GLOBECOM2015 FalkoDressler,UniversityofPaderborn 1

DistributedEmbeddedSystemsUniversityofPaderborn

TowardstheVehicularCloud:FromConnectedCarstoSmartCi?es

FalkoDresslerdressler@ieee.org

GLOBECOM2015 FalkoDressler,UniversityofPaderborn 2

Outline

²  VehicularCloudª  MoHvaHonandConcepts

²  TowardsSmartCiHesª  Makingthecarthecentral

ICTcomponent

²  VehicularCloudSoluHonsª  UsingParkedVehiclesª  PeertoPeer

²  Conclusions

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TowardsAutonomousDriving

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Inter-VehicleNetworkingforSitua?onAwareness

Illustrations: C2C-CC

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TowardsHeterogeneousVehicularNetworks

²  ManycommunicaHonchannelsavailableª  Whichtopickwhen?

Wi-Fi

DSRC

cellular

?“Technology2020”

mmWAVE

SoXwareDefinedRadio

VLC

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Standardiza?onandOpenResearch

²  Dedicatedspectrumforinter-vehiclecommunicaHoninEurope(ECC),theUS(FCC),andJapan

²  IEEEDSRC/WAVEandETSIITSG5ª  BothbuilduponIEEE802.11p

²  SituaHonawarenessasmajoryear-one-applicaHonª  ETSIDCC(DecentralizedCongesHonControl)

²  Butmanyfundamentalresearchques?onss?llunansweredª  Scalability,real-?mecapabili?es,useofheterogeneousnetworks

²  DagstuhlseminarseriesidenHfiedkeychallengesª  FalkoDressler,HannesHartenstein,OnurAlHntasandOzanK.

Tonguz,"Inter-VehicleCommunica?on-QuoVadis,"IEEECommunica,onsMagazine,vol.52(6),pp.170-177,June2014.

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VEHICLESASTHEINFORMATIONHUBINSMARTCITIES

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Self-OrganizingNetworkofCars

²  …canserveasdistributeddatastoreandretrievalmechanism

²  MayincludeevenparkedcarsasinformaHonhighway

when will she get here?

how does highway 1 look

right now? where can I

park my car? how is traffic on 2nd street?

is this the end of the jam?

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MakingCarstheMainICTComponent

1.  Sharingdatawithotherusers.2.  SharingdatawithspecificlocaHon.3.  UploadingdatawithoutdirectInternetaccess.4.  Livedatafromdisasterarea.5.  WideAreaDataStorage.6.  WideAreaDistributedCompuHng.7.  …

Evacuation Site

Disaster Area

Drive with messages

V2V

V2X

Internet

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MakingCarstheCentralICTComponent

²  Carsareubiquitouslyavailable²  FeatureallkindsofcommunicaHontechnology

²  Relayingofmessagesª  hasbeenshowntoworkquitewellª  butwillfailinlowdensity/penetraHonareas

²  ParkedCarsª  arereadilyavailable,especiallyinlow-densityareasª  parkinstrategicallypromisingposiHons–alongthestreetand

nexttoobstaclesª  canbeusedasrelayingnodesinordertoincreasecooperaHveª  awarenessformovingvehicles

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Besidescommunica?onvehiclesprovide…

Sensor� Battery� Communication� Processor� Storage�

Car�

Use�case�

Use�case�

Use�case�

Use�case�

Use�case�

Use�case�

Use�case�

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Use�case�

Vehicular resources are available not only for vehicles themselves but also for humans and “things” Vehicles store, process, and convey the information generated by human or things.

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ControlPlane

²  ConHnuousupdateofª  Neighbors,i.e.,candidatestoroutemessagesª  Services,i.e.,desHnaHonsforservices

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ProcessView:AccessCommunica?on

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Naming

²  UsingconceptsfromNDN/ICNª  HashtagstoidenHfyservicesª  MetadataforfinegraineddescripHon

Figure 2. An overview of the control plane of the proposed Car4ICT system.

Figure 2 shows the control plane of the Car4ICT network.A user sends access messages/requests to a member, a memberreplies with a grant/replies. Between members the servicetables can be exchanged to allow for a faster service discovery.Additionally, an offer can also be sent via a cellular networkto a central repository.

We need to emphasize that the final choice of the usedcommunication technology is up to the user. Depending onmetrics like delay, connectivity, and cost, the user might wantto rely on provided ad hoc communication or on a more costlyLTE data connection.

C. Access Process

The typical process of a user requesting a service and gettingan answer from the network is outlined in Figure 3:

1) After receiving a broadcast from a car passing by, the usermay initiate the connection to the network by sendingsecurity credentials to the car.

2) The car verifies that the user is indeed allowed to use thenetwork – this can, for example, be done using certificates.A positive answer includes an access grant.

3) After receiving the grant, the user can send a requestmessage including an identifier of the service to the car.

4) The car checks its local service table if it already knowsan entity providing this service. If it was successful, ananswer is sent back including the ID of the service. If not,the car may initiate a search, first using short-range radiocommunication and an expanding ring search algorithm;and, secondly, if sufficient incentive exists, even using itsown or a neighboring car’s LTE uplink in order to locatemore distant service providers. In the end the result willbe a list of users who offer the service and the respectivecars via which it is possible to reach the user.

5) The user receives the list of services and decides whichto use, e.g., using parameters like timeliness or locationto make its decision. The car network takes care of thedata transfer, be it via some ad-hoc routing protocol, viastore-carry-and-forward, or by using cellular connections.

D. Identifying Services

For identifying services, we selected a hash tag plus metadata based system because of its flexibility and extensibility,following the concepts discussed also in the ICN context [21].

Figure 3. Offering and requesting a service.

Each service is first of all uniquely identified using a hashtag. This hash tag can either be a hash of the content, e.g.,when considering a data file, or a special tag when pointingto a specific service such as CPU power, storage, or sensorreadings. Using such hash tags, users and cars can already startannouncing and using available services.

The hash tag, however, is not able to carry informationabout the geographical context and certain time constraints.Therefore, additional meta data can be added such as a locationtag. The combination of hash and location tag now allows tospecify location-dependent services.

Some examples services identified by their hash tag plusmeta data are depicted in Figure 4. In this example, file1 isavailable at three different locations provided by different users.Pictures of type image are hosted by two users.

In order to announce or query services, first, the correspond-ing hash tag has to be identified. This is done by looking up thehash in the local service table. Meta data including geographicinformation can be used to make the query more specific.

Hash tag Meta data User

hash(file1) location = Tokyo, type = video, size = 2GB 1hash(file1) location = Tokyo, type = video, size = 2GB 3hash(file1) location = Paderborn, type = video, size = 2GB 7hash(file2) location = Tokyo, type = image 1hash(file2) type = image, size = 500MB 12CPU location = Paderborn, type = ARM 7Storage location = Paderborn, type = hours, size = 78GB 7

hash(file1)

1, 3, 7*

1, 12type = image *

Figure 4. Three examples of identifier usage – two for an exact match usingthe hash and one for subset matching.

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Simula?onScreenshot

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DiscoveryLatencyinanUrbanEnvironment

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CLOUDSTORAGEUSINGPARKEDCARS

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Mo?va?on

²  ParkedcarsinciHesoffersimilarbenefitsasRSUs²  AsinglecarasRSUisnotopHmal

ª  Limitedstoragespaceª  LimitedcommunicaHonrangeª  Onlydataavailablethatwasstoredonthecar

²  Henceorganizingparkedcarsinsmallindependent,self-organizednetworksª  Capableofstoringandretrievingdataitemsbydrivingcarsinthe

establishednetworks

[1] Dressler, Falko and Handle, Philipp and Sommer, Christoph, "Towards a Vehicular Cloud - Using Parked Vehicles as a Temporary Network and Storage Infrastructure," Proceedings of 15th ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (Mobihoc 2014): ACM International Workshop on Wireless and Mobile Technologies for Smart Cities (WiMobCity 2014), Philadelphia, PA, August 2014, pp. 11-18

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Scenario

?

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VirtualCoordinatebasedRou?ng

²  VirtualCordProtocol(VCP)ª  àIEEETransonMobileCompuHng2011

²  GreedyforwardingalongtheCordª  Alwaysguaranteesreachabilityª  SpeedupbyexploiHng

localshort-cuts

²  DHTbaseddatastorage

Node 0.25 Neighbors Successor 0.4 0.0 Predecessor 0.13 0.13

0.4 0.5 (0.55)

[1] Awad, Abdalkarim and German, Reinhard and Dressler, Falko, "Exploiting Virtual Coordinates for Improved Routing Performance in Sensor Networks," IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 10 (9), pp. 1214-1226, September 2011

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IDR+VCP

²  VCPcreatesandmaintainsavirtualtopology,whichis(mostly)independentofthephysicalworld,butwhichincorporatestopologicalproper,es

²  Usingaddress(space)idenHfiersisnotpossible

[1] Dressler, Falko and Gerla, Mario, "A Framework for Inter-Domain Routing in Virtual Coordinate based Mobile Networks," ACM/Springer Wireless Networks (WINET), vol. 19 (7), pp. 1611-1626, October 2013

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“Slim”-Mode

²  ReducedfuncHonalitytoaminimumª  NocordcreaHonª  LimitedrouterfuncHonality

§  CommunicaHonalwaysviamostrecent„freshest“gateway

²  DrivingcarsremainsilentunHlahellomessagehasbeenreceivedª  AXerthatnormalhellomessagesarebroadcastª  BroadcastisstoppedaXerNhellomessages

§  Counterisresetwitheverynewreceivedhello

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PerformanceEvalua?on

²  UsingtheVEINSsimulaHonframework

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SuccessfulDomainCrea?on

ct(s): 20

ct(s): 40

ct(s): 60

ct(s): 80

ct(s): 100

ct(s): 120

ct(s): 140

ct(s): 160

ct(s): 180

ct(s): 200

0 100 200 300 400 500

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

simulation time (s)

nodes

wit

h v

alid

posi

tions

(%)

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CONCLUSIONS

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Conclusions

Today,westudied

²  ChallengesandopportuniHesofusingconnectedcarsconceptsª  Capabilitytoconnecteveryoneandeverythingª  Canbeseenasabigdatastorageª  Helpimprovingourdailyroadtrafficexperienceandsafety

²  Notdiscussedª  Securityissues:Strongdebateaboutprivacyvs.security

…ascanbeseen,therearemanyopenchallengesandques?onsforanotherdecadeofinteres?ngresearchJ

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MoreInforma?on?

VehicularNetworking(CambridgeUniversityPress)

IEEEVehicularNetworkingConference(VNC)²  Tokyo,NewJersey,

Amsterdam,Seoul,Boston,Paderborn

²  Next:KyotoinDec201520% off