Towards The Promotion of Wind Power Generation...

Towards The Promotion of Wind Power Generation～Potential and Challenges for Wind Power Generation～

February 22, 2012

General Corporation

Japan Wind Power Association

Tetsuro Nagata, Representative Director

http://jwpa.jp

1

7th General Assembly Small Committee for the study of Renewable Energy

Table of Contents

１．General Corporation Japan Wind Power Association

２．Introduction record of Wind Power Generation Globally and in Japan

３．Potential of Wind Power Generation

４．Introduction target in the medium and long term with road map

５．Towards the promotion of Wind Power Generation 【Challenge】

６．Meaning of the introduction of Wind Power Energy

７．Wind Turbine Generators and the main manufacturers in Japan

８．References (those inquiries often made to JWPA )

2

General Corporation Japan Wind Power Association

History– December 17, 2001: Voluntary association established

– July 4, 2005: Limited liability intermediate corporation established

– May 27, 2009: Changed to General Corporation

– April 1, 2010: Merged with a meeting group consisting of members for wind power industries

Structure of members– 203 companies all involved in wind power industries (as of February 20,2012)

Wind power developers, operators, wind turbine manufacturers, agents for wind turbine generators, and component makers

Civil engineering, electrical engineering, transportation & construction, maintenance, consultants, etc.

– Approx. 80% of total capacity for domestic wind power facilities are covered by member companies

Organization– Aiming at whole development of the industry by electing a division chairman

from each division of the concerned industries3

Introduction record of world wind power generation ( yearly basis )

Cumulative introduction volume in 2011 was 238.38 million kW ( equal to 1.2 times of the total power generation facilities of domestic power companies )

In a single year 2011, approximately 16.5 times of the Japanese cumulative introduction volume of wind power generation was introduced.

Since 2005, an increase ratio of 30% compared with previous years

1 WG = One million kW

＊：Source：GWEC Global Wind Report Annual market update 2010、GWEC Global Wind Statistics 2011 4

020406080

100120140160180200220240260280

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

導入

量［Ｇ

Ｗ］

年

世界の風力発電導入実績（年別）

累積導入量

単年導入量

Introduction record of word wind power generation ( yearly basis)

Intr

oduction v

olu

me

Year

Cumulative introduction volumeSingle year introduction volume

05

101520253035404550556065

導入

量［Ｇ

Ｗ］

世界の風力発電導入実績（国別）

2004年：日本 8位 2005年：日本10位

2006年：日本13位 2007年：日本13位

2008年：日本13位 2009年：日本13位

2010年：日本12位 2011年：日本13位

Introduction record of world wind power generation ( country basis )

China in 1st place, 62.73million kW (approx.. 26.3% of world total)

Japan in 13th place (approx. 1.0% of world total)

Rapid increases in France, Italy, UK, and Canada

＊：Source：GWEC Global Wind Report Annual market update 2010、GWEC Global Wind Statistics 2011

1 WG = One million kW

5

Germany in 1st place until 2007USA in 1st place in 2008China in 1st place 2010

Introduction record of world wind power generation ( country basis )

Intr

oduction v

olu

me

Year 2004: Japan in 8th place Year 2005: Japan in 10th place




Introduction record of wind power generation in Japan (more than 10kW)

Cumulative introduction volume in 2011(estimated): 2.525mill. kW, 1,840pcs.,422 power stations

In 2007: Revised Construction Standards Act executed

In 2010: Subsidy system for new WF construction stopped on the premise of shifting to FIT

020406080

100120140160180200220240260280

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

導入

量［万

ｋＷ

］

年度

風力発電導入実績（年度別）

累積導入量

単年度導入量

Source: NEDO Touched by JWPA according to introduction record of wind power generation in Japan

National introduction target in 2010, 3mill. kW unachieved. (2.44 mill. kW)

6

Intr

oduction v

olu

me

Introduction record of wind power generation (yearly basis)

Year

Potential of onshore wind power

Most potential is concentrated in Hokkaido, Tohoku, and Kyushu.– “Onshore wind power potential *” of given resource minus social restriction conditions in

consideration of business profitability for height of 80m and average wind speed more than 6.5m/s will be as follows:

If facility capacity of power companies is not considered: 143.76mill. kW (0.76 times of total power generation facility capacity)

If facility capacity of power companies is considered as maximum: 58.39mill.kW (0.29 times of total power generation facility capacity)

If development ratio is considered as half in addition to above mentioned: 30mill.kW (0.15 times of total power generation facility capacity)

7Source Potential survey (Ministry of Environment) for renewable energy in 2010, made by JWPA

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

北海道東北東京北陸中部関西中国四国九州沖縄

発電

設備

容量

[万ｋＷ

］

陸上風力ポテンシャル（6.5m/s以上）と電力会社発電設備容量

6.5～7.0m/s7.0～7.5m/s7.5～8.0m/s8.0m/s～電力会社発電設備容量

Onshore wind power potential (more than 6.5m/s) and power generation facility capacity of power companies

Pow

er g

ener

atio

n fa

cilit

y ca

paci

ty [1

0ths

.kW

]

Power generation facility capacity of power companies

Potential of introduction per cities, towns, villages

Hokkaido Tohoku Tokyo Hokuriku Chubu Kansai Chugoku Shikoku Kyushu Okinawa

Potential of offshore wind power ( excluding archipelago )

More potential than that of onshore. (offshore distance: under 30km, water depth under 200m)

– “Offshore wind power potential” of given resource minus social restriction conditions in consideration of business profitability for height of 80m and average wind speed more than 7.5m/s will be as follows:

If facility capacity of power companies is not considered: 378.25mill. kW (1.83 times of total power generation facility capacity)

If facility capacity of power companies is considered as maximum: 95.96mill.kW (0.56 times of total power generation facility capacity)

If development ratio is considered as one third in addition to above mentioned: 30mill.kW (0.15 times of total power generation facility capacity)

8

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

北海道東北東京北陸中部関西中国四国九州沖縄

発電

設備

容量

[万ｋＷ

］

洋上風力ポテンシャル（諸島を除く）と電力会社発電設備容量

7.5～8.0m/s8.0～8.5m/s8.5m/s～電力会社発電設備容量

Hokkaido Tohoku Tokyo Hokuriku Chubu Kansai Chugoku Shikoku Kyushu Okinawa

Power generation facility capacity of power companies

Potential of offshore wind power ( excluding archipelago )and power generation facility capacity of power companies

Pow

er g

ener

atio

n fa

cilit

y ca

paci

ty [1

0ths

.kW

]

Source Potential survey (Ministry of Environment) for renewable energy in 2010, made by JWPA

Legend30km introduction potential (floating type)Classified by wind speed

More than 8.5/s

More than 8.5/s

More than 8.5/s

6.5-7.5m/s

6.5-7.5m/s

7.5-8.5m/s

7.5-8.5m/s

Classified by wind speed30km introduction potential (seabed foundation type)

Introduction target in the medium and long term (trial calculation made by JWPA)

50mill.kW to be introduced by 2050 (more than 10% of power demand supplied)– To utilize “power grid in wide area” applied with calculation system for power generation according to meteorological forecast

– To utilize “control function of wind turbines” as control for maximum output, control for output rise ratio, control for power ratio (voltage), etc.

Restriction conditions applied to targeting setup– Less than half (50%) of power generation facility capacity of every power company: power grid problem

– Less than half (50%)of development ratio against onshore wind power potential: certainty

– Less than one third (33%) of development ratio against offshore wind power potential (excluding archipelago) : certainty

9

Power

company

Power

generation

facility

capacity

Onshore wind

power

10ths. kW

Offshore wind

power

10ths. kW

Total

10ths. kW

Onshore

wind power

development

ratio

Offshore

wind power

development

ratio

Wind power

facility

capacity ratio

Seabed

foundation

type 10ths.kW

Floating type

10ths.kW

Hokkaido 742 250 120 370 3.8% 0.6% 49.9% 60 60

Tohoku 1721 600 260 860 15.2% 3.3% 50.0% 40 220

Tokyo 6499 100 910 1010 46.1% 32.1% 15.5% 280 630

Hokuriku 806 70 0 70 44.0% - 8.7% - -

Chubu 3283 210 670 880 49.4% 32.0% 26.8% 360 310

Kansai 3488 310 20 330 49.1% 28.7% 9.5% 0 20

Chugoku 1199 200 0 200 50.0% - 16.7% - -

Shikoku 696 100 110 210 46.3% 30.8% 30.2% 0 110

Kyushu 2033 600 410 1010 50.0% 25.8% 49.7% 10 400

Okinawa 192 60 0 60 11.0% 0.0% 31.3% 0 0

Total 20658 2500 2500 5000 17.4% 6.6% 24.2% 750 1750

Road map (trial calculation made by JWPA)

50mill.kW to be introduced by 2050 (more than 10% of power demand supplied)

– Corresponding to approx.. 20% of facility capacity ratio (kW), and approx.15% of power demand (kWh) supplied ratio as of 2050 (equal to Spanish record in 2010)

– Single yearly introduction volume calculated with three-dimensional growth curve

10

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

5,500

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

累積

導入

量［万

ｋＷ

］

年度

風力発電導入ロードマップ

洋上（浮体）

洋上（着床）

陸上

Cum

ulat

ive

intr

oduc

tion

volu

me

[10t

hs.k

W]

Road map of introduction for wind power generation

Offshore (floating)

Offshore(seabed foundation)

Onshore

Year Onshore Seabedfoundation Floating Total

2010 242 3 0 2442020 1080 40 10 11302030 2120 330 430 28802040 2500 720 1400 46202050 2500 750 1750 5000

Introduction target volume of wind power [10ths.kW]

Towards the development of wind power generation: Summary

First, clear policy to be made– Motivated introduction target in medium and long term to be planned by the

nation

And, the following countermeasures are necessary for achieving the target in the medium and long term by the nation– To secure business profitability

Power buying in the long term with reasonable tariff– Tariff and term of FIT

– Maintenance of infrastructure Urgent execution of measures for grid connection

– Shortly reaching limit with existing facilities and operation only

– Speed-up of construction Relaxation of regulations and systems

– Relaxation of regulations on development and construction

– Relaxation of regulations on location (speed-up, flexibility, clearness of approval for installation)

– Promotion of technology development Execution of research, study and development

– Seabed foundation type wind power and floating type wind power

– Wide ranged power grid operation system using meteorological predictions11

Early planning for introduction target in medium and long term (Conference of energy and environment)

12

Target figure, prospect and trial calculation figure until now– Kyoto Protocol・General research committee for resources and energy

3 mill.kW in 2010

– Duty quantity for RPS law In 2010: 12.2 bill.kwh = 3 mill.kW (for wind power) In 2014: 16.0 bill.kwh = 3.93 mill.kW (for wind power calculated in direct proportion)

– Demand and supply committee, General research committee In 2020: mill.kl in 2020 ≒4.9 mill.kw (without offshore wind power) In 2020: 2.69 mill.kl ≒6.6 mill.kw (without offshore wind power)

– Task force meeting, Cabinet committee for global warming issue In 2020: 11mill.kW

(AIM model National environment research office: Pure water at ▲15%) In 2020: 20mill.kW

(AIM model National environment research office: Pure water at ▲20%)

– Ministry of Environment Discussion meeting on medium and long term road map ≒ JWPA road map In 2020: 11.31mill.kW（including offshore wind power） In 2030: 27mill.kW（including offshore wind power） In 2050: 50mill.kW（including offshore wind power）

– At present, master plan on energy being reviewed

Buying in long term with reasonable tariff(buying system with fixed tariff)

Deterioration of business profitability of wind power generation– Rise of installation costs (unit cost per kW ) ： 200ths.Yen (in 1997) ⇒ 300ths.Yen/kW (in 2008)

– Decline of “RPS + power” tariff (unit cost per kWh)：11.8 Yen (in 2003) ⇒ 10.1Yen/kWh (in 2009)

Price rise of wind turbine generators and longer delivery time (global lack of wind turbine generators）

Change of exchange rate (advance payment: total about 80～90% paid on order and on shipment）

Steep rise of material costs as steel, etc., consumption materials, replacement parts

Increase of RPS banking volume (effort of RPS duty volume and power companies）

Increase of refused candidates selected by lottery later due to detailed planning

– At present, FIT tariff being discussed

Source: Data from 29th New Energy Sectional Meeting RPS management

system (home page）

１９９７１９９８１９９９２０００２００１２００２２００３２００４２００５２００６２００７２００８

年度

ｋW当たり設置コストの最小値、最大値と平均値およびkＷｈ当たり「RPS相当量＋電気」加重平均価格

設置コスト

最大値

（左軸）

設置コスト

最小値

（左軸）

設置コスト

平均値

（左軸）

「RPS相当量

＋電気」価格

加重平均値

（右軸）

設置コスト[千円/kW]

５００

４５０

４００

３５０

３００

２５０

２００

１５０

１００

５０

０

２０

１８

１６

１４

１２

１０

８

６

４

２

０

「RPS相当量＋電気」価格[円/kWｈ]

13Year

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Installation cost minimum value (left axis)

Minimum, maximum and average values of installation cost per kWAnd “RPS corresponding volume + power” weight average tariff

“RPS corresponding volume + power” tariff [yen /kWh ]

Installation cost Maximum value (left axis) Installation cost

average value (left axis)

Installation cost minimum value (left axis)

“RPS corresponding volume + power” tariff weight average value (right axis)

Buying in long term with reasonable tariff (fixed tariff buying system)

Bottom line “20 yen/kWh fixed for 20 years” to keep business profitability without subsidy.

Buying period 17 years for majority of current contracts

Best possible effort by wind power operators to improve utilization ratio of facilities by improving availability, to decrease the burden on the nation.

Besides, considering the increase of development and facility costs after revisions of environmental assessment law and wind power technology, necessary tariff to be “24 yen/kWh fixed for 20 years”.

■ 税前Project IRR （設備利用率 22% の場合）

‐1.40% 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2415 0.2% 1.3% 2.4% 3.5% 4.5% 5.4% 6.4% 7.3% 8.2% 9.1%

16 1.0% 2.1% 3.1% 4.1% 5.1% 6.1% 7.0% 7.9% 8.7% 9.6%

17 1.6% 2.7% 3.7% 4.7% 5.7% 6.6% 7.5% 8.3% 9.2% 10.0%

18 2.2% 3.3% 4.2% 5.2% 6.1% 7.0% 7.9% 8.7% 9.5% 10.3%

19 2.7% 3.7% 4.7% 5.6% 6.5% 7.4% 8.2% 9.0% 9.8% 10.6%

20 3.1% 4.1% 5.1% 6.0% 6.8% 7.7% 8.5% 9.3% 10.1% 10.9%

売電期間

（年

）

売電単価（円/kWh）

（Present average ratio approx. 18%）

14

Project IRR before tax(Utilization ratio of facilities in case 22%)

Unit tariff (yen/kWh)

Terms of

tariff (year)

Execution of urgent grid connection measures (Basic issue committee)

Shortly reaching limit with existing facilities and operation only

– Execution of reinforced measures for grid with new power lines, etc.

Small capacity or none of power lines at suitable locations for wind power generation with good wind conditions

– Execution of wide area operation utilizing adjusted power source, combined cables among areas, new installations of power storage facilities, and meteorological prediction

Good wind condition areas Power cables (more than 154kV) Power output prediction with meteorological prediction system 15

GPVdata of Meteorological Agency※Prediction for all global meteorological

conditions

Model of numerical meteorology prediction

※Prediction with simulation for meteorological location on

periphery of WF

Wind power output prediction※Prediction for wind power output

Data for site observation※SCADA・power output

information

Introduction record and released grid possibility(per power companies)

1st place: Tohoku Denryoku: 550ths.kW, 425 pcs.

2nd place: Kyushu Denryoku: 410ths.kW, 291 pcs.

3rd place: Tokyo Denryoku: 357ths.kW, 221 pcs.(Wind power in Fukushima Pref. connected)

Source: NEDO Touched by JWPA according to introduction record of wind power generation in Japan 16

Connection restriction exists due to facility capacities of power companies, etc.

Released connectionpossibility: excluding demonstration tests (planned value one mill. kW) in Hokkaido,Tohoku, Hokuriku, Shikoku.

Total available quantity for connection: 3.685mill.kW + α

0102030405060708090

100110120

北海道電力

東北電力

東京電力

北陸電力

中部電力

関西電力

中国電力

四国電力

九州電力

沖縄電力

導入

量［万

ｋW

］

電力会社別導入量

導入実績

連系可能量（除く実証試験）

Introduction quantity per power companies

Intr

oduc

tion

quan

tity

[10t

hs. k

W]

Hokkaido Denryoku

Tohoku Denryoku

TokyoDenryoku

Okinawa Denryoku

Hokuriku Denyoku

Chubu Denryoku

Kansai Denryoku

Chugoku Denryoku

Shikoku Denryoku

Kyushu Denryoku

Introduction recordConnection possibility (excluding demonstration test)

Relaxation of regulations・systems(Cabinet office Administrative reform conference)

Relaxation of regulations concerning development・construction– Revised construction standard law sharply increases installation costs with its

requirement of earthquake-proof design and construction calculations the same as those for super high buildings.

– Concerning applied contents for wind power business in environmental influence evaluation law, big increases in the development period and costs are feared.

Relaxation of regulations on location (speed-up, flexibility, clearness of approval for installation)– Suitable locations for wind power generation (strong wind and away from houses) are

subject to various regulations, disturbing the introduction of wind power generation.。

適地の例立地規制

国立・国定公園、都道府県立自然公園自然公園法、自然公園条例

森林（普通林・保安林）森林法

農地・牧草地農地法

海岸・臨海部海岸法、港湾法

17

Example of suitable locations Location regulation

National・quasi-national parks, prefectural natural parks

Natural parks law, Natural parks regulations

Forest (normal forest, reserved forest) Forest law

Farmland, field Farmland law

Seaside, coastal area Seaside law, harbor law

Execution of research, study and development

Research and study on the grid infrastructure enabling expansion of wind power generation

– Planning and execution of new additional installations for basic power cables and area power cables

– Planning and execution of new additional installations for adjusting power source, pumping-up power station, storage battery

New additional installations need a unit of 10 years

Establishment and execution of power grid operation systems in a wide area adopting meteorological predictions

– Wind power advanced countries utilizing meteorological predictions

Promotion of research, development, demonstration and introduction for offshore wind power of seabed foundation type and floating type

– Japan is an island nation with a long coast.

– Globally there is a rapid increase of construction projects for offshore wind power of seabed foundation type.

– Japan to be a major player globally with its original technical development for offshore wind power of floating type reflecting IEC rules as well.

3 big technologies for Japan to be proud of globally

– Solar system

– High efficiency storage battery

– Floating type offshore wind power 18

Meaning of the introduction of wind power generation (economically) - 1

Growth of economy– Cultivation of industry

– Employment of promotion

– Technological development

Production of wind turbine generators already “trillion yen industry”＊

Production of wind turbine generators approx. 5.6 trillion yen globally. (as of year 2010)

World share of Japanese enterprise 3% ≒

approx..17mill.yen/year approx. 50mill.yen/year incl. parts industry

Growth rate +30%/year (3.7times in 5 years, 13.8 times in 10 years)

Export of wind turbine generators from Japan sharply

increasing

Characteristic of wind turbine generator industry Assembly industry with 10 to 20ths. Parts (reference: 30ths.

parts for gas car and 10ths. parts for electrical car)

Ability of Japanese “Production” made in use.

Machinery: Gear, big bearing, main shaft, brake ・・・

Electrical: Generator, transformer, converter ・・・

Chemical: Glass fiber reinforced plastic, carbon fiber・・・

Especially machinery parts overlapped with subcontracting companies for cars.

日本からの風車の輸出額

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2006 2007 2008

年度

輸出

額 (

億円

)

Big size bearing

Source: Trade statistics Ministry of Finance

Gear 19Source: GWEC Global Wind Report 2010 Global Wind Energy Outlook 2010

Export amount of wind turbine generators from Japan

Year

Expo

rt a

mou

nt

(100

mill

.yen

)

Meaning of the introduction of wind power generation

(economically) - 2 World production of wind turbine generators, 27mill.

kW/yearEmployment in wind power industry, approx.. 460ths. PeopleWind power production per year, 10ths. kW means the employment of 170 people

（Source：GWEC：Global Wind Energy Outlook 2010)

According to USA plan “20% Wind Energy by 2030”・Direct employment of 150ths. people with production,

construction and operation of WTG.・Employment of 300ths.people created in related fields such as maintenance

（source：NEDOOverseas report No.1031 2008-10-22)

More than 1ths. people employed by makers in Japan as well. Employment effect of 10ths. people including parts makersAlso future expansion of employment as production increases including exports

High contribution to local economy・Many favorable locations in local areas・Periodical maintenance necessary for rotating machines→Employment of service personnel

20

Growth of economy– Cultivation of industry

– Employment of promotion

– Technological development

Wind turbine plants and main Japanese makers – 1

21

Large size WTG makers: Mitsubishi H.I, Fuji H.I., Japan S.W, Komaihaltec (Komai Iron Works)

Small size WTG makers: Sinfonia Technology (Shinko Electric), Zephyr, Nasu Electric, Ftech, Nakanishi Metal, MECARO, Kikukawa, GH Craft, Maekawa, Hoei,Nikko,

Blade: Japan S.W., GHCraft (Teijin)FRP: Japan U.Pica, Showa Kobunshi, Dainippon Ink, Nipon Reinetu, Asahi Glass, Nippon Electric Glass, Toray,

Carbon fiber: Toray, Mitsubishi Rayon, Toho Tenax (Teijin)Generator: Hitachi, TMEIC(Mitsubishi Electri, Toshiba), Meidensha, Sinfonia Technology

Electrical equipment: Hitachi, Fuji Electric, Mitsubishi Electric, Toshiba,Yasukawa Electric, Meidensha, Fujikura

Transformer: Fuji Electric, Risho Kogyo

Bearing: Jtekt (Koyo Seiko), Nippon Seiko, NTN, Komatsu, Nippon RoballoMultipler(gear): Ishibashi Mfg., Osaka Seisa (Sumitomo H.I), Komatsu, Onex, NetsurenHydraulic equipment: Kawasaki Precision Machinery (Kawasaki H.I.), Nippon MoogMachinery equipment: Nabtesco, Sumitomo H.M., Toyooki kogyo, Akebono BrakeSteel, casting: Japan S.W., Nippon Chuzou

Wind turbine generator plants and main Japanese makers – 2

Plural number of local autonomies positively tries invitation as core of activating economy in local areas.

①②

③

⑤

④⑥

⑧ ⑦

⑨

風車ナセル工場

ブレード工場

発電機工場

増速機工場

軸受工場

日本製鋼所

室蘭工場

三菱重工

長崎工場

三菱電機

神戸工場石橋製作所

ダイヤシュタイン

（福岡県直方)

三菱電機

長崎工場 NTN桑名工場

三重工場

ジェイテクト

国分工場(大阪)

コマツ

小松工場

NTN宝達志水工場

（石川県）

ｼﾞｰｴｲﾁｸﾗﾌﾄ

(御殿場)

日本精工

藤沢工場駒井鉄工

(大阪)

富士重工

宇都宮工場

明電舎

太田工場

(群馬県)

日立

日立工場

日本ロバロ

羽咋工場

（石川県）

日本ロバロ

北九州工場

三菱重工

横浜工場

22

WTG nacelle factoryBlade factoryGenerator factoryGear factoryBearing factory

Nippon Roballo, Kitakyushu Factory

Ishibashi Mfg.,Daiyashutain

(Naokata Fukuoka Pref.)

Mitsubishi Electric, Nagasaki Factory

Mitsubishi Electric, Kobe Factory

Komatsu,Komatsu Facoru

Nippon Roballo, Hasaku Factory (Ishikawa Pref.)

NTT Hodatsushimizu

Factory(Ishikawa Pref.)

Mitubishi H.I., Nagasaki Factory

Hitachi,Hitachi factory

Mitsubishi H.I., Yokohama

Factory

Jtekt, Kokubu Factory (Osaka)

Komai Iron Works

(Osaka)GH Craft (Gotenba)

NTTKuwana Factory

Mie Factory

Nippon Seiko, Fujisawa Factory

Meidensha, Ota Factory

(Gunma Pref.)

Fuji H. I., Utsunomiya

Factory

Japan Steel Works,

Muroran Factory

How big are Wind Turbine Generators ?

Mainstream onshore WTG; 2,000kW～3,000kWDiameter of rotor blade; 80～90m (tallest potion; 120～130m)

Mainstream offshore WTG; 3,000kW～5,000kWDiameter of rotor blade; 80～90m (tallest potion; 120～130m)– Reference: Airbus A380 has 80m length main blade (corresponding to 2,000kW WTG)

Ferris wheel in Kasai Seaside Park has diameter of 112m (corresponding to 4,500kW WTG)

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Approx. 600 seats in case of 2 class specification

How large is the necessary land area ?

Required area for installation of one 2,000kW WTG (rotor dia. 80m) isapprox.1 ha (100m x 100m).

In case of a plural number of WTG construction, area size varies with arrangement of installations for necessity of taking spaces between WTGs.Area size

2,000kW x 30WTGs x 1row≒86ha ⇒ 70ths.kW/km2

2,000kW x 15WTGs x 2rows≒360ha ⇒17ths.kW/km2

2,000kW x 10WTGs x 3rows≒410ha ⇒ 15ths.kW/km2

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80

１５

120

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Enlargement drawing of WTG installation

Shonai-cho, Yamagata Pref.

Can be used for other uses except areas for WTG installations,

Are there any problems of noise from Wind Turbine Generators ?

Most of them are not “low frequency” but “noise”.

Research is under way to grasp the real situation and to evaluate influence.

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Extreme left edge: under 4 octave of ra(A4) ―ra(A0) =27.5Hz

Power frequency East area = 50Hz West area = 60HZ

Ra (A4)= 440Hz

Time signal of NHK Po pop o pih po = 440Hz Pih = 880Hz

Siren of ambulance = 1,000Hz

Alarm clock center

frequency in general

Low frequency

Very low frequency

Listenable soundFrequency range of listenable sound

Frequency range 20Hz～20ths. Hz range for human beingSensory sound loudness varies greatly

Supersonic wave

Frequency [Hz]

How often are there bird strikes ?

Very little probability

Prior research of the flying route.

26Source： Erickson et al., 2002

Prior research of the flying route

Flying route before WTGs installation

Cause of birds’ death

WTGs

Communication towers

High voltage power cables

Others

CarsBuildings and windows

insecticideRailway cars

10ths.birds / yearly / total in USA



How much are power fluctuations ?

Looking at Japan overall, short cyclic fluctuations and long cyclic fluctuations are further reduced (the more and the wider decentralized)

– Many decentralized installations yield smoothing effects.

– In Japan overall no days with strong wind at the same time.

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Hokkaido DenryokuChubuDenryokuChugokuDenryokuNational average

TohokuDenryokuHokurikuDenryokuShikokuDenryoku

TokyoDenryokuKansaiDenryokuKyushuDenryoku

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Prize works from photo contest for scenery with WTGs

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Towards The Promotion of Wind Power Generation...

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