction on
a series of basic projects that had been planned since the
decision had been made to modernize the city. The projectsincluded
creating a north-south axis in the city,
developing the quarters around the Opra,
the annexation of the suburbs to make them outer
In the early 1860s it is to be known that upon the completion
of the original projects, new projects were put in to
development.
Haussmann molded the city into a geometric grid, with newstreets running east and west, north and south, dividing
Medieval Paris into new sections. His plan brought
symmetry to the city, something it was lacking beforehand.
No Parisian neighborhood was left untouched by
Haussmanshand.
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Haussmann's Architectural ParisThe Art History Archive, checked 21
Haussmanns design of an
arch bridge
New and organized streets
after the renovation
http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.html -
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An example of the symmetrical
layout employed by
Haussmann. The main
boulevards are connected bysmaller diagonal streets.
An example of the wide
tree lined boulevards
constructed by
Haussmann.Haussmann's Architectural ParisThe Art History Archive, checked 21
http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.html -
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The new streets were also wider than most of their
predecessors, for reasons of public health and traffic
engineering. During a time when the city was filled to the
brim with people, disease was a large risk.
The widening of the streets would relieve the cramped city
and allow for the people to get around more easily.
It also allowed for an increase in height of the buildings,providing more room for the people of Paris to live and thrive
in.
Running alongside the new roads, which had been
widened to accommodate the rising number of people living
within the city limits, were rows of chestnut trees, which
allowed Haussmann to maintain the geometric and
symmetrical aesthetic that he had created with the new
roads.
And where he struggled to maintain his visual order, new
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Street before and after Haussmanns
renovationHaussmann's Architectural ParisThe Art History Archive, checked 21
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Haussmann's Architectural ParisThe Art History Archive, checked 21
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His new roads have been admired since their unveiling.
They not only served as new roadways for general use, but
also as streets leading to the center of Paris from the train
stations scattered throughout the city, as well as roads thatled to the monuments that were found throughout the city
The next step in Haussmanns plan for the new Paris was to
divide the city into arrondissements, or districts. The
decision to divide Paris into these new districts came aboutin 1853, at the same time as the decision to modernize the
city completely. The plan implied the destruction of the old,
heterogeneous quarters in the city center and the creation of
large new quarters implicitly dividing the population byeconomic status.
DISTRICTS
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This map is of Pre-Haussmann Paris. While there are some
main streets running more or less straight through the city, for
the most part it is chaotic and unplanned.Jordan, David P. Baron Haussmann and Modern Paris.American Scholar, Vol. 61
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This map shows
the much more
orderly layout of
modern Paris,
the streets
outlined in red
are the mainboulevards
constructed by
Haussmann.
Modern Paris,the main
boulevards
added by
Haussmann are
outlined in red.Jordan, David P. Baron Haussmann and Modern Paris.American Scholar, Vol. 61
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A engraving of a tour of the Parisian sewer
in 1867.
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By keeping the wastewater and contaminated water
separate, the human waste could be used as fertilizer for
crops to help support the economy and allow for agriculturalemployment opportunities for those moving to the big city.
Also by utilizing the new sewer system for human waste,
the city would become cleaner and more sterile, eliminating
the smell of rotting waste and lowering the threat of disease
from living in cramped, contaminated quarters.
Cleaning up the city also led way to the cleaning of the
people. Now that the people were living in cleaner areas,
they themselves also had to be clean, ushering in an idea of
modern narcissism. It would be uncivilized to live in such aclean environment when you yourself are dirty and uncouth.
The revamping of the sewer system was an integral part of
bringing the city of light out of the Dark Ages and into theModern era.
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SEWAGE SYSTEM BEFORE 1837
Haussmann and Haussmannisation : The Legacy for Paris.French
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SEWAGE SYSTEM AFTER HAUSSMANNS
RENOVATIONHaussmann and Haussmannisation : The Legacy for Paris.French
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PRESENT DAY SEWAGE TUNNEL
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The scene paintedhere is very different
from the crowded
narrow streets of
pre-HaussmannParis. The buildings
are in the
neoclassical style
and provide a sense
of uniformity andorder. It also depicts
the new Paris as a
city for the
prosperous
STREETSCAPE
bourgeoisie as they are seen here strolling about the wide
boulevard with plenty of affluent ground level stores to window
shop from. Also of note is the new gas lamp in the center of the
painting, enabling the citizens to walk the street at night.Haussmann and Haussmannisation : The Legacy for Paris.French
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Haussmann and Haussmannisation : The Legacy for Paris.French
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The photo on the left taken
during the construction of
the Avenue de Loperais an
example of the demolitionthat accompanied the
widening of the boulevards.
The buildings in the
foreground will all beremoved to make room for a
wide boulevard leading to
the Opera seen in the
background. The
photo bellow shows themodern Avenue de Lopera
from the same perspective.
Note the buildings on the
side are typical of the
The modern Avenue de Lope
Haussmann and Haussmannisation : The Legacy for Paris.French
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Quite possibly one of the largest stages of the project,
second only to the new roads, was the architecture. To
accompany the new streets and provide visual unity to the
entire city, Haussmann and his team of architects
constructed a unifying architectural faade that changed theshape of Paris. As well as coating the city with a unifying
style, they also constructed new public buildings, such as
LOpra, as well as many other buildings.
The buildings became expressive and mimicked nature,
ignoring the classical norms they once followed. The
Baroque and Rococo styles of architectural design were
short lived, with people once again wanting a return to the
historical classical style that was so prominent throughout
ARCHITECTURAL CHANGES
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The neoclassical style was a unifying theme used in everythingfrom the facades of apartment buildings to the construction of
major Parisian landmarks. One such landmark constructed
during this time was the Palais Garnier opera seen below.
While both
Napoleon III
and
Haussmannwanted to
modernize
Paris at the
same time theywere adherents
of a more
classical style
of architecture.
This led to theprojects
buildings being
constructed in a
neoclassicalHaussmann and Haussmannisation : The Legacy for Paris.French
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A building in the typical neoclassical style
employed by Haussmann.
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With the widening of the Parisian streets, Haussmann and
his crew were able to add an extra story of height to the
buildings that lined the roads. The additional heightincreased the amount of living space within the city limits,
easing up on the overcrowding, but not changing the
affordability of the housing. The change in height can be
seen best in the apartment buildings found rampant
throughout the city. They are noted by their simple decorationand adherence to the classical style.
The apartment buildings were typically five stories. The
second story usually had a balcony with elaboratestonework, while the third and fourth floors resembled the
second floor without the balcony. The fifth floor or top floor
generally had an undecorated balcony that traveled the
length of the buildingInspired by the Industrial Revolution, the
new apartment buildings mimicked the products produced by
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Haussmann and Napoleon III wanted the buildings of Paris to
share a unifying theme. The city was rebuilt with a neoclassical
facade that has is still typical of Paris today. The widening of
the streets allowed for extra height to be added to the buildings
increasing living space. Typically five stories these buildingswould feature elaborate balconies. In contrast to todays
buildings the cheaper apartments would be high up while the
more desirable rooms were on the lower floors, this is primarily
due to the absence of elevators. The ground floor wouldusually be reserved for shops or other businesses. In many
ways these buildings were precursors to the prefabricated
buildings of today. While the outside facade is fancy,
Haussmann employed cost saving measures beneath the
exterior, and since all the buildings were made in the same
FACADISM
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The Quai des Orfevres and Pont Saint-Michel, before and after
Hausmann,
-by Marville, via Le Figaro.Building Paris. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1994
http://www.lefigaro.fr/photos/2009/03/27/01013-20090327DIMWWW00367-paris-avant-et-apres-haussmann.phphttp://www.lefigaro.fr/photos/2009/03/27/01013-20090327DIMWWW00367-paris-avant-et-apres-haussmann.phphttp://www.lefigaro.fr/photos/2009/03/27/01013-20090327DIMWWW00367-paris-avant-et-apres-haussmann.php -
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An emphasis on the horizontal can be seen in the faade,
following the horizontal of the streets they sat next to, adding
to the symmetry and geometric unity that Haussmann
wanted the new Paris to have. By using a much moremodern style for the faade, the cost for the buildings could
be kept low and the buildings would appear timeless in a
changing city.
The facades were also constructed out of large stone
blocks, adding to the simplicity of the structure and the lack
of decoration made the building seem larger than it actually
was.
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GRAND PARIS
Grand Paris (Greater Paris) is the name of an initiativelaunched by former French President Nicolas Sarkozy for"a new global plan for the Paris metropolitan region.
It has led to a new transportation master plan for theParis region and to plans to develop several areas around
Paris.
In 2008 an international urban and architecturalcompetition for the future development of metropolitanParis was launched. Ten teams gathering architects, urban
planners, geographers, landscape architects will offer theirvision for building a Paris metropolis of the 21st century inthe post-Kyoto era and make a prospective diagnosis forParis and its suburbs that will define future developments inGreater Paris for the next 40 years.
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TRANSPORTATION LAYOUT
A new transportation plan was prepared and announced onApril 29, 2009.
The transport plan will be carried out in ten years, at a
cost of 35 billion Euros funded by the state, local
governments and new debt. An important part of the projectis a driverless subway linking important business and
residential poles such as Versailles and the Charles de
Gaulle airport but also banlieues like
Montfermeil and Clichy-sous-
Bois through a figure-eight track
140 km long and operating 24-
hour, which will alone cost 21billion Euros. Another 14 billion
will be spent in the extension
and re-equipment of existing
metro, regional and suburban
lines.
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SEWAGE SYSTEM
The aims of the modernization were to protect the Seine fromstorm overflow pollution by reducing the amount ofuntreated water discharged directly into the Seine, toreinforce the existing sewers, to enable the network tofunction better.
This project, which is costing an estimated 152 million eurosover the first 5 years, will include:
the refurbishing of the old sewers in a bad condition,
the renovation of pumping stations,
the construction of new sewers,
the installation of measuring devices and automated flowcontrol management,
the improving of the management of solid waste and grit,
the development of the computerized network management
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REFRENCES
Haussman Paris Transformed- Howard Saalman
Town building in history- Hiornes FR , 1956
David Van Zanten. Building Paris. New York,
Cambridge University Press, 1994
Jordan, David P. Baron Haussmann and Modern
Paris.American Scholar, Vol. 61 Issue 1, p99, 1992
Haussmann's renovation of Paris- Wikipedia
Haussmann and Haussmannisation : The Legacy for
Paris.French Historical Studies. Winter2004